Technology - is a core component of the human
experience.
1. Fire- it can be argued that fire was
discovered rather than invented.
2. Wheel- it was invented by Mesopotamians
around 3500 BC to be used in the creation
of pottery. It is ubiquitous in our everyday
life, facilitating our transportation and
commerce.
3. Nail- very simple but very useful metal
fastener dates back to ancient egypt, about
3400 BC.
4. Optical Lenses- have greatly expanded the
possibilities of our vision
5. Compass- navigational device, the earliest
compasses were made of lodestone in china
between 300 & 200 BC.
6. Gunpowder- chemical explosive, invented
in china in the 9th century, has been a
major factor in military technology.
7. Printing Press- invented in 1439 by
German Johannes Gutenberg, it allowed
ink to be transferred from the movable type
to a paper in a mechanized way.
8. Electricity- the invention of the light bulb
attributed to Thomas Edison in 1879, is
certainly a major extension of the ability to
harness electricity.
9. Steam Engine- invented between 1763 &
1775 by James Watt the steam engine
powered trains, ships, factories, the
Industrial revolution as a whole.
10. Telephone- Alexander Graham Bell got the
first patent for an electric telephone in
1876. This instrument has revolutionized
our ability to communicate.
Social Change- refers to social progress where a
society moves into progress-sion or socio cultural
evolution. - can be motivated by economic,
religious, political or even scientific forces.
Theories- are statement which provide
explanations as to why people choose to perform
certain actions or why they prefer to act or behave
in a manner distinct from significant others.
I. Structural-Functional Theory-
Further developed by Max Weber, Herbert Spencer,
and Emile Durkheim is a perspective which
understand a society as structures with complex
but interconnected system which is comprised of
parts that works and performs certain functions.
These social structure seek to preserve the stability
and order within the society through it's agencies
such as the family, community as well as the
religious institutions.
School as an educational institution is a social
structure that plays a vital role in the learning and
socialization of members of the society.
II. Conflict Theory-
By Karl Marx views society as comprised of social
classes that comes into conflict due to unequal
distribution of wealth and power. This theory
points on the existence of the society as a source of
conflict and struggle similar to that which is
happening between rich and poor.
III. Evolutionary Theory-
Asserted that society are based on the assumption
that societies gradually change from stages of
simplicity towards complex forms. Emile Durkheim
reiterated that societies have evolved from
minimum division of labor to maximum which gave
rise organic solidarity. Societies are considered as
a product of evolution.
IV. Symbolic Interaction Theory
Focuses on the role of language whether verbal or
non-verbal to the degree of interaction the
relationship of people to the society or community.
Max Weber stated that individuals act according to
their interpretation of the world.
Feminist Movement
refers to a series of political campaigns for reforms
on issues such as reproductive rights, domestic
violence, maternity leave, equal pay, women's
suffrage, sexual harassment, and sexual violence
all of which fall under the label of feminism and
the feminist movement.
First Wave Feminism 19th and 20th centuries
focused on overturning legal inequalities,
particularly women suffrage.
Second Wave Feminism (1960's - 1980's)
broadened debate to include cultural inequalities,
gender norms, and the role of women in society.
Third Wave Feminism refers to diverse stains of
feminist activity, seen as both continuation of the
2nd wave and a response to its perceived failures.
Trend- is an inclination to which a group of people
tend to move. Directed towards a certain change or
development that may involve practices, behavior,
actions, events, technology and the like.
- It involves tendency to move upward or
downward towards a certain course that may imply
a progression or a regression in the condition or a
status of a certain subject which can happen in a
shorter or longer span of time.
Fad- extreme but short-lived enthusiasm for an
object, a practice of a specific behavior or an
activity. In a span of days or months loses its
popularity among its followers.
Social Trend- movement participated in by the
society whether relevant or not as it is reality of life
as a human respond to stimuli whether it has to
do with type of music, fashion and event.
Types of Trends:
1. Trend Systematic- persistent upward or
downward pattern of movement that
happens during a longer period of time.
This may include developments in
technology, wealth and population count.
2. Seasonal Systematic- is a regular and
periodic fluctuations within 1year period
which may include weather conditions in a
certain geographical location, changes in
social practice and religious rituals.
3. Cyclical Systematic- consistently
repeating upward and downward
movements entering its highest level which
is a period of prosperity.
4. Irregular Unsystematic- erratic
fluctuations that exist brought about by
unforeseen events such as natural
calamities, major economic or political
turmoil or events.
What brings about trends?
Fundamental Elements- bring about change and
development, whether these elements drive
towards progression or regression still they
contribute to the onset of trends in the society.
Human Needs- motivate people to create and
follow trends as this allows them to form greater
relationships and more positive human
interactions.
Drivers of Change- initiates trends as there arises
a need to change whether in a shorter or longer
time span.
Innovations- provide changes that leads to trends
as people converge to adopt the same.
1st trend (the rise of the global middle class)
2nd trend (is the continuing growth in developing
countries and ageing of the populations in
developed countries.)
3rd trend (groups such as migrants, young people
and older generations risk greater marginalisation
in the labour market.)
4th trend (patterns of migration are changing)
Finally (interconnectivity is growing all over the
world.)
Interdependence- the concept of collectivism
where individuals give priority to the goals of one
group as they define their own identity in relation
to the group.
Institutions- influence the formation of an
individuals perception about life, his role in the
community and society as well as about the
essence of his very existence.
Family- the basic unit of the society helps in the
development of well-adjusted functional and
socially healthy individuals.
School- the social institution is an individuals
second home. Is expected to hasten social change
through formal learning.
Church- religious institution which creates a
network among people specifically among believers
to achieve social control.
Government- political institution that was
established to unify people through efficient
leadership.
Social Media- social institution comprised of as
structured communication channels.
Peers- human beings are in nature social animals. The Network of relationships between the
Individuals spend a lot of time with their social and person within the society and the institutions
primary group which suggests that peer to which he or she becomes a member.
relationships are important and influential in their
engagements. Government
Church
Varied types of Families: provide an idea as to Social Media
how an individual will be raised and oriented as to Peers
his role in the community and society. School
Family
Family Socialization- initial stage of human Person
interaction.

Family types according to their nature:

1. Nuclear Family- family includes the basic

or immediate members of the family such
as the mother, father and unmarried
children.
-It is also referred as the "conjugal family"
which includes only the husband, wife and
unmarried children who are not of age. -
Considered as "traditional family".
2. Matrifocal Family- includes only mother
and her children. -Children are those
biological. -Centered on women & children.
-The father is of secondary importance in
this set up.
3. Extended Family -comprised of relatives
and family members of consanguinity.
Blended Family- - step family where one is
not of the original marriage.
- one or two of the parents remarried so
bought the children to the current
marriage.

Modern Family Models

Cohabitation- a couple living together who are

unmarried.

Gay or Lesbian Family- same sex couple living

together possible even with children.

Lone Parent Family/Solo Parent Family- parent

who raises one or more children without the
presence and even assistance of the other
biological parent.

Modified Extended Family- living apart but still

in communication via phone, email, Skype and
other media networks.