Analog Electronics Workbook PDF

REGULATION 2018
II YEAR/IV SEMESTER
LAB WORK BOOK
Name of the Student:

Roll No:
Class:
Section:
Faculty In charge:
KUMARAGURU COLLEGE OF
TECHNOLOGY
COIMBATORE – 641049
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINNERING
U18ECI4202L ANALOG ELECTRONICS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

LABORATORY
Name: ................................................ Roll No: ................................

Class: ................................................. Branch: .................................
Certified Bonafide Record of work done by ..........................................................
Place:
Date:
Staff in-Charge
University Register No: ..........................................

Submitted for the University Practical Examination held on ........................................
Internal Examiner
U18 ECI 4202 L ANALOG ELECTRONICS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB II YEAR
CONTENTS
TOPIC
List of Experiments
S.no Design and testing of
1 Current Series feedback amplifier
2 Voltage Shunt feedback Amplifier
3 RC Phase Shift Oscillator
4 Colpitts Oscillator
5 Basic op-amp circuits- inverting & non-inverting amplifiers, adders and subtractors.
6 Differentiator and Integrator using operational amplifier
7 Astable and Monostable Multivibrator using 555 Timer
8 Second order Low pass and High pass filter
9 Simulation experiments using PSPICE or Multisim.
Index Page
Expt.no Date Title of the experiment Marks Sign

EX NO: 01
CURRENT SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER
DATE :
AIM:
To design and test the current-series feedback amplifier and to calculate the following
parameters with and without feedback.
1. Mid band gain.
2. Bandwidth and cut-off frequencies.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

1. Power supply (0-30)V 1
Function generator (0-20M)Hz

2. 1
3. CRO 1
4. Transistor BC107 1
5. Resistors
6. Capacitors
7. Connecting wires
Circuit diagram:
(i) Without feedback:
(ii) With feedback:

Theory:
The current series feedback amplifier is characterized by having shunt sampling and series
mixing. In amplifiers, there is a sampling network, which samples the output and gives to the
feedback network. The feedback signal is mixed with input signal by either shunt or series
mixing technique. Due to shunt sampling the output resistance increases by a factor of ‘D’ and
the input resistance is also increased by the same factor due to series mixing. This is basically
transconductance amplifier. Its input is voltage which is amplified as current.
Design:
(i) Without feedback:
VCC = 12V; IC = 1mA; RL=1.5KΩ
Use Cin and Cout= 0.22µ F
hfe = 200
VCE= 50 % of VCC; VCE =6 V
VRc= 40 % of VCC; VCE =4.8 V
VRE= 10 % of VCC; VCE = 1.2 V
Design of RC and RE
VRc = ICRC; RC = VRc/ IC =?
VRE= IERC; RE = VRc/ IE =?
Design of R1 and R2
Assume R2=β RE/10

Hence R2 = ?
VR2= VBE+ VRE =

VR2= VCC R2 / R1+ R2; so find R1
R1=?
Design of CE
XCE= RE/10
CE = 1 / (2πf XCE) =?
(ii) With feedback (Remove the Emitter Capacitor, CE):
Feedback factor, β = -RE =

Gm = -hfe / (hie + RE) =
Desensitivity factor, D = 1 + β Gm =
Transconductance with feedback, G mf = Gm / D =
Input impedance with feedback, Zif = Zi D
Output impedance with feedback, Z0f = Z0 D
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 50Hz to 3MHz in regular steps
and note down the corresponding output voltage.
3. Plot the graph: Gain (dB) Vs Frequency
4. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.
5. Remove Emitter Capacitance, and follow the same procedures (1 to 4).
Tabular column:
(i) Without feedback: Vi=
Output Voltage Gain = 20

Frequency (Hz) Gain = V0/Vi
S.No (V0) (volts) log(V0/Vi) (dB)
(iii) With feedback: Vi=
Output Voltage Gain = 20

S.No (V0) (volts) log(V0/Vi) (dB)
Model graph: (frequency response)
Result:
Thus the current series feedback amplifier is designed and constructed and the following parameters are
calculated.
Practical
With feedback Without

feedback
Gain
(midband)
Bandwidth
Preparation /10
Observation /10
&Result
Viva /10
Total /30
Questions:
1. Define feedback?
A portion of the output signal is taken from the output of the amplifier and is
combined with the normal input signal. This is known as feedback.
2. Define positive feedback?
If the feedback signal is in phase with input signal, then the net effect of the
feedback will increase the input signal given to the amplifier. This type of feedback is
said to be positive or regenerative feedback.
3. Define negative feedback?
If the feedback signal is out of phase with the input signal then the input
voltage applied to the basic amplifier is decreased and correspondingly the output is
decreased. This type of feedback is known as negative or degenerative feedback.
4. Define sensitivity?
Sensitivity is defined as the ratio of percentage change in voltage gain with
feedback to the percentage change in voltage gain without feedback.
5. What are the types of feedback?

i. Voltage-series feedback ii. Voltage-shunt series
iii.Current- series feedback iv.Current-shunt feedback
EX NO: 02
VOLTAGE SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER
DATE:
AIM:
To design and test the voltage-shunt feedback amplifier and to calculate the following
parameters with and without feedback.
1. Mid band gain.

2. Bandwidth and cut-off frequencies.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1.
Power supply (0-30)V 1
2. Function generator (0-20M)Hz 1

CRO
3. 1
5. Resistors
6. Capacitors
7.
Connecting wires
Circuit Diagram:
(i) Without Feedback:
(ii) With Feedback:

Theory:
In voltage shunt feedback amplifier, the feedback signal voltage is given to the base of
the transistor in shunt through the base resistor Rf. This shunt connection tends to decrease the
input resistance and the voltage feedback tends to decrease the output resistance. In the circuit R f
appears directly across the input base terminal and output collector terminal. A part of output is
feedback to input through Rf and increase in IC decreases IB. Thus negative feedback exists in the
circuit. So this circuit is also called voltage feedback bias circuit. This feedback amplifier is
known a transresistance amplifier. It amplifies the input current to required voltage levels. The
feedback path consists of a resistor and a capacitor.
Design
(i) Without Feedback:
VCC = 15V; IC = 1mA; RL=4.7KΩ f=50 Hz Rs=600ohms
Use Cin = 2µ F and Cout=12 µ F
hfe = 100
VCE= 50 % of VCC; VCE =7.5 V
VRc= 40 % of VCC; VCE =6 V
Design of RC and RE
Design of R1 and R2
Assume IR1= 10 IB, IR2= 9IB
IB= 10µA
IR1= 100 µ A; IR2= 90 µA

VR2= VBE+ VRE=2.2 V
VR2= IR2 R2; hence R2 = ?
VR1= VCC - VR2 =12.8 V
VR1= IR1 R1 ; hence R1= ?
Design of CE
XCE= RE/10
CE = 1 / (2πf XCE) =
(ii) With feedback:

Choose Rf= 68K ohm and Cf= 0.4 µ F
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 50Hz to 3MHz in regular steps
and note down the corresponding output voltage.
3. Plot the graph: Gain (dB) Vs Frequency
4. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.
5. Follow the same procedures (1 to 4) for circuit with feedback
Tabular Column:
(i) Without Feedback: Vi=10mV
Gain = 20
Vo (Volts) log(V0/Vi) (dB)
(ii) With Feedback: Vi =10mV
Gain = 20
Vo (Volts) log(V0/Vi) (dB)
Model graph: (frequency response)
Result:
Thus the voltage shunt feedback amplifier is designed and constructed and the following parameters
are calculated.
Practical
With feedback Without
feedback
Gain
(midband)
Bandwidth
Preparation /10
Observation /10
&Result
Viva /10
Total /30
Questions:
1. Give an example for voltage-series feedback.

The Common collector or Emitter follower amplifier is an example for voltage series feedback.
2. Give the properties of negative feedback.
i. Negative feedback reduces the gain
ii. Distortion is very much reduced
3. Define voltage shunt feedback.
A fraction of output voltage is supplied in parallel with the input voltage through the feedback
network. The feedback signal is proportional to the output voltage.
4.Define voltage series feedback.
The input to the feedback network is in parallel with the output of the amplifier. A fraction of the
output voltage through the feedback network is applied in series with the input voltage of the amplifier.
5.Define current shunt feedback.
The shunt connection at the input reduce the input resistance and the series connection at the
output increase the output resistance is called current shunt feedback.
EX NO: 03
RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR
DATE :
AIM:
To design, construct and verify RC phase shift oscillator for the given frequency (f0).
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

CRO
2. 1
Transistor BC107
3. 1
4. Resistors
5. Capacitors
6. Connecting wires
Circuit Diagram:
Theory:
In the RC phase shift oscillator, the required phase shift of 180˚ in the feedback loop
from the output to input is obtained by using R and C components, instead of tank circuit. Here
a common emitter amplifier is used in forward path followed by three sections of RC phase
network in the reverse path with the output of the last section being returned to the input of the
amplifier. The phase shift Ф is given by each RC section Ф=tanˉ1 (1/ωrc). In practice R-value
is adjusted such that Ф becomes 60˚. If the value of R and C are chosen such that the given
frequency for the phase shift of each RC section is 60˚. Therefore at a specific frequency the
total phase shift from base to transistor’s around circuit and back to base is exactly 360˚ or 0˚.
Thus the Barkhausen criterion for oscillation is satisfied
Design:
VCC = 12V; IC = 2mA; C = 0.01μF; fo = 1 K Hz
hfe =100
Design of RC and RE
Design of R1 and R2
Assume IR1 = 10 IB ; IR2= 9 IB
IB= IC/ 100= 20µA
IR1= 200 µA; IR2=180 µA
VR2= VBE+ VRE =1.9 V
VR2= IR2 R2 ; R2 = ?
VR1= VCC- VR2= 10.1 V
R1=?
Design of CE
XCE= RE/10
CE = 1 / (2πf XCE) =?
Design of feedback network
f0 = ; 1 K Hz
C = 0.01μf;
R =?
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the power supply and observe the output on the CRO (sine wave).
3. Note down the practical frequency and compare with its theoretical frequency.
Model Graph:
Tabular Column:
AMPLITUDE(V) TIME(ms) FREQUENCY(HZ)

Result:
Thus RC phase shift oscillator is designed and constructed and the output sine wave
frequency is calculated as
Theoretical Practial
Frequency
Questions:
1. What is Oscillator circuit?
A circuit with an active device is used to produce an alternating current is
called an oscillator circuit.
2. What are the different types of oscillators?
1. Sinusoidal oscillator 2, Relaxation oscillator 3. Negative resistance oscillator 4.

Feedback oscillator 5. LC oscillator 6. RC Phase shift oscillator.
3. What are the conditions for oscillations?
The magnitude of loop gain must be unity. Total phase shift around closed loop is zero.
4. Define frequency oscillation.

When the signal level increases, the gain of the amplifier is decrease at a particular
value of output, the gain of the amplifier is reduced exactly equal to 1/β then the output
voltage remain constant at frequency is called frequency oscillation.
Preparation /10
Observation /10
&Result
Viva /10
Total /30
EX NO: 04
COLPITTS OSCILLATOR
DATE :
AIM:
To design and construct the given oscillator at the given operating frequency.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

2. CRO 1
4. Resistors
5.
Capacitors
Decade Inductor Box

7.
7.
Connecting wires
Theory:
A Colpitts oscillator is the electrical dual of a Hartley oscillator. In the Colpitts
circuit, two capacitors and one inductor determine the frequency of oscillation. The
oscillator derives its initial output from the noise signals present in the circuit. After
considerable time, it gains strength and thereby producing sustained oscillations. It has two
major parts namely – amplifier part and feedback part. The amplifier part has a typically CE
amplifier with voltage divider bias. In the feedback path, there is a CLC network. The
feedback network generally provides a fraction of output as feedback.
Circuit Diagram:
Design:
VCC = 12V; IC = 1mA; C1 = C2= 0.1μF; fo = 1 K Hz
hfe =100
VRE= 10 % of VCC; VCE =1.2 V
Design of RC and RE
VRc= ICRC; RC = VRc/ IC =?
Design of R1 and R2
Assume IR1= 10 IB ; IR2= 9 IB
IB= IC/ 100= 20µA
IR1= 200 µA; IR2=180 µA
VR2= VBE+ VRE =1.9 V

VR2= IR2 R2 ; R2 = ?
VR1= VCC- VR2= 10.1 V
R1=?
Design of CE
XCE= RE/10
CE = 1 / (2πf XCE) =?
Design of feedback network
Frequency of oscillation = 1 KHz; C1= C2= 0.1µF
where
Find the value of L1=?
Procedure:
1. Rig up the circuit as per the circuit diagrams
2. Switche on the power supply and observe the output on the CRO (sine wave).
3. Note down the practical frequency and compare with its theoretical frequency.
Model graph:
Tabulation:
AMPLITUDE(V) TIME(ms) FREQUENCY(HZ)
Result:
Thus Colpitts oscillator is designed and constructed and the output sine wave
frequency is calculated as
Theoretical Practical
Frequency
Preparation /10
Observation /10
&Result
Viva /10
Total /30
U18 ECI 4202 L ANALOG ELECTRONICS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB IIYEAR
EX NO: 05 Basic op-amp circuits- inverting & non-inverting amplifiers,

adders and subtractors.
DATE :
AIM:
To construct and verify experimentally the theoretical closed loop voltage gain using 741 op-amp for
the following.
1. Inverting amplifier
2. Non- Inverting amplifier
3. Summer
4. Subtractor
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL.NO FACILITIES/MATERIALS RANGE QUANTITY

REQUIRED
1. Op-Amp IC741 1
2. Resistors
3. Bread Board 1
4. Power Supply ±15 V 1
5. Function Generator 1
6. CRO 1
7. Multimeter 1
8. Patch Cords, Connectors Few
PROCEDURE:
STEPS DESCRIPTION
Step 1 Connect the op-amp as an inverting amplifier as shown in figure (1)
Step 2 Connect a dual channel Oscilloscope to simultaneously view V 0 and Vi.
Adjust the signal generator to give peak to peak sine wave at 1KHz. Then
measure and record the peak value of V0. Note the phase V0 with respect to
Vi.
Step 3 Calculate the theoretical closed loop gain Avf = -Rf / R1 for each of Rf and
compare it with the experimental value of V0/ Vi.
Step 4 Now connect the op-amp as a non-inverting amplifier as shown. in fig( 2)
Step 5 Repeat step 2.
Step 6 Calculate the theoretical gain Avf = 1 + (Rf / R1) for each value of Rf and
compare it with the experimental value of V0/ Vi.
Step 7 Draw the input and output waveform of the experiments.
Step 8 Next make a summer/ subtractor circuit as shown. In fig(3 &4 )
Step 9 Measure and record the output voltage V0 for different input voltage
combinations
Pin diagram of IC 741:
Circuit diagrams:
INVERTING AMPLIFIER
Rf
+12V
7
Ri = 1K
2 -
6 Output
LM741
3
+
1K Hz
1V (p-p) 4 CRO
Sine I/P
-12V
Fig 1
NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER
Rf = 1KΩ
+12V
7
Ri = 1KΩ
2 -
6 Output
LM741
3+
1K Hz 4 CRO
1V p-p
Sine I/P -12V
Fig 2
Summer Circuit
Fig 3
Subtractor Circuit
Fig 4
Tabular column - Summer:
Input Voltage Output Voltage (Theoretical)

V1 V2 V3 Output Voltage (Practical) V = -(V + V +V )
out 1 2 3
Tabular column - Subtractor:
Input Voltage Output Voltage

Output Voltage
V1 V2 (Theoretical)
(Practical) Vout = V2 - V1
CALCULATIONS:
Inverting Amplifier:
Theoretical Gain = -Rf/R1
Practical Gain = V0 / Vin
Non-Inverting Amplifier:
Theoretical Gain = 1+Rf/R1
Practical Gain = V0 / Vin
WAVEFORMS
Non inverting amplifier waveforms:
Inverting Amplifier waveforms
RESULT:
Preparation /10
Observation /10
&Result
Viva /10
Total /30
Questions:
1. Write the gain formula for the inverting amplifier.

2. Write the gain formula for the non-inverting amplifier.
3. Write the significance for voltage follower?
4. Find V0 for the adder-subtractor shown in figure.
EX NO: 06 Differentiator and Integrator using Operational Amplifier

DATE :
AIM :
To design and setup a Differentiator and integrator circuit using OP AMP 741C and plot
their pulse response.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. No Name and Specification Quantity required
1 Dual power supply +/- 15V 1
2 Function generator (0- 1MHz) 1
3 Oscilloscope 1
4 Bread board 1
5 IC 741C 1
6 Resistor 1
7 Capacitor 1
8 Probes and connecting wires As required.
THEORY:
Differentiator is an op amp circuit which performs the mathematical operation of
differentiation. That is the output waveform is the derivative or differential of the input
voltage. That is Vo= - RfC d(Vin)/dt. The differentiator circuit is constructed from basic
inverting amplifier by replacing the input resistance Ri with capacitor C. This circuit also
works as high pass filter.
Integrator is a closed loop op-amp circuit which performs the mathematical operation
of integration. That is the output waveform is the integral of the input voltage and is given by
Vo = ( -1/RfC) ∫Vindt. The integrator circuit is constructed from basic inverting amplifier by
replacing the feedback resistance R f with capacitor C. This circuit also works as low pass
filter.
Procedure:
1. Check the components.

2. Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Keep the oscilloscope in AC mode.
5. Give Vi= 2Vpp, 1KHz square wave.
6. Observe input and output on two channels of the oscilloscope simultaneously.
7. Note down and draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.
Circuit Diagram:
Differentiator: Graph:
Design:
Given f = 1 KHz So
T = 1/f = 1ms
Design equation is T = 2πRfC Let
C = 0.01µF
Then Rf = 15KΩ
Let Ri = Rf/10 = 1.5K
Circuit Diagram:
Integrator: Graph:
Design:
Given f =1 KHz
So T = 1/f = 1ms
Design equation is T = 2πRiC
Let C = 0.01µF
Then Ri = 15KΩ
Take Rf = 10Ri = 150KΩ
Result:
Preparation /10
Observation /10
&Result
Viva /10
Total /30
EX NO: 07 SECOND ORDER LOW PASS AND HIGH PASS FILTER

DATE :
AIM:
To design and test second order low pass and high pass butter worth filter and obtain its frequency
response characteristics.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO FACILITIES/MATERIALS RANGE QUANTITY

REQUIRED
1. Op-Amp IC741 1
2. Resistors
3. Capacitor
4. Bread Board 1
5. Power Supply (±0-15) V
7. CRO 1
PROCEDURE:
STEPS DESCRIPTION
Low Pass Filter
Step 1 Connect the circuit as shown using discrete components.
Step 2 Given an input signal Vi of 1V peak to peak and measure the output voltage for
different input frequencies (e.g 100 Hz, 200 Hz, 500 Hz, 1 k Hz, 1.5 k Hz, 2 k
Hz,, 5 k Hz, 10 k Hz,).
Step 3 Plot the frequency response 20 log (V0 / Vi) versus input signal frequency and
find the 3 dB frequency.
Step 4 Calculate the theoretical value of upper cut-off frequency fh and the pass band
gain A0.
High Pass Filter
Step 5 Interchange the resistor R with the capacitor C to make the high pass
filter and repeat step 2 and 3.
Step 6 Calculate the theoretical value of the lower cut-off frequency fl and pass band
gain A0.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
i) Low pass filter
ii) High Pass Filter:

TABULAR COLUMN:
(i) LOW PASS FILTER
Frequency (Hz) Output Voltage (Vo) Gain = 20 log Vo/Vin

in dB
(ii) HIGH PASS FILTER
Frequency (Hz) Output Voltage (Vo) Gain = 20 log Vo/Vin

in dB
MODEL GRAPH:
Frequency response characteristics of LPF Frequency response characteristics of HPF
RESULT:
Preparation /10
Observation& /10
Result
Viva /10
Total /30
QUESTIONS :
1. What are the different types of filters?

2. Why do we use higher order filters?
3. Define a notch filter.
EX NO: 08
ASTABLE AND MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING 555 TIMER
DATE :
AIM :
To construct and test Astable and Monostable Multivibrator and obtain relevant output waveforms.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO FACILITIES/MATERIALS RANGE QUANTITY

REQUIRED
1. Op-Amp 1
2. Resistors
3. Capacitor
4. Bread Board 1
5. Power Supply (0-15) V 1
7. CRO 1
PIN DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
STEPS DESCRIPTION
Step 1 Connect the circuit using component values as obtained in design part of astable
multivibrator.
Step 2 Observe and sketch the capacitor voltage waveform (pin-6) and output
waveform (pin-3). Measure the frequency and duty cycle of the output
waveform.
Step 3 Next make the circuit using component values as obtained form design part of
monostable multivibrator.
Step 4 Repeat step 2.
Connect the monostable multivibrator circuit and test by obtaining waveforms.
DESIGN:
Astable Multivibrator:
T=0.69(RA+2RB) C
Frequency f=1/T
F=1/T = 1.45/(RA+2RB)C
Duty cycle D =RB/RA+2RB)
Choose C =0.1µ F; D=0.5; f=1 KHz
Solve for RA& RB
Monostable Multivibrator:
T= 1.1 RC
Choose T=100msec and R=100k ohm
Calculate the value of C

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Astable Multivibrator: Monostable Multivibrator:
+ Vcc
R 8
4
7
NE 3 Output
6
R 555
2
C
1
C
MODEL GRAPH:
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR: MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR:
RESULT:
Preparation /10
Observation&
Result /10
Viva /10
Total /30
QUESTIONS:
1. List the applications of 555 timer in Astable mode of operation.

2. Define 555 IC?
3. List the basic blocks of IC 555 timer?
4. List the features of 555 Timer?
5. Define duty cycle?

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REGULATION 2018

LAB WORK BOOK

Name of the Student:

U18ECI4202L ANALOG ELECTRONICS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

Name: ................................................ Roll No: ................................

Certified Bonafide Record of work done by ..........................................................

University Register No: ..........................................

Expt.no Date Title of the experiment Marks Sign

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

Function generator (0-20M)Hz

(ii) With feedback:

(i) Without feedback:

VCC = 12V; IC = 1mA; RL=1.5KΩ

Use Cin and Cout= 0.22µ F

VCE= 50 % of VCC; VCE =6 V

VRc= 40 % of VCC; VCE =4.8 V

VRE= 10 % of VCC; VCE = 1.2 V

VRc = ICRC; RC = VRc/ IC =?

VRE= IERC; RE = VRc/ IE =?

Assume R2=β RE/10

VR2= VBE+ VRE =

(ii) With feedback (Remove the Emitter Capacitor, CE):

Feedback factor, β = -RE =

Output Voltage Gain = 20

(iii) With feedback: Vi=

Output Voltage Gain = 20

Model graph: (frequency response)

With feedback Without

combined with the normal input signal. This is known as feedback.

2. Define positive feedback?

said to be positive or regenerative feedback.

3. Define negative feedback?

decreased. This type of feedback is known as negative or degenerative feedback.

Sensitivity is defined as the ratio of percentage change in voltage gain with

feedback to the percentage change in voltage gain without feedback.

5. What are the types of feedback?

1. Mid band gain.

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

2. Function generator (0-20M)Hz 1

(i) Without Feedback:

(ii) With Feedback:

(i) Without Feedback:

VCC = 15V; IC = 1mA; RL=4.7KΩ f=50 Hz Rs=600ohms

Use Cin = 2µ F and Cout=12 µ F

VCE= 50 % of VCC; VCE =7.5 V

VRc= 40 % of VCC; VCE =6 V

VRE= 10 % of VCC; VCE = 1.5 V

VRc = ICRC; RC = VRc/ IC =?

VRE= IERC; RE = VRc/ IE =?

Assume IR1= 10 IB, IR2= 9IB

IR1= 100 µ A; IR2= 90 µA

VR2= VBE+ VRE=2.2 V

VR2= IR2 R2; hence R2 = ?

VR1= VCC - VR2 =12.8 V

VR1= IR1 R1 ; hence R1= ?

(ii) With feedback:

(ii) With Feedback: Vi =10mV

Model graph: (frequency response)

1. Give an example for voltage-series feedback.

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

VCC = 12V; IC = 2mA; C = 0.01μF; fo = 1 K Hz

VCE= 50 % of VCC; VCE =6 V

VRc= 40 % of VCC; VCE =4.8 V