Materials and Structures/Mat6riaux et Constructions,Vol.
29, August/September1996, pp 411-417
Mechanical properties of cement-treated mixtures
of milled bituminous concrete and crushed aggregates
Stelios Kolias
Associate Professor, National Technical University ofAthem, 5 Iroon Polytechniou Str, Gr-15773, Athens, Greece.
A B S T R A C T
Milled bituminous concrete and crushed limestone
aggregates were combined in the laboratory in various
proportions to simulate some of the combinations of
materials that can be obtained when the method of mix-
in-place recycling with cement is used. The influence of
the milled bituminous concrete content of the various
mixes is examined in terms of compressive strength
(equivalent cubes, uniaxial prism strength), tensile
strength (flexural and cylinder splitting strength) and
modulus of elasticity (quasi-static, electrodynamic reso-
nance). The effect of these mechanical properties on the
traffic and temperature induced stresses as well as on the
crack susceptibility of these materials is discussed. It is
concluded that the incorporation of milled bituminous
concrete in cement-stabilised granular materials imparts
interesting properties in these materials, yet further
research is needed, including fatigue tests as well as ten-
sile strength and modulus of elasticity determinations at
early ages (1-2 days).
1. INTRODUCTION
Cold recycling with cement is a method used success-
fully for many years in cases of rehabilitation and strength-
ening of flexible pavements [1-4]. The development of
new, powerful milling and in-situ mixing machines has
recently created enhanced possibilities for a wider use of
the method [5-7]. The failed bituminous material of the
pavement layers is milled and usually mixed with the
unbound granular materials existing in the underlying
pavement layers together with predetermined quantities of
cement and water. The mix produced by this process is
formed, compacted and cured. Although the material
properties are studied for each construction case, it is con-
sidered useful to study the effect of the content of the
Editorial note
Dr. Stelios Kolias is a R I L E M Senior Member. He is the R I L E M Delegate in Greece.
0025-5432/96 9 RILEM
R I~ S U M I~
On a m~lang~ en laboratoire du b&on bitumineux et des
granulats calcaires concasse's, dans des proportions vari&s,
afin de simuler quelques unes des combinaisons de mat&iaux
qubn pent obtenir en utilisant la re&bode de recyclage sur
place par malaxage avec du ciment. O n a examin8
l'influence de la teneur en b~ton bitumineux broy~ des diff,-
rents m~langes vis-a-vis de la re'sistance a la compression
(cubes 8quivalents, r&istance uniaxiale du prisme), la r&t's-
tance a la traction (r&istance en flexion et r&istance au fen-
dage du cyh'ndre) et le module dlasticit~ (quasi statique, r&o-
nance 8lectro-dynamique). On discute l'effet de ces propriSt&
me'caniques sur les contraintes g~n&e'es par le trafic et la tem-
p&ature, et sur la fissurabilit~ de ces mat&iaux. On conclut
que l'addition de b~ton bitumineux broy~ a des mat&iaux
granulaires stabilis& par le ciment communique des propri~t&
int&essantes aces mat&iaux mais que, toutefois, une
recherche ult&ieure dolt &re conduite, comprenant des essais
de fatigue et la d&ermination de la r&istance a la traction et
~l , , ! .1
du module d elastlate aux jeunes ages (1-2 jours).
7Z1711
milled bituminous concrete on the mechanical properties
of the mixture. A preliminary study involving cement-
treated mixtures of crushed sand and various proportions
of a failed bituminous concrete (crushed in the laboratory
using a hand-held vibrating hammer) [8] had revealed
promising and interesting results and was used as a guide
for the present study.
2. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME AND
MATERIALS USED
Milled Bituminous Concrete (MBC) from the repair
works of a pavement and Crushed Limestone
Aggregates (CLA) were combined in the laboratory in
411
Materials and Structures/Mat~riaux et Constructions,Vol.29, August/September1996

of water absorption could take place, after which 5%

Table 1 - Grading of the milled cement (by mass) was added and the materials were then
bituminious concrete (MBC) and of mixed for 3 min.
the crushed limestone aggregates (CLA) The compaction of specimens was carried out by
ASTM Opening % Passing vibration under pressure using an electrical-driven
Sieve (mm) CLA MBC vibrating hammer as in the compaction studies. The
prismatic specimens (100 m m x 100 m m x 500 mm)
3/4" 19.100 100% 100%
were compacted in two layers and the cylindrical speci-
3/8" 9.520 86% 86% mens (100 m m diam., 200 m m height) in three layers. In
No. 4 4.760 60% 60% an attempt to minimise the formation of weakened
No. 8 2.380 36% 35% planes, the intermediate layers were scarified in a depth
No. 16 1.190 26% 19%
of about 5 m m before the subsequent layer was filled
with material. The top surface of each specimen was fin-
No. 30 0.590 19% 9% ished by placing a large metal plate on top of the speci-
No. 50 0.297 15% 6% men and by using the vibrating hammer to plane off the
No. 100 0.149 11% 4% top surface flush with the top of the mould.
No. 200 0.074 8% 2%
The specimens remained covered in their moulds for
24 hours and were subsequently demoulded and cured
until testing in a curing room (20 _+ 2 ~ Relative
humidity R H > 95%).
various proportions to simulate some of the combina-
tions of materials that can be obtained when the method
of mix-in-place recycling with cement is used. The 5. TESTING OF SPECIMENS
bitumen content of the milled bituminous concrete was
5% by mass. The grading of the crushed limestone and Table 2 shows the type of specimens prepared for
the milled bituminous concrete used is given in Table 1. each mix and the age at which the specimens were test-
The proportions used (expressed as percentages by mass) ed. The cubes were used for the compaction tests only,
were 0-100, 25-75, 50-50, 75-25 and 100-0 for CLA while the prismatic specimens were first tested for the
and MBC, respectively, and the mixes prepared with 5% determination of longitudinal resonance and Poisson's
cement by mass are designated I, II, III, IV and V. ratio in conjunction with ultrasonic pulse velocity mea-
The main purpose of the work was to investigate the surements at an age of 28 days and 1 year. After the non-
mechanical properties of these materials in the laborato- destructive dynamic tests were completed, the specimens
ry and, more specifically, to examine the compressive were tested in flexure. Subsequently, one part of the
and tensile strengths in relation to the modulus of elas- broken flexural specimen was sawed so as to obtain a
ticity which, in conjunction with the fatigue properties, height of 200 mm, and it was tested for quasi-static
are the primary parameters determining the behaviour of modulus of elasticity and uniaxial compressive strength.
the material under traffic loading. The other part was tested in compression according to
the equivalent cube testing method. The prismatic spec-
imens were preferred for modulus testing since the load
3. COMPACTION STUDIES is applied at right angles to the direction of compaction
and thus coincides with the direction of the tensile
Mixes I (MBC 100%), III (MBC 50%) and V (CLA stresses developed by traffic loading in relation to in-situ
100%) were used in this study. Cube specimens of compaction. It was found in tests on cement-bound
100mm x 100mm x 100mm were compacted using a materials [10, 11] that the modulus of elasticity values
vibrating hammer under pressure at various moisture were significantly influenced by the direction of com-
contents (BS t924, test 5). Three specimens were com- paction. The cylindrical specimens were used for dia-
pacted for each moisture content examined. The density metrical split tensile tests. In this case too, the direction
of the material was calculated from the weight of the of traffic-induced stresses in relation to the in-situ com-
specimens and the water content used. The cube's com- paction is the same as the direction of the tensile stresses
pressive strength was also determined at 7 days. The of the splitting test in relation to the laboratory com-
results [9] showed that 5% by mass of water was very paction.
near the optimum content for all the mixes, and this The static modulus was determined at two rates of
content was chosen for the preparation of specimens. stress application, 0.2 MPa/s and 1 MPa/s, with the latter
being the maximum rate the testing machine could apply.
Electrical resistance strain gauges (gauge length 60 mm)
4. PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS bonded to two opposite surfaces were used to measure
deformation. Three loadings up to 20% of the failure load
The predetermined quantities of MBC and CLA were first applied, in order to achieve sufficient bedding
were mixed for 1 min with 5% water (by mass) and the and to check the instrumentation, followed by two load-
mix remained covered for 10 min, so that a large amount ings up to 30% of the failure load at stressing rates of

412
Kolias

Table 2 - Test results (mean values)

COMPRESSIVESTRENGTH(MPa) TENSILESTRENGTH(MPa) MODULUSOFELASTICITY(GPa)
MIX CUBES EQ.CUBES PRISMS FLEXURAL CYLINDERSPLITTING STATIC DYNAMIC
7 Days 28 Days 28 Days 28 Days 1Year 1Year 7 Days 28 Days 1Year 28 Days 1Year 28 Days 1Year

5.03 5.97 6.07 5.11 7.17 1.87 0.43 0.71 7.33 6.40 15.55 16.77
MBC 100% n 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 6 3
CLA0% c.v.% 3.3 7.8 2.5 4.9 9.4 9.1l 7.9 1.6 4.9 5.5

6.61 7.03 2,09 0.99 10.50 19.20 20.75

MBC 75% n 3 2 2 3.00 2 2 2
CLA25% c.v.% 4.7 3.7

III 8.40 10.74 7.16 8.10 1.67 0.56 0.87 14.00 12.55 2 0 . 3 0 19.90
MBC 50% n 3 3 3 2 1 3 3 2 2 1 2
CLA50% c.v.% 1.4 2.5 10.3 5.4 5.4

IV 8.90 8.08 11.69 2.16 1.43 19.00 21.30 2 6 . 9 2 30.90

MBC 25% n 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 6 2
CLA75% c.v.% 18.1 10.9 22.9 11.2

v :~ 15.96 1 9 . 5 6 18.52 13.43 19.44 3.21 0.75 1.32 1.77 32.17 3 6 . 5 3 41.38 44.37
MBC 0% n 3 3 3 2 3 3; 3 3 3 3 3 6 3
CLA 100% c.v.% 3.5 3.4 5.0 8.2 5.1 0.8 10.2 13.8 7.9 6.4 3.1 2.9

n = Number of specimens Cubes 100 m m x 100 m m x 100 mm

X = Mean value Prisms 100 m m x 100 m m x 500 mm (in flexure)
C.V. = Coefficient (variation Cylinders 100 mm diameter, 200 mm height
100 m m x 100 m m x 200 mm (in compression)

1 MPa/s and 0.2 MPa/s, respectively. Finally, a loading up
to failure was carried out at a stressing rate of 0.2 MPa/s.
All tests were carried out at 20 ___1 ~ except the 1-year
dynamic modulus determinations which were also carried
out at 0.5, 15 and 29 ~ In addition, a number of speci-
mens, which were not tested up to failure, were subjected
to ramp and sinusoidal loading tests at an age of 2 years
[12]. For these tests, a servo-hydraulic testing machine
was used. In this paper, the results of the tests at 20 ~ and
at a stressing rate of 0.2 MPa/s will be presented.
A number of creep tests were also carried out involv-
ing mixes with proportions (by mass) of 100% MBC
(mix I), 50% MBC (mix III) and 0% MBC (mix V).
The load was raised up to approximately 30% of the fail-
ure load, and it was kept constant for 1 hour while
strains were measured at regular time intervals.
6. PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION
OF THE RESULTS
Table 2 summarises all the test results. The values of
the coefficient of variation are also given as an indication
of the variability encountered, although the number of
results for each case is limited in many instances.
The influence of the milled bituminous concrete
(MBC) content on the compressive strength (uniaxial
prism strength and equivalent cube strength) and on the
tensile strength (cylinder splitting and flexural) is shown
in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively. It can be seen that the
strength is decreasing as the MBC content is increasing,
with the maximum decrease taking place for an MBC
content of 25%. Similarly, the influence of MBC con-
tent on the modulus of elasticity is shown in Figs. 3 and
4 for the static (secant modulus at 30% of the failure
load) and the dynamic (resonance) values, respectively.
In this case too, the modulus values decrease as the
MBC content increases, with the maximum drop of the
modulus value taking place between MBC contents of
0% and 25%. The decrease of the strength and the mod-
ulus of elasticity could be attributed to the fact that the
mixes I to IV consist of: a) aggregates which are coated
with bitumen and therefore exhibit lower adhesion
properties with the cement paste allowing greater defor-
mation or slip, and b) agglomerations of fine grains
bonded together with bitumen which form a kind of
"aggregate" in the mix with low modulus and strength.
As the content of this type of aggregates in the mix
increases, the strength and modulus values decrease. The
maximum percentage of decrease takes place at relatively
low contents of MBC. It is also noted that while the 1-
year strength values are slightly greater than the 28-day
values for all mixes, the 1-year modulus of elasticity val-
ues seem practically the same as the 28-day values for
MBC contents higher than about 50%.
It can be seen from Table 2 that as the content of
MBC in the mix is increased, the ratio of the modulus of
elasticity (dynamic or static) to flexural (ff) or split-cylin-
der (fsp) tensile strength is also increased. Since the traf-
fic-induced stresses are significantly influenced by the
value of the modulus of elasticity, the ratio of the modu-
lus of elasticity to the flexural strength is, as an initial
approximation, related to the ratio of applied stress to
strength, which is a major factor determining the fatigue

413
25 3.5
I
(2a)
20
3.0
\
\ (la)
~ 2.5 \

f
1 Year
15
\ ~ 2.0 =
\
\ ,,a., 1 Year "~ 1.5
10
rn
~ 1.0
28 Days
0.5

0.0
,], ,
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
MBC % by mass MBC% by mass

(2b)

C1b.
\. F
/
28 Days
1 Year

I
,~-- 28 Days . . . . .

/
I t
7 Days
i

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
MBC % by mass MBC % by mass
Fig. 1 - The influence of milled bituminous concrete content Fig. 2 - The influence of milled bituminous concrete content
(MBC) on the prism (la) and on the cube (lb) compressive (MBC) on the flexural (2a) and on the cylinder splitting (2b)
strengths. strengths.

5O
!\
~, 45

~4o
1 Year
35 /
t

30

1 Year o 25 I1,%

./
28 Days
I
f
-tl
28 Days
~s
0 10 20 30 40
i

50 60 70
[]

80 90 100
0 1 ,
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
MBC % by mass MBC % by mass
Fig. 3 - The influence of MBC content on the static modulus of Fig. 4 - The influence of MBC content on the dynamic
elasticity. resonance modulus of elasticity.

414
 Kolias

of the static modulus values (0.2 MPa/s) to

3 - --- I I
h1=100 mm the complex modulus (16 Hz) determined
h2 = 150 mm
E1=4 GPa, at the temperature of 30 ~ and on 2-year
2.5 - i h2=variable old specimens [12]. This ratio was used in
E2=variable,v2=0.2 order to estimate (on the conservative side
--,m-~ o
[12]) the complex modulus for 1-year old
2 - E3=0.1 . . . . . / - - h 2 = 200 m m - -
specimens (Table 3). A value of 50% of the
static flexural strength was considered in
1.5- order to approximately take into consider-
ation the fatigue strength for 1 million load
1-
-~ h2 = 300 mm repetitions [5]. It can be seen that under
the assumptions made above, the required
thickness, as far as traffic loading is con-
0.5. h2 = 350 m m - - cerned, is about 220 mm for material V
(MBC = 0%) while for materials IV, III, II
0 . .
and
mm
. . . . . k.... l ....
I, the required thickness is about 20
to 50 mm greater. It should be
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
stressed, however, that these conclusions
E2 (GPa)
should be regarded as a preliminary estima-
Fig. 5 - Comparison of the wheel load stresses developed at the tion until a sufficient number of fatigue
bottom of a cement-stabilised base with the estimated strength tests become available since there is evidence [3] suggest-
of the material for 1"106 load repetitions. ing that the performance of mixes incorporating MBC

0.9 1200
1100
0.8 I ( I i / I
0.7 I 28 Days 1000
900
_ ~

0.6 8O0
700 I ,b -/ : I !
0.5
i~ = 600
/I ! I li
0.4
.~ 500
/i I P ."'l t i i(
LU
0.3 1 Year 400
300
0.2
200
"Ii I
/
_ _ . _
v:i i iL : -
0.1
100
r i i i [ i j,i i i i
.... 1......... [ . . . . [ . . . . ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , ........ , .....
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
MBC% by mass Loading time [rain]

Fig. 6 - The influence of MBC content on the ratio of static to Fig. 7 - 1-hour creep tests. Sustained load 30 % of the ultimate
dynamic modulus of elasticity. load. I / III / V : MBC content 100 / 50 / 0 % by mass,
respectively.

life of the material. The comparison should, however, be

Table 3 - Estimated complex modulus values
accompanied by a study of the tensile stresses developed
in a pavement structure which incorporates a layer of Age : I year
Material R=Es/Ec
variable thickness constructed with cement-bound Es IGN/m 2] EC [GN/m2I
material of this type. Fig. 5 shows the tensile stresses
I 1.8 6.4 11.5
developed at the bottom of the second layer for various
modulus values (E2) and various thicknesses (h2) for a II 1.4 10.5 14.7
single tire wheel load of 65000 N. Mixes I, [I, [II, IV and I11 1.2 12.5 15.0
V are also shown in the figure according to their 1-year IV 1.2 21.3 25.0
values. In order to estimate the modulus of elasticity
V 1.1 36.5 38.0
value appropriate for the rate of loading imposed by traf-
R : Ratio of the static modulus of elasticity (0.2 MPa/s) to the
fic, the complex modulus for sinusoidal loading tests at complex modulus of elasticity (16Hz)
16 Hz frequency was estimated by making use of the Es : static modulus of elasticity (0.2 MPa/s)
corresponding 2-year values [12]. Table 3 gives the ratio Ec : complex modulus (16Hz)

415
Materials and Structures/Mat6riaux et Constructions, Vol. 29, August/September 1996
0.4
} I
0.3
0.2
0.1
I, J
_~----~, , ~ ~ - - - , . . . . ~ - - ~. - ~ ' . I. . . . . ~
..... ..... r-- T ': ..-,
I [ fsn /Es
.... ! .... I .... ] .... E,,.i
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
MBC% by mass
Fig. 8 - The influence of M B C content on the ratio of tensile
strength (flexural or cylinder splitting) to static modulus of
elasticity.
(100% or 82.5%) is inferior to that of cement-bound
granular materials without MBC.
Fig. 6 shows the relationship between the ratio of the
static to dynamic modulus values and the MBC content.
It can be seen that for mixes made entirely of crushed
limestone aggregates, the ratio is close to 6/7, as suggest-
ed by Williams and Patankar [13], and decreases to less
than 1/2 for mixes made entirely of MBC. This is con-
firmed by the results of Kolias et al. [8], and of Schmidt
[14]. As the MBC content increases, the static modulus
values decrease comparatively more than the corre-
sponding dynamic values, and since the static modulus
values are more relevant to temperature-induced stresses,
it follows that the ratio of temperature stresses to load
stresses will decrease as the MBC content increases. On
the other hand, Fig. 7 shows that material I (]00%
MBC) and material II (50% MBC) are characterised by
considerable creep strain for one-hour compressive load-
ing at 30% of the ultimate load, while material V (0%
MBC) shows practically no creep strain for that loading
duration. It is therefore obvious that materials contain-
ing MBC will exhibit considerable stress relaxation and
lower daily temperature-induced stresses. Williams [15]
suggested a simple criterion to assess crack susceptibility:
the ratio ofuniaxial tensile strength to the tensile modu-
lus of elasticity. Fig. 8 shows that the ratio of the flexural
and split cylinder tensile strength to the static modulus
of elasticity in compression increases as the MBC con-
tent in the mix increases. This fact indicates that the
incorporation of MBC in the mix improves its thermal
cracking susceptibility. In support of this inference is the
conclusion drawn by Patankar and Williams [16]
24 years ago in a pioneering research work involving the
use of precoated coarse aggregates in dry lean concrete
stating that: "The changes in the properties are of a
magnitude that would significantly change the crack sus-
' 1 9 ceptibility ... but the bases would nevertheless display
appreciable load spreading characteristics." It also went
on to state that "the concept ofprecoating merits further
/ / study and trial under field conditions." It should be
noted, however, that thermal cracking is a phenomenon
taking place to a greater extent at very early ages (1 or
2 days), and therefore strength and modulus values for
one or two-day old specimens are also needed in order
to assess cracking susceptibility at early ages.
I / Z CONCLUSIONS
1-year
. . . . ~. . . . i . . . . The incorporation of MBC in cement-bound granu-
lar materials has the following consequences:
70 80 90 100
1. Strength and modulus of elasticity values decrease
as the MBC content increases. The rate of decrease is
highest for low MBC contents.
2. Since both strength and modulus values are
reduced, the behaviour of the material under traffic
loading, as can be inferred from static tests, does not
seem to be severely impaired. Fatigue tests are needed,
however, in order to draw definite conclusions.
3. Since static modulus of elasticity values are reduced
to a greater degree than the dynamic one, it follows that
the temperature-induced stresses (curling or restrained
movement stresses) will decrease to a greater degree and
will contribute less to the total stresses developed.
4. The creep strains incre'ase considerably, thereby
producing significant stress relaxation for temperature-
induced stresses.
5. These results suggest that the thermal cracking
susceptibility of the mature mixes is improved, but addi-
tional tests at early ages (12 - 48 hours) are needed in
order to investigate the topic in more detail.
8. LIMITATIONS
These results strictly apply to the materials used in
this work and in particular to the bitumen content and
type of the failed bitumen concrete. Since the aggregates
precoated with bitumen exhibit adhesion properties
with the cement paste which are not sufficiently known,
caution should be exercised in selecting the type of bitu-
minous mixes when treated with cement.
9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The laboratory tests were carried out in the laboratory
of the Association of the Greek Cement Industry in col-
laboration with the Highways Laboratory of the National
Technical University of Athens. The author would like to
express his appreciation for the facilities made available to
him. The contribution of my colleagues M. Katsakou and
V. Vagdatlis in carefully preparing and testing the speci-
mens is also gratefully acknowledged.
416
Kolias
10. REFERENCES
[1] Alcoke, W.H., Robbins, E.G. and Taylor, J.E., 'Cold recycling of
failed flexible pavements with cement', TRB Record 734 (1979).
[2] Kennedy, J., and Clark, A., 'Reconstruction trial for East Sussex
County Council of mix-in-place recycling with cement and
glassfibre-reinforced surface dressing', Cement and Concrete
Association, Technical Report No 556, (March 1986).
[3] Leykauf, G. and Moss, T., 'Laborversuche mit hydraulisch gebun-
denem Asphaltgranulat und Auswirkung auf die Bemessung',
Strasse und Autobahn, Heft 11 (1987).
[4] Baroux, R.., Morel, G. and Valeux, J.C., 'Retraitement au ciment
d'anciennes chauss&s. Etude de l'atelier de reconditionnement
de chauss&s ARC 600', Revue G~n&al des Routes et des
A&odromes, 651, (Avril 1988).
[5] Prat, A., Abelle, J.p., Benabe, J.P. and Sianton, J.P.,
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Gdndral des Routes et des A&odromes, 633, (Mai 1989).
[6] Meunier,Y., 'In-situ road retread in France and overseas using the
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[7] Sainton, A., 'The road retreatment plant ARC 700', 6th
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[8] Kolias, S., Vassiliou, C. and Yotis, A., 'Pavement rehabilitation by
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1983, (in Greek).
:!!iiiiiijll
417
[9] Kolias, S., and Vagdadis, V., 'Recycling with cement of failed
bituminous pavement', 11th Greek Conference on Concrete,
Coffu, Greece, (in Greek.) (1994).
[10] Fossberg, P.E., Mitchell, J.K., and Monismith, C.L., 'Load
deformation characteristics of a pavement with cement-stabilised
base and asphalt surfacing', Proc. of the 3rd Int. Conf. on the
Structural Design of Asphalt Pavements, Vol. 1, London (1994).
[11] Kolias, S. and Williams, R.I.T., 'Cement-bound Road
Materials: Strength and Elastic Properties Measured in the
Laboratory', TRRL Supplementary Report 344, Transport and
Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorn, UK (1978).
[12] Kolias, S., 'The influence of type of loading and temperature on
the modulus of elasticity of cement-bound mixes of milled bitu-
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[13] Williams, R.I.T. and Patankar, V.D., 'The effect of cement type,
aggregate type and mix water content on the properties of lean
concrete mixes', Roads and Road Construction, 46 (542) and 46
(543) (1968).
[14] Schmidt, M., 'Stoffliche und konstructive Eigenschaften
hydraulisch gebundener Tragschichten', Schriftenreihe der
Zementindustrie, Heft 51, Verein Deutscher Zementwerke e.V.,
Dusseldorf, Germany (1991).
[15] Williams, R.I.T., 'Cement-Treated Pavement', (Elsevier
Applied Science Publishers, London, 1986).
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crete', Highways & TrafficEngineering38 (1721) (Jan. 1970)