The standard is easy and

powerful: approach and impact

Parts of the Tutorial on IEC 61850
given at CIGRE B5 Colloquium, Sydney, Sep 29, 2003
Klaus-Peter Brand

klaus-peter.brand@ch.abb.com
 Topics

Topics
Data model How to model the data in a Substation
Data model
Automation System according to IEC 61850
Process interf. reflecting the functionality and the information
Communication needs. What is the impact on your data and
Engineering system specification?
Conclusions

Process Interface How to connect a Substation Automation System

with the switchgear, i.e. with switches, breakers,
current and voltage transformers, etc. New chance
for unconventional instrument transformers?

Communication How to map the model on the Communication

Power Stack according to IEC 61850 based on the well-
System known Ethernet. What is the impact on your
Seminar specification of the communication architecture?
Electrix
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 2
 Topics

Topics
Engineering How to engineer systems based on IEC 61850
Data model
with all its abstract objects and multiple features.
Process interf. What is the impact on the know-how needed
Communication and on your common sense approaches?
Engineering
Conclusions

Conclusion Is IEC 61850 easy and powerful for the users?

Remember the features of the models, the
openness, and the engineering support.
Remember all other parts of the tutorial.

Power
System
Seminar
Electrix
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 3
 Data model

Topics
Data model
Data model
Process interf.
Communication ƒ object model close to user
Engineering
Conclusions ƒ SA domain communication services

ƒ high degree of freedom for optimization

ƒ from signal lists to object lists

Power
System
Seminar
Electrix
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 4
 Object model close to the user

Topics Basic structure of SA systems: Interfaces 1 … 10

Data model
Remote control (NCC) Technical Services
Process interf.
10 7
Communication
STATION LEVEL FCT. A FCT. B
Engineering
9
Conclusions
1,6 1,6

8
3 3
BAY/UNIT LEVEL PROT. CONTR. CONTR. PROT.

Remote 2 2 Remote
protection protection
4,5 4,5

PROCESS LEVEL Process Interface Sensors Actuators

Power
System
Seminar HV Equipment
Electrix
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 5
See IEC 61850-5
 Object model close to the user

Topics
Data model
Communication in a
Process interf.
Substation Automation System
Communication ƒ Information is exchanged between all devices
Engineering
which comprise the system
Conclusions
ƒ More precisely, data are exchanged between the
functions and sub-functions residing in the devices
ƒ The smallest part of the function that exchanges data
is called Logical Node (LN) in IEC 61850. The LN
performs some operations for the overall function
Power
System
Seminar
Electrix
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 6
See IEC 61850-5
 Object model close to the user

Topics LN function-related in the substation Control

Q0/CSWI
Data model
Q8/CSWI
Process interf. Q9/CSWI
Communication Bay-HMI
IHMI
Engineering Earthing Switch
Conclusions Q8_L1/XSWI
Gas density mon.
Q8_L1/SIMG

Secondary
Isolator
Q9_L1/XSWI
technology
Gas density mon.
Q9_L1/SIMG

Power Circuit Breaker

Q0_L1/XCBR Distance
System Protection
Gas density mon.
Seminar Q0_L1/SIMG
Primary technology PDIS
Electrix
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 7
See IEC 61850-5, 7-4
 Object model close to the user

Topics LNs in devices (IEDs)

Device Example: Station Workplace
Data model
Process interf.
IHMI
(Human Machine IF)
Communication
Engineering
Conclusions Device Example: Combined Protection and Control Unit
CSWI PDIS
(Switch Controller) (Distance Protection)

TVTR
XCBR (Voltage Transformer)
(Circuit Breaker)
Power TCTR
System (Current Transformer)
Device Example:
Seminar
Circuit Breaker Device Example: Combisensor
Electrix
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 8
See IEC 61850-5, 7-4
 Object model close to the user

Topics Logical Node Groups (First letter listed)

Data model
Process interf. L System LN (2) M Metering and measurement (8)
Communication P Protection (28) S Sensor and monitoring (4)
Engineering R Protection related (10) X Switchgear (2)
Conclusions
C Control (5) T Instrument transformers (2)
Y Power transformers (4)
G Generic (3)
Z Further power system
I Interfacing and archiving (4) equipment (15)
A Automatic control (4)

Examples:
PDIF: Differential protection CSWI: Switch controller
Power RBRF: Breaker failure MMXU: Measurement unit
System XCBR: Circuit breaker YPTR: Power transformer
Seminar
Electrix
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 9
See IEC 61850-5, 7-4
 Object model close to the user

Topics The model hierarchy

Data model
Process interf. Physical Device
Communication
(Server)
Engineering
Conclusions
Logical Device Control

Switch Control
Logical Node

Data (Object) Position

Power
System Control Value
Attribute Status Value
Seminar
Electrix
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 10
See IEC 61850-7-1,2,3,4
 Object model close to the user

Topics Modeling of a combined

Common
Data model control-protection device LLN0
Process interf. Name plate
Communication Physical Device (Server) Vendor
Engineering etc.
Conclusions Common LLN0
Control
Switch Control
Control LLN0
Position
CSWI Pos ctlVal stVal Control Value
Status Value

Protection LLN0 Protection

PTOC Overcurrent
Power Str Op Start/Pick-up
System Operate/Trip
Seminar
Electrix
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 11
See IEC 61850-7-1,2,3,4
 Object model close to the user

Topics
Data model Data access and transfer (Services)
Process interf.
Communication
„ read a value / attribute
Engineering „ write configuration attributes
Conclusions „ control a device (direct operate / select before operate)
„ event oriented communication with reporting
„ local storage of time-stamped events in a log
„ get directory information
„ file transfer for e.g.
„ parameter and software download
„ upload from monitoring information like travel curves or history of
gas density values
Power „ Transfer of generic object oriented system events (GOOSE)
System „ Transfer of sampled analog values (SAV)
Seminar
Electrix
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 12
See IEC 61850-7-2
 High degree of freedom for optimization
Topics
Free allocation of Logical Nodes (functions) to devices
Data model
Process interf.
ƒ The support of free allocation Logical Nodes (functions
Communication
and sub-functions) allows an optimization of of systems
Engineering
today and tomorrow
Conclusions

ƒ The free allocation is controlled by strict rules and the

concept of IEC 61850

ƒ The free allocation does not disturb interoperability but

may increase the requirements for tools
Power
System
Seminar ƒ The free allocation is limited by the device capacities
Electrix as described in data sheets same as today
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 13
e.g. IEC 61850-5
 Example for Logical Node (1)
Topics Common Logical Node class
Attribute Name Attr. Type Explanation T M/O
Data model
LNName Shall be inherited from Logical-Node Class (see IEC 61850-7-2).
Process interf. Data
Mandatory Logical Node Information (Shall be inherited by ALL LN but LPHD)
Communication Mod INC Mode M
Engineering Beh INS Behaviour M

Conclusions Health INS Health M

NamPlt LPL Name plate M

Optional Logical Node Information
Loc SPS Local operation O
EEHealth INS External equipment health O

EEName DPL External equipment name plate O

OpCntRs INC Operation counter resetable O

OpCnt INS Operation counter O

OpTmh INS Operation time O

Data Sets (see IEC 61850-7-2)
Power Inherited and specialised from Logical Node class (see IEC 61850-7-2).
Control Blocks (see IEC 61850-7-2)
System Inherited and specialised from Logical Node class (see IEC 61850-7-2).
Seminar Services (see IEC 61850-7-2)
Inherited and specialised from Logical Node class (see IEC 61850-7-2).
Electrix
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 14
See IEC 61850-7-4
 Example for Logical Node (2)
Topics XCBR class
Attribute Name Attr. Type Explanation T M/O
Data model LNName Shall be inherited from Logical-Node Class (see IEC 61850-7-2)
Process interf. Data
Common Logical Node Information see Example for Logical Node (1)
Communication LN shall inherit all Mandatory Data from Common Logical Node Class M
Loc SPS Local operation (local means without substation automation communication, M
Engineering hardwired direct control)
EEHealth INS External equipment health O
Conclusions
EEName DPL External equipment name plate O
OpCnt INS Operation counter M
Controls
Pos DPC Switch position M

BlkOpn SPC Block opening M

BlkCls SPC Block closing M

ChaMotEna SPC Charger motor enabled O

Metered Values
SumSwARs BCR Sum of Switched Amperes, resetable O
Status Information
Power CBOpCap INS Circuit breaker operating capability M

System POWCap INS Point On Wave switching capability O

MaxOpCap INS Circuit breaker operating capability when fully charged O
Seminar
Electrix
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 15
See IEC 61850-7-4
 Example for Common Data Class (CDC)
DPC class
Topics Attribute Attribute Type FC TrgOp Value / Value Range M/O
Name
Data model DataName Inherited from Data Class (see IEC 61850-7-2)
DataAttribute
Process interf. control and status
ctlVal BOOLEAN CO off (FALSE) | on (TRUE) AC_CO_M
Communication operTim TimeStamp CO AC_CO_O
origin Originator CO, ST AC_CO_O
Engineering ctlNum INT8 CO, ST 0..255 AC_CO_O
stVal CODED ENUM ST dchg intermediate-state | off | on | bad-state M
Conclusions q Quality ST qchg M
t TimeStamp ST M
stSeld BOOLEAN ST dchg AC_CO_O
substitution
subEna BOOLEAN SV PICS_SUBST
subVal CODED ENUM SV intermediate-state | off | on | bad-state PICS_SUBST
subQ Quality SV PICS_SUBST
subID VISIBLE STRING64 SV PICS_SUBST
configuration, description and extension
pulseConfig PulseConfig CF AC_CO_O
ctlM odel ENUMERATED CF status-only | direct-with-normal-security | M
sbo-with-normal-security | direct-with-
enhanced-security | sbo-w ith-enhanced-
security
sboTimeout INT32U CF AC_CO_O
sboClass ENUMERATED CF operate-once | operate-many AC_CO_O
Power d VISIBLE STRING255 DC Text O
dataNs VISIBLE STRING255 EX AC_DLN_M
System cdcNs VISIBLE STRING255 EX AC_DLNDA_M
tag Tag AX O
Seminar Services
As defined in Error! Reference source not found.
Electrix
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 16
See IEC 61850-7-3
 From signal lists to object lists
Topics
Object list
Data model Signal List
Circuit Breaker
Process interf. ……….. LN
Communication ………..
XCBR
………..
Engineering
………..
Conclusions
………..
……….. Station HMI
………..
LN
……….. IHMI
………..
………..
………..
Switch Controller
……….. LN
………..
Power CSWI
………..
System
……….. Complete regarding mandatory data !
Seminar ……….. Complete ?
Electrix
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 17
See IEC 61850
 From signal lists to object lists
Topics
Standard Substation 110kV GIS Indications
Data model

In d icatio n T yp e
In fo rm atio n
Sw itch g ear

Even t L ist
Valu e text

A ttrib u te

A ttrib u te
Process interf.

D ata

D ata
LN

LN
Communication
Engineering
Circuit Breaker Q0 Sw itching status Off Interm. DI Up XCBR Pos stVal=off
Conclusions Circuit Breaker Q0 Sw itching status On Interm. DI Up XCBR Pos stVal=on
Busbar Isolator Q1 Sw itching status Off Interm. DI Up stVal=intermediate-state
Busbar Ioslator Q1 Sw itching status On Interm. DI Up stVal=bad-state
Line Isolator Q9 Sw itching status Off Interm. DI Up
Line Isolator Q9 Sw itching status On Interm. DI Up

Substation Control remote (NCC) ON (remote) DI Up/Dow n IHMI Loc stVal=FALSE CSWI Loc stVal=FALSE
Substation Control at station level ON (local) DI Up/Dow n IHMI Loc stVal=TRUE CSWI Loc stVal=FALSE
Substation Control at bay level OFF (Bay control) DI Up/Dow n XCBR Loc stVal=FALSE CSWI Loc stVal=TRUE
Substation Control local (direct) ON (Emergency) DI Up/Dow n XCBR Loc stVal=TRUE (="NOT")
Substation Bay blocked for maintenance OFF (Command blocked) DI Up/Dow n XCBR BlkOpn stVal=TRUE (="blocked")
Substation Bay blocked for maintenance ON (Command blocked) DI Up/Dow n XCBR BlkCls stVal=TRUE (="blocked")
Substation Bay control interlocked (HW + SW) OFF (interlocked) DI Up/Dow n CSWI Control model Extension
Substation Bay control non-interlocked (HW + SW) ON (Interlocked) DI Up/Dow n CSWI Control model Extension
Substation Bay control Alarm acknow ledgement Raising/Falling SI Up/Dow n XCBR per Alarm (local issue)
Power Substation Trip Raising SI Up XCBR Pos orCat=process
System Substation
Substation
Bay control disturbed
Bay control restarted
Raising Falling
Raising
SI
SI
Up/Dow n
Up
CSWI
CSWI
Health
Mode
stVal=2 or 3
stVal=1 ("on") LPHD PwrUp stVal=TRUE
Seminar Substation Bay control Input fluttering Raising SI Up XCBR Pos q.detailedQual.oscillatory=TRUE

Electrix
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 18
See IEC 61850-7-3,-4
 Process interface

Topics
Data model
Process interface
Process interf.
Communication ƒ Traditional approach
Engineering
Conclusions ƒ New sensor technology

ƒ Breaker IED

ƒ Full “process bus solution”

Power
System
Seminar
Electrix
See IEC 61850-7-4
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 19
IEC 61850-8-x, 9-x
 Conventional approach: hardwired
Topics
Data model Line
Process interf. Protection
Communication
Engineering
Conclusions

Power
System
Seminar
Electrix
See IEC 61850-7-4
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 20
IEC 61850-8-x, 9-x
 New sensor technology
Topics
Data model Line
Protection
Process interf.
Communication IEC 61850-9-1 or
Engineering IEC 61850-9-2
Conclusions Logical Device
“Merging Unit”

LNPCTR
LN PCTR
LN TVTR

LNPCTR
LN PCTR
LN TCTR

Power
System
Seminar
Electrix
See IEC 61850-7-4
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 21
IEC 61850-8-x, 9-x
 Breaker IED
Topics
Data model
IEC 61850-8-1
Process interf. Line
Communication Protection
Logical Device
Engineering
“Breaker IED”
Conclusions
LNPCTR
LN PCTR
LN XCBR

Logical Device
“Breaker IED”
LNPCTR
LN PCTR
LN XCBR

Power
System
Seminar
Electrix
See IEC 61850-7-4
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 22
IEC 61850-8-x, 9-x
 Full ”process bus” solution: serial links only

Topics IEC 61850-8-1 & 9-x

Data model Line
Process interf. Protection
Communication Logical Device
Engineering “Breaker IED”
Conclusions Logical Device LNPCTR
LN PCTR
LN XCBR
“Merging Unit”

LNPCTR
LN PCTR Logical Device
LN TVTR
“Breaker IED”
LNPCTR
LN PCTR LNPCTR
PCTR
LN TCTR LN
LN XCBR

Power
System
Seminar
Electrix
See IEC 61850-7-4
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 23
IEC 61850-8-x, 9-x
 Conventional approach: hardwired
Topics
Data model Line
Line protection
Process interf. Protection
Communication XCBR
Engineering
Conclusions
PDIS

TVTR
TCTR

Model of conventional
Power Line Protection according
System to IEC 61850

Seminar
Electrix
See IEC 61850-7-4
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 24
IEC 61850-8-x, 9-x
 Communication

Topics
Data model
Communication by mainstream stack
Process interf.
Communication ƒ Mapping to stack
Engineering
Conclusions ƒ Scaleable communication architectures (examples)
ƒ Options
ƒ Star
ƒ Flat (common network)
ƒ Ring
ƒ Mixed architectures, others
Power
System
Seminar
ƒ Options and criteria for SA communication architecture
Electrix
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 25
See IEC 61850-8-x, 9-x
 Communication

Topics
Mapping to stack
Data model
SLOW
Long-term
Process interf. CHANGES Application (Objects,Services) definitions
Application
Communication Domain
Safe-guarding
Substation investments
Engineering
Sampled Client - Server
Conclusions GOOSE
values communication Abstract
Interface

Adaptation Mapping per selected stack

Stack
Interface
FAST
MMS
CHANGES
Communication
Real-time
requirements Stack selection
Technology
TCP following
Power state-of-the-art
System IP communication
Seminar Ethernet Link Layer technology

Electrix Ethernet Physical Layer with Priority tagging

Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 26

See IEC 61850-8-x, 9-x
 System architecture station bus (star)

Control Center HMI Engineering

Topics
Data model
Process interf. Router

Communication
Engineering
Ethernet Switch IEC 61850-8-1
Conclusions

Bay Relay Relay Bay Relay Relay

Controller A B Controller A B

Power
System Conventional Conventional Conventional Conventional
Switchgear CT / VT's Switchgear CT / VT's
Seminar
Electrix
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 27
See IEC 61850
 System architecture with station bus (ring)

Control Center HMI Engineering

Topics
Data model
Process interf. IEC 61850-8-1
Router
Communication
Engineering
Ethernet Ring with Switches
Conclusions

Bay Relay Relay Bay Relay Relay

Controller A B Controller A B

Power
System Conventional Conventional Conventional Conventional
Switchgear CT / VT's Switchgear CT / VT's
Seminar
Electrix
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 28
See IEC 61850
 System architecture with station bus (star) and IEC 61850-9-x

Topics Control Center HMI Engineering

Data model
Process interf. Router
Communication
Engineering
Conclusions Ethernet Switch IEC 61850-8-1

Bay Relay Relay Bay Relay Relay

Controller A B Controller A B

Power
System Conventional Modern Conventional Modern
Seminar Switchgear CT / VT's Switchgear CT / VT's
Electrix
IEC 61850-9-x
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 29
See IEC 61850
 System architecture with station bus (star) and breaker IEDs

Control Center HMI Engineering

Topics
Data model
Process interf. Router

Communication
Engineering
Ethernet Switch IEC 61850-8-1
Conclusions

Relay Relay Relay Relay

A B A B

Power
System Switchgear with Conventional Switchgear with Conventional
Breaker IED CT / VT's Breaker IED CT / VT's
Seminar
Electrix
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 30
See IEC 61850
 System architecture with station (star) and process bus

Control Center HMI Engineering

Topics
Data model
Process interf. Router

Communication
Engineering
Ethernet Switch IEC 61850-8-1
Conclusions

Bay Relay Relay Bay Relay Relay

Controller A B Controller A B

Power
System Modern Modern Modern Modern
Switchgear CT / VT's Switchgear CT / VT's
Seminar
Electrix IEC 61850-8-1 and
IEC 61850-9-x
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 31
See IEC 61850
 System architecture with station bus (ring) and process bus

Control Center HMI Engineering

Topics
Data model
Process interf. IEC 61850-8-1
Router
Communication
Engineering
Ethernet Ring with Switches
Conclusions

Bay Relay Relay Bay Relay Relay

Controller A B Controller A B

Power
System Modern Modern Modern Modern
Switchgear CT / VT's Switchgear CT / VT's
Seminar
Electrix IEC 61850-8-1 and
IEC 61850-9-x
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 32
See IEC 61850
 Breaker IED and independent link for samples

Control Center HMI Engineering

Topics
Data model
Process interf. Router

Communication
Engineering
Conclusions
Ethernet Switch IEC 61850-8-1

Relay Relay Relay Relay

A B A B

Breaker IED Breaker IED

Power
System Modern Modern
CT / VT's IEC 61850-9-x CT / VT's
Seminar
Electrix
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 33
See IEC 61850
 System architecture using one network only (star)

Control Center HMI Engineering

Topics
Data model
Process interf. Router

Communication
Engineering
Conclusions Ethernet Switch IEC 61850-8-1 and
IEC 61850-9-x

Bay Relay Relay Bay Relay Relay

Controller A B Controller A B

Power
System Modern Modern Modern Modern
Switchgear CT / VT's Switchgear CT / VT's
Seminar
Electrix IEC 61850-8-1 and
IEC 61850-9-x
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 34
See IEC 61850
 System architecture using one network only (ring/star)

Control Center HMI Engineering

Topics
Data model IEC 61850-8-1 and
Process interf. IEC 61850-9-x
Router
Communication
Engineering Ethernet Ring with Switches
Conclusions

Bay Relay Relay Bay Relay Relay

Controller A B Controller A B

Power Modern Modern Modern Modern

System Switchgear CT / VT's Switchgear CT / VT's
Seminar IEC 61850-8-1
Electrix and
IEC 61850-9-x
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 35
See IEC 61850
 Scaleable communication architectures
Topics
Data model
Criteria
Process interf.
Communication ƒ Availability
Engineering
Conclusions ƒ Data volume and response time

ƒ With or without sampled analog values

ƒ Cost/Price

Power
System
Seminar
Electrix
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 36
See IEC 61850
 Engineering

Topics
Data model
Engineering
Process interf.
Communication ƒ Device and system structures
Engineering
Conclusions ƒ Substation Configuration description Language

ƒ Device and System Configuration Description

ƒ Engineering process

Power ƒ SCL Editor example

System
Seminar
Electrix
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 37
See IEC 61850-6
 Formal description needed

Topics
Device and system structure
Data model
Process interf.
Communication To provide interoperability
Engineering „ a formal description of the Substation Automation
Conclusions System with all communication links is needed
„ all IED capabilities have to be described formally in an
unambiguous way
„ all communication services applicable have to be
described formally in an unambiguous way
„ the relationship between the switchgear and the data of
Power the substation automation system have to be described
System formally in an unambiguous way
Seminar
Electrix
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 38
See IEC 61850-6
 Formal description provided

Topics
For the formal description is provided by the
Data model
Process interf.
Substation Configuration description Language (SCL)
Communication
Engineering „ based on XML
Conclusions
„ defined in part 6 of the standard (IEC 61850-6)
usable for
„ IED Configuration Description (ICD) files
„ System Configuration Description (SCD) file
„ System functional specification (SSD)

Power
System the engineering information is exchangeable
Seminar between tools !!!
Electrix
Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 39
See IEC 61850-6
 Engineering process
Topics Engineering environment
IED Capabilities
Data model (LN, DO, …) System Specification
IED System
Process interf.
DB Configurator
Communication
Engineering Associations,
relation to single line,
Conclusions
preconfigured reports, ...
IED
Engineering Configurator
Workplace

File transfer
File transfer remote
Local File transfers and parameterization
Substation with IEC61850 services
gateway
Power
SA system
System
Seminar
Electrix IED IED IED

Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 40

See IEC 61850-6
 Conclusions: easy and powerful

Topics
Conclusions
Data model
Process interf. ƒ Model close to the user
Communication
Engineering ƒ Full engineering support
Conclusions

ƒ Open standard, especially for the future

ƒ Open model (extension rules)
ƒ Open communication (stack interface)

ƒ Cost reduction in
ƒ investment, operation, maintenance
Power
System ƒ Safe-guarding of investments
Seminar ƒ by openness
Electrix ƒ device independent engineering data

Approach and impact of IEC 61850 Sept 2003 / Page 41