GLECY M.

ALQUIZA
SE 109- CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
IST ASSIGNMENT
June 23, 2019

1. Difference between heat engine and heat pump

It was stated in different that heat engine is a system that converts heat or thermal energy—
and chemical energy—to mechanical energy, which can then be used to do mechanical work. It
does this by bringing a working substance from a higher state temperature to a lower state
temperature. Likewise, a heat engine uses energy provided in the form of heat to do work and
then exhausts the heat which cannot be used to do work. In general an engine converts energy
to mechanical work. Heat engines such as automobile engines operate in a cyclic manner,
adding energy in the form of heat in one part of the cycle and using that energy to do useful
work in another part of the cycle.

Heat engine can be illustrated by PV diagram and reservoir model as shown below:

Ref: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/heaeng.html

On the other hand, a heat pump is a device that transfers heat energy from a source of heat to
what is called a heat sink. Heat pumps move thermal energy in the opposite direction of
spontaneous heat transfer, by absorbing heat from a cold space and releasing it to a warmer
one. A heat pump uses external power to accomplish the work of transferring energy from the
heat source to the heat sink. (Bundschuh, Jochen; Chen, Guangnan 2014). Air
conditioners and freezers are familiar examples of heat pumps. HVAC) devices or heating,
ventilating, and air conditioning devices are used for space heating or space cooling. The heat
pump works in conjunction with the air handler to distribute the warm or cool air to interior
spaces. In addition to the electrical components and a fan, a heat pump system includes:
Compressor: Moves the refrigerant through the system. Some heat pumps contain a scroll
compressor. Illustration of heat pump is shown below.
Source of diagram: MQAw#imgrc=pc8Szlin9zUZkM:

2. The four Thermodynamic process

a. adiabatic process is a process during which no heat enters or leaves the system. An adiabatic
process is one in which no heat or mass is transferred between the system and its surroundings
(Δm=0, ΔQ=0)Adiabatic heating happens when gas is pressurized by the work done on it by its
surroundings like the piston compression in a diesel engine's fuel cylinder. This can also occur
naturally like when air masses in the Earth's atmosphere press down on a surface like a slope
on a mountain range, causing temperatures to rise because of the work done on the mass of air
to decrease its volume against the land mass.
Adiabatic cooling, on the other hand, happens when expansion occurs on isolated systems,
which force them to do work on their surrounding areas. In the example of air flow, when that
mass of air is depressurized by a lift in a wind current, its volume is allowed to spread back out,
reducing the temperature.

Adiabatic process

b. An isobaric process is a process that occurs at constant pressure.

The process during which the pressure of the system remains constant is called as isobaric
process. Example: Suppose there is a fuel in piston and cylinder arrangement. When this fuel is
burnt the pressure of the gases is generated inside the engine and as more fuel burns more
pressure is created. But if the gases are allowed to expand by allowing the piston to move
outside, the pressure of the system can be kept constant.
c. Isochoric
An isochoric system is one in which volume is held constant (ΔV=0). Isochoric processes can also
be referred to as isometric or isovolumetric. Since the volume is constant, the system does no
work and W = 0. ("W" is the abbreviation for work.) This is perhaps the easiest of the
thermodynamic variables to control since it can be obtained by placing the system in a sealed
container which neither expands nor contracts. An example of this would be a simple closed
container, which can’t change its volume.

d. isothermal process
A When the system undergoes change from one state to the other, but its temperature remains
constant, the system is said to have undergone isothermal process. For instance, in our
example of hot water in thermos flask, if we remove certain quantity of water from the flask,
but keep its temperature constant at 50 degree Celsius, the process is said to be isothermal
process.
Another example of isothermal process is latent heat of vaporization of water. When we heat
water to 100 degree Celsius, it will not start boiling instantly. It will keep on absorbing heat at
constant temperature; this heat is called latent heat of vaporization. Only after absorbing this
heat water at constant temperature, water will get converted into steam
.
3. Can something be 100% efficient?
A system can never be 100% efficient because of heat and sound energy that are lost in some
amount in every system. A system doesn't exist, with 100% efficiency. Various mechanical and
electrical losses like friction and eddy current losses are the reasons behind the energy
dissipation, hence, 100% efficiency can never be achieved in reality. No machine is free from
the effects of gravity, and even with wonderful lubrication, friction always exists. The energy a
machine produces is always less than the energy put into it (energy input). Most machines
transfer energy from one place or another, or transform one form of energy (e.g. chemical) into
another (e.g. mechanical), but machines can`t create any form of energy. This tendency of
systems to lose energy is called entropy. Entropy in a closed system never goes down. Systems
always tend toward a state of decreasing order unless more energy is provided into the system
to counteract this tendency. That is why 100% efficiency in machines shall not be possible.

4. What is the maximum efficiency of heat engine?

Semingly, there is limit on the efficiency a heat engine. Tmin can never be less than zero (at
absolute zero), so, no engine can be more efficient than Tmax/Tmax = 1, which is the same as
100 percent efficient—and most real engines don't get anywhere near that. If you had a steam
engine operating between 50°C and 100°C, it would be about 13 percent efficient. To get that
to 100 percent efficiency, you'd have to cool your steam to absolute zero (−273°C or 0K), which
is obviously impossible. Even if you could cool it to freezing (0°C or 273K), you would still only
manage 27 percent efficiency.

5. How many types of engines are there in cars?

There are three types of engine in cars namely; 1)Thermal engines which includes;Internal
combustion, External combustion, and Reaction engines, 2). Electrical engines, and 3) . Physical
engines .
This also incude vee, inline, straight, VR and W, Boxer and rotary.

6. What are the two types of heat engines?

There are two main types of heat engines: external combustion and internal combustion:

a. External combustion engine- the fuel burns outside and away from the main bit of the
engine where the force and motion are produced. A steam engine is a good example: there's a
coal fire at one end that heats water to make steam. The steam is piped into a strong metal
cylinder where it moves a tight-fitting plunger called a piston back and forth. The moving piston
powers whatever the engine is attached to (maybe a factory machine or the wheels of a
locomotive). This is an external combustion engine because the coal is burning outside and
some distance from the cylinder and piston.

b. internal combustion engine- the fuel burns inside the cylinder. In a typical car engine, for
example, there are something like four to six separate cylinders inside which gasoline is
constantly burning with oxygen to release heat. Internal combustion engines are generally far
more efficient than external combustion engines because no energy is wasted transmitting heat
from a fire and boiler to the cylinder; everything happens in one place. Illustartion of types heat
engine is shown below.
7. How many types of engine are there?
Basically the engines are of two types, and these are external combustion engines and internal
combustion engines. However, the classification of the engines depends upon the types of fuel
used, cycle of operation, number of stroke, type of ignition, number of cylinders, arrangement
of cylinders, valve arrangement, and types of cooling. These engines are used in different areas
such as in automotive industries, aircraft industries, marine industries, etc. according to their
suitability they are used in different areas.

8. What are examples of heat engine?

Some sample of heat engine includes steam electric power generators, automobiles, trucks,
many locomotives, refrigerators, air conditioners, heat pumps.

9. What is the difference between motor and engine?

A motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy while an engine converts various
other forms of energy to mechanical energy. An engine is a mechanical device that uses a fuel
source to create an output. The word “engine” is generally used to refer to a reciprocating
engine (steam or internal combustion) while “motor” is generally used to refer to a rotating
device such as an electric motor. Lastly, An engine is made up of pistons and cylinders while a
motor is made up of rotors and stators.
Source:http://www.differencebetween.net/technology/industrial/difference-between-engine-
and-motor/#ixzz5rOxuIg00

10. How does an engine run?

The engine runs when the piston reaches the top of the cylinder, the sparking plug (yellow)
fires. Power: The spark ignites the fuel-air mixture causing a mini explosion. The fuel burns
immediately, giving off hot gas that pushes the piston back down. The energy released by the
fuel is now powering the crankshaft.

11. What is the difference between heat engine, heat pump and refrigerator?
All three devices work on the basis of heat flow
In a heat engine, heat is transferred from a higher temperature level called source to a lower
temperature level called sink. Work is obtained during this process.
A refrigerator is a reversed heat engine. Heat is transferred from the lower temperature level to
higher temperature by applying external work to maintain the temperature below atmospheric
temperature.
A heat pump is similar to a refrigerator. The only point of difference between the two is of the
operating temperatures. The working temperatures in a refrigerator are of the colder level and
atmosphere, whereas working temperatures in heat pump are of hotter level and atmosphere
(Singh, 2015)

12. Why is the COP of heat pump is more than refrigerator?

COP of a heat pump depends on its duty. The heat rejected to the hot sink is greater
than the heat absorbed from the cold source, so the heating COP is 1 greater than the
cooling COP. applies to heat pumps and applies to air conditioners or refrigerators.

13. Is refrigerator a heat engine?

No. Refrigerators is different from heat engine because it utilizes heat transfer from low
temperature to high temperature which is the opposite of what heat engines do.In heat
engines, heat transfer is from high temperature object into low temperature object.

14. What the types of thermodynamic process?

types of thermodynamic processes are: isothermal process, adiabatic process, isochoric
process, isobaric process and reversible process.

15. What are the thermodynamic process?

The system has certain properties like temperature, pressure, volume, etc. The present values
of the properties of the system are called as thermodynamic state of system. The system
undergoes change from one thermodynamic state to final state due change in properties like
temperature, pressure, volume etc, the system is said to have undergone thermodynamic
process

16. What are the three laws of thermodynamics?

The First Law of Thermodynamics also known as Law of Conservation of Energy, states that
energy can neither be created nor destroyed; energy can only be transferred or changed from
one form to another. For example, turning on a light would seem to produce energy; however,
it is electrical energy that is converted.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics says that the entropy of any isolated system always
increases. Isolated systems spontaneously evolve towards thermal equilibrium—the state of
maximum entropy of the system. More simply put: the entropy of the universe (the ultimate
isolated system) only increases and never decreases.
A simple way to think of the second law of thermodynamics is that a room, if not cleaned and
tidied, will invariably become more messy and disorderly with time – regardless of how careful
one is to keep it clean. When the room is cleaned, its entropy decreases, but the effort to clean
it has resulted in an increase in entropy outside the room that exceeds the entropy lost.

The Third Law of Thermodynamics states that the entropy of a system approaches a constant
value as the temperature approaches absolute zero. The entropy of a system at absolute zero is
typically zero, and in all cases is determined only by the number of different ground states it
has. Specifically, the entropy of a pure crystalline substance (perfect order) at absolute zero
temperature is zero. This statement holds true if the perfect crystal has only one state with
minimum energy.

17.Why is the value of CP greater than CV?

The heat capacity at constant pressure CP is greater than the heat capacity
at constant volume CV , because when heat is added at constant pressure, the
substance expands and work.

18. Are isentropic and adiabatic the same thing?

NO, they are different. an isentropic process is an idealized thermodynamic process that is
both adiabatic and reversible. The work transfers of the system are frictionless, and there is no
transfer of heat or matter. An adiabatic process is a process in which there is not any heat
interaction or transfer through the system’s boundary. Now adiabatic process can be reversible
or irreversible
However, An isentropic process is a process during which entropy of the system must remain
constant, which means entropy does not changes .
Now entropy change of a system during a process can occur only due to two causes(if we talk
about closed system), Due to entropy transfer with heat, Due to entropy generation caused by
irreversilibilties present in the system in internal irreversibilities of the system
So for entropy to be constant during a process , a process must be ADIABATIC and INTERNALLY
REVERSIBLE. That is what an isentropic process is.

19. Is isentropic always adiabatic?

Isentropic means no change in entropy. An adiabatic process is a process with no heat transfer.
So generally an adiabatic process is not necessarily isentropic -- only if the process is reversible
and adiabatic we can call it isentropic.

20. What is Carnot Cycle?

Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (1796-1832), a French military engineer, published Reflections on
the Motive Power of Fire in 1824. The book proposed a generalized theory of heat engines, as
well as an idealized model of a thermodynamic system for a heat engine that is now known as
the Carnot cycle. Carnot developed the foundation of the second law of thermodynamics, and
is often described as the "Father of thermodynamics."

The Carnot cycle is the ideal cycle against which all external combustion heat engines are
usually compared, at least in the first instance. The Otto cycle is the corresponding ideal cycle
for comparison with internal combustion engine designs. The Carnot cycle describes the
maximum theoretical efficiency achievable with a perfect coolant and insulation properties with
optimum working conditions. As an ideal cycle its performance cannot be replicated in practise.
The Carnot cycle describes the transfer of heat from a source to a sink wherein some of this
energy is directed to perform useful work. The cycle comprises four individual stages: two of
expansion and two of compression. The heat source is conventionally assigned a
temperature T1 and the sink a temperature T2, where T1>T2. Although it represents a
theoretical optimum, a number of practical examples can be used to illustrate the principle of
the Carnot cycle, given the corresponding efficiency cannot be achieved in reality. The most
common example is a piston operating on a gaseous working substance in a cylinder, as shown
in Fig. 7.3. Carnot envisaged the piston being the prime moverconnected to a crank with which
to supply the rotational motion necessary to lift a specified mass

The four stages of the Carnot cycle are as follows:

A reversible isothermal gas expansion process. In this process, the ideal gas in the system
absorbs qin amount heat from a heat source at a high temperature Th, expands and does work
on surroundings.
A reversible adiabatic gas expansion process. In this process, the system is thermally insulated.
The gas continues to expand and do work on surroundings, which causes the system to cool to
a lower temperature, Tl.
A reversible isothermal gas compression process. In this process, surroundings do work to the
gas at Tl, and causes a loss of heat,. qout.
A reversible adiabatic gas compression process. In this process, the system is thermally
insulated. Surroundings continue to do work to the gas, which causes the temperature to rise
back to Th.

References:
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-a-refrigerator-and-a-heat-pump-and-a-
heat-engine
Source:http://www.differencebetween.net/technology/industrial/difference-between-engine-
and-motor/#ixzz5rOxuIg00
Ref: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/heaeng.html
https://www.brighthubengineering.com/thermodynamics/3736-what-is-a-thermodynamic-
process/
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/the-three-laws-of-thermodynamics/
http://www.hep.fsu.edu/~berg/teach/phy2048/1202.pdf
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/carnot-cycle
Illustaruve diagrams between refrigeration and air conditioning cycles