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1. PRINCIPLE
Swimming pool water is regenerated applicable to public swimming pools and
through a closed-loop system, i.e., the private collective swimming pools. It is
water polluted by numerous swimmers is also suitable for leisure pool complexes
treated and pumped back into the pool. comprising swimming pools, artificial
Renewing the water completely would be rivers and various other amusement
prohibitive owing to the high cost of attractions.
purchasing and reheating the feed water, The installation used to regenerate
which needs to be of drinking water swimming pool water must be designed to
quality. offer high standards of health and hygiene
Fresh water does need to be added daily, although specific details may vary from
however, to compensate for water losses country to country owing to differences in
and to reduce concentrations of organic, national legislation. French legislation may
ammonia and mineral compounds, which be taken as a reference when no other
would otherwise increase continuously. legislation exists in a given country.
2. FRENCH LEGISLATION
2.2. FLOW RATE, RECYCLING - 8 h for a diving pool or scuba diving pool;
AND RENEWAL OF WATER - 30 min for a paddling pool;
- 1 h 30 min for other pools or parts of pools
2.2.1. The recycling and treatment whose depth is equal to or less than 1.50 m;
installation - 4 h for other pools or parts of pools whose
depth exceeds 1.50 m.
The role of the recycling and treatment Flowmeters are used to check that the
installation is to supply each of the pools water in each pool is recycled within the
managed with a constant flow of water that specified period.
has been filtered and disinfected in A single installation can treat the water in
accordance with applicable standards (see several pools provided that each pool has its
Page 1244). own supply, drainage and disinfection
For swimming pools whose total surface system.
area exceeds 240 m2 , the duration of the Water running along the edge of the pool
water cycle must be less than or equal to: should be drained off to ensure that it does
not flow back into the pool.
2. French legislation
2.2.2. Fresh water supplies The water in the pool must be renewed
at a rate of at least 0.03 m per swimmer
Fresh water is transferred by overflow daily.
to a separation tank or buffer tank up-
stream of the treatment installation. A Pools must be emptied completely at
meter checks the incoming flow rate. least twice a year.
2.3. WATER CIRCULATION bottom of the pool. Channels running down the
length of the pool or around the sides draw off
the polluted water from the surface (Figure
In new swimming pools, with the exception
832).
of paddling pools and wave pools during wave
- In the mixed hydraulics system, only part of
production, at least half the flow rate drawn off
the surface for recycling must be reinjected at the flow rate (at least half) is drawn off from
the bottom of the pool after treatment. the surface. Water is drained off partly from
the surface and partly from the bottom of the
Skimmers can only be installed in pools
pool (Figure 833).
whose surface area is less than or equal to 200
m2 . There must be one skimmer per 25 m2 of These methods effectively skim off the
water. pollution concentrated on the surface of the
pool.
Numerous constraints must be taken into
Two systems of water circulation are used
account in the design and manufacture of the
for swimming pools:
channels installed along the edges of the pool
- In the inverse hydraulics system, the treated to draw water off from the surface. However,
water is reinjected through an axial channel or inverse hydraulics are simpler and generally
a system of inlets at the more economical than mixed hydraulics.
Chap. 23; Treatment of swimming pool water
pumps to ensure that no waste particles of these flow rates, which may be mod-
enter the circuit. Each preliminary filter ified in certain cases according to the
comprises a simple removable basket that numbers of swimmers using the pool. It is
is easy to inspect and dean. important to select the type of pump best
The number of pumps and preliminary suited to the specific characteristics of
filters depends on the extent of the recycle each pool.
flow rates and the possible combinations
In certain cases, the type of pressure chlorine (and disinfectant in general) will
filter featuring backwash and a combined increase owing to the binding of the latter
air scour may be more suitable. This type of with non-retained matter.
filter is faster to wash and only requires a The higher consumption of disinfectant
small amount of water. is harmful in that it increases the
It is important to note that water, filtered concentration of chlorides in the water and
through sand, will not be perfectly clear favours the constitution of undesirable
unless a water coagulant is used. In organic chlorine compounds.
consequence, a very small dose of The coagulant is injected through a
aluminium sulphate should be injected prior metering pump as is the sodium carbonate
to filtering to coagulate the colloidal or any acid that may be required to bring
suspended solids, which thereby remain on the pH of the water into compliance with
top of the filter rather than circulating applicable standards.
through the whole filtering bed. If no
coagulant is used, the consumption of
chlorine or else as a solution of sodium The average total bromine content in swimming
hypochlorite (bleach) fed by a metering pump. pool water should be between 1and 2 mg.l-1 .
The water should contain between 0.4 mg.l-1 The water must have a higher pH than for
and 1.4 mg.l-1 of free chlorine. chlorine, ideally between 7.5 and 8.2.
The amount of total chlorine should not exceed The use of bromine is, however, a controversial
the free level by more than 0.6 mg.l-1 . issue.
Chlorine is the most commonly used
disinfectant. It does not 3.3.3. Ozone
inconvenienceswimmers, even in large
quantities, when the pH of the water is correct,
Ozone is the most powerful disinfectant
i.e., between 6.9 and 7.7. At this level, the
known. A particularly efficient amoeba
bactericidal properties of chlorine are
destroyer, ozone also breaks down certain
maximized and possible irritations
amino acids and turns the water an attractive
minimizedprovided that the dose corresponds to
shade of blue. Ozone does not favour the
the breakpoint. Relatively large quantities may
formation of products liable to irritate the
be required in certain cases (see Chapter 3,
mucous membranes nor does it affect the taste
Paragraph 12.3.2).
or smell of the water. No traces of ozone should
Compounds from the cyanogen chloride be present in water reinjected into the pool.
family may also be used. Prepared by Residual ozone must be destroyed (filtering on
chlorinating cyanuric acid, these compounds granular activated carbon, etc.). Swimming
include trichloroisocyanuric acid and sodium pool water cannot be treated with ozone alone
dichlorois ocyanurate. The products obtained as the remaining traces would make the water
hydrolyze in water and are in equilibrium with sensitive to subsequent contamination. A low
the hypochlorous acid. dose of chlorine or bleach is required to
complete the disinfection process.
Ozonized air is produced electrically. The
The balance depends on the concentration ozone is dissolved in a contact column. A
and the pH. The hypochlorous acid is also in residual ozone content of 0.4 mg.l-1 must be
equilibrium: maintained for 4 minutes if the ozone is to act
effectively.
The cyanogen chloride family therefore Without preliminary ozonation, the second
constitutes a reserve stock of disinfectants, disinfectant would need to be fed in much
which may be used to disinfect swimming pool larger quantities and the irritant effects of
water. The approval of the health authorities chlorine would be greater.
should nevertheless be obtained before using An ozone-based disinfection system is
these substances. The legislation of the country relatively expensive but operating costs are
concerned should also be studied. modest and the effects greatly appreciated by
swimmers.
3.3.2. Bromine
3.7.
LEISURE POOLS - The pools are often set in parks or wooded
areas where visitors are able to consume
food. The water may therefore contain a
With the development of amusement variety of suspended solids liable to block
parks, leisure pools are becoming the filters. This will create a need for more
increasingly widespread. The water is chlorine.
recycled on the same principle as for sports - The pH of the water is modified by the
pools but the following specific factors large quantities of dissolved CO
2
must be taken into account:
discharged by amusements such as wave
- The pools are used by large numbers of pools, waterfalls, flumes and water
visitors. cannons. Chlorine levels also fall.
- The shape and depth of certain pools may - The type of materials used, e.g., artificial
be irregular. It is vital to ensure that the rocks, make it more difficult to dean the
entire area is effectively covered by the surfaces in contact with the water.
renewal circuit. In certain cases, greater doses of reagents
- The temperature of the water is often may need to be added to the water.
considerably higher than in traditional
Figure 839. The Lauzieres sports and leisure pool at Chateau-Arnoux in the French Alps.
Recycled flow rate: 300 m3 .h -1 . Filters: 2 Hydrazur dual media filters, dia. 2 m.