ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS II

LAB MANUAL
SEMESTER-IV

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
XAVIER INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING,
MAHIM, MUMBAI 400016
 INDEX

Expt. Name of Experiment Page

No. No.
1 To study Frequency response of single stage CE
Amplifier
2 To study the frequency response of a 2 – Stage BJT
CE-CE Amplifier.
3 To study the frequency response of a Cascode
Amplifier.
4 To study the frequency response of a two stage CS-CS
Amplifier..
5 To study MOSFET as an Amplifier using NI Multisim
software.
6 To study R.C Phase shift Oscillator using NI Multisim
software and compare theoretical and practical values
of frequency obtained
7 To study Colpitts Oscillator using NI Multisim
software and compare theoretical and practical values
of frequency obtained.
8 To study Crystal Oscillator using NI Multisim software and
compare theoretical and practical values of frequency
obtained.

Course Pre-requisite:Electronic Devices & Circuits-I

Course Objectives:
1. To understand the operation of the various bias circuits of
MOSFET and Analyze and design MOSFET bias circuits.
2. To understand the operation and design of multistage amplifier
for a given specification.
3. To understand the operation and design of transformer coupled
various types of power amplifier circuits.
4. To understand the effects of negative feedback on amplifier
circuits.
5. To analyze the different RC and LC oscillator circuits to
determine the frequency of oscillation.

Course Outcome:
After successful completion of the course student will be able to
1. Design and analyse the basic operations of MOSFET.
2. Understand multistage amplifier using BJT and FET.
3. Demonstrate power amplifier circuit &, their applications.
4. Analyze the concept of feedback amplifier and their
characteristics.
5. Design different oscillator circuits.
 EXPERIMENT NO :1

Title – To study Frequency response of single stage CE Amplifier

Aim of the Experiment – To study frequency response of BJT in CE mode & Determine
gain and bandwidth.

Cos to be achieved– CO2

APPARATUS :
Sr. No Name of the Apparatus Specification Quantity
1 Transistor (BC 547) NPN transistor 1
2 Resistors 1 k, 1
2.2k, 1
3.3k, 1
33k, 1
470Ω 1
3 Capacitors 6.8 μF, 1
1 μF, 1
10 μF 1
4 Regulated Power Supply (0-30)V DC 1
5 Bread Board 1
6 Function Generator (0 – 1 MHz) 1
7 Cathode ray oscilloscope (0-20MHz) 1
8 Connecting wires Single strand wire as required

THEORY:
The common emitter configuration is widely used as a basic amplifier as it has both voltage
and current amplification.Resistors R1 and R2 form a voltage divider across the base of the
transistor. The function of this network is to provide necessary bias condition and ensure that
emitter-base junction is operating in the proper region.
In order to operate transistor as an amplifier, biasing is done in such a way that the operating
point is in the active region. For an amplifier the Q-point is placed so that the load line is
bisected. Therefore, in practical design VCE is always set to VCC/2. This will confirm that the
Q-point always swings within the active region. This limitation can be explained by
maximum signal handling capacity. For the maximum input signal, output is produced
without any distortion and clipping.
The Bypass Capacitor:
The emitter resistor RE is required to obtain the DC quiescent point stability. However the
inclusion of RE in the circuit causes a decrease in amplification at higher frequencies. In order
to avoid such a condition, it is bypassed by a capacitor so that it acts as a short circuit for AC
and contributes stability for DC quiescent condition. Hence capacitor is connected in parallel
with emitter resistance.

The Input/ Output Coupling (or Blocking) Capacitor: An amplifier amplifies the given
AC signal. In order to have noiseless transmission of a signal (without DC), it is necessary to
block DC i.e. the direct current should not enter the amplifier or load. This is usually
accomplished by inserting a coupling capacitor between two stages.
XCC <<( Ri hie )

CC - Output Coupling Capacitor

CB - Input Coupling Capacitor
Frequency response of Common Emitter Amplifier:
Emitter bypass capacitors are used to short circuit the emitter resistor and thus increases the
gain at high frequency. The coupling and bypass capacitors cause the fall of the signal in the
low frequency response of the amplifier because their impedance becomes large at low
frequencies. The stray capacitances are effectively open circuits.
In the mid frequency range large capacitors are effectively short circuits and the stray
capacitors are open circuits, so that no capacitance appears in the mid frequency range. Hence
the mid band frequency gain is maximum.
At the high frequencies, the bypass and coupling capacitors are replaced by short
circuits. The stray capacitors and the transistor determine the response.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Set source voltage VS = 50mV (say) at 1 KHz frequency using the function
generator. Observe the phase difference between input and output by giving these two
signals to the dual channels of CRO.
3. Keeping input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 50 Hz to 1 MHz in regular
steps and note down the corresponding output voltage. Calculate gain in dB as shown
in the tabular column.
4. Plot the graph: gain (dB) verses Frequency on a semi log graph sheet.
5. Calculate the 3-dB bandwidth from the frequency response.

Expected waveform:
(a) The Input & Output Waveforms at 1 KHz

(b) Frequency Response Curve

In the usual application, mid band frequency range are defined as those frequencies at which
the response has fallen to 3dB below the maximum gain (|A| max). These are shown as fL and
fH and are called as the 3dB frequencies (Lower and Upper Cut-Off Frequencies
respectively). The difference between higher cut-off and lower cut-off frequency is referred
to as bandwidth (fH - fL).

Fig: Frequency Response Curve

Calculations from the graph - Bandwidth = fH – fL (in Hz)=___________
OBSERVATION TABLE:Vi =

Frequency (Hz) Vo(Volts) Gain =Vo/Vs Gain(dB) = 20 log(Vo/Vs)

 Frequency (Hz) Vo(Volts) Gain =Vo/Vs Gain(dB) = 20 log(Vo/Vs)

RESULT:
Common Emitter Amplifier is studied and its Bandwidth is calculated.

1. Maximum Gain ( Amax ) = ___________ dB

2. 3dB Gain = ___________ dB
3. 3dB Lower cut-off frequency, fL = ___________ Hz
4. 3dB Upper cut-off frequency, fH = ___________ Hz
5. 3dB Bandwidth ( fH - fL ) = __________ Hz

CONCLUSION :
 EXPERIMENT NO :2

AIM: To study the frequency response of a 2 – Stage BJT CE-CE Amplifier.

CO'S : CO2

APPARATUS::

SR.NO COMPONENT SPECIFICATION QTY

1 Power supply DC regulated dual power 1

supply (0-30V)

2 Signal generator 0-2MHz 1

3 CRO Dual Channel 1

4 Transistor BC547 NPN Transistor 2

5 Resistor 5.6kΩ 2

1kΩ 2

2.2kΩ 2

390Ω 2

6 Capacitor 10µf 3

100µf 2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:

A typical RC Coupled transistor amplifier , it is observed that the output signal of 1st stage is
being coupled to the output of 2nd stage. R1, R2 and Re are the biasing resistors used
separately for the two stages. Voltage divider biasing is being used. Therefore the quiescent
point of next stage will not be affected due to Rc.

Thus due to RC coupling the DC operating conditions in any stage remains unaffected.Thus,
overall voltage gain is less.

The RC network gives a wideband frequency response without introduction of peaks at any
frequencies.

The frequency response drops off at low frequency due to the coupling capacitors and at high
frequencies due to the shunting effects of internal capacitors of transistors and stray
capacitances.

ADVANTAGES:

1. It has excellent frequency response. The gain is constant over the audio frequency range.
2. The circuit is very compact
3.Due to the capacitor, the DC biasing conditions of individual stages will remain unchanged
even after cascading.
4. The distortion in the output is low.
5. It has lower cost since it employs resistors and capacitances that are cheap.

DISADVANTAGES:

1. Impedance matching is poor.

2. Overall voltage gain is less.
3. They have tendency to become noisy with age.
4. Gain reduces at low frequencies due to coupling capacitors.

APPLICATIONS:

1. Tape recorder
2. TV,VCR and CD Player
3. Stereo Amplifiers
4. Public Address Amplifier System

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. Adjust input voltage to 250mV, 110Hz
from function generator.
2. Apply adjusted input to base of input stage and observe output on CRO.
3. Vary frequency of input from 50Hz to 1 MHz and note down corresponding output voltage
on CRO.
4. Express the calculated values of gain Av into dB by using Av= 20 log (Vo/Vin) dB
5. Plot it on Semilog paper.

OBSERVATIONS:

FREQUENCY (Hz) OUTPUT GAIN IN dB=

VOLTAGE (Vo) 20log(Vo/Vin)

RESULT:

Bandwidth = fh-fl= ______________

CONCLUSION:
 EXPERIMENT NO :3

AIM: To study the frequency response of a Cascode Amplifier.

CO'S : CO2

APPARATUS:

Sr. No Name of the Apparatus Specification Quantity

1 Transistor (BC 547) NPN transistor 2
2 Resistors 680 Ω, 1
2.2k, 1
15k, 1
22k, 1
47kΩ 1
10kΩ 1
3 Capacitors 6.8 μF, 1
100μF, 1
10 μF 3
4 Regulated Power Supply (0-30)V DC 1
5 Bread Board 1
6 Function Generator (0 – 1 MHz) 1
7 Cathode ray oscilloscope (0-20MHz) 1
8 Connecting wires Single strand wire as required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
SMALL SIGNAL EQUIVALENT:

THEORY:

The circuit diagram of Cascode Amplifier is shown as in figure. This configuration has
combined advantages of CE and CB circuits. Q2 represents the CB Circuit and Q1 is
connected in the CE Configuration.

The output of CE Stage Q1 is connected to the input of CB Stage Q2. Hence this
configuration provides wide bandwidth and is therefore suitable for high frequency
amplifiers. The reason behind the increase in bandwidth is the reduction of Miller effect.
Cascode amplifier has following features :
i. Large input resistance.
ii. Large output resistance.
iii. Bandwidth is large.
iv. Voltage Gain is low compare to CE-CE Cascade.

In this above circuit Vcc, R1, R2, R3, Re are used to bias transistor Q1 and Q2 in active
region. RE is used to make Q-point stable against temperature for both the transistor.

PROCEDURE:

i) Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

ii) Connect Vcc and GND.
iii) Apply input 500 mV at 1KHz
iv) Vary the frequency using the frequency generator and check the output.
v) Plot the graph and also calculate the Gain.

OBSERVATIONS:

FREQUENCY Vo GAIN=20log10(Vo/Vin)dB
RESULT:

Bandwidth = fh-fl= ________

CONCLUSION:
 EXPERIMENT NO. : 4

AIM: To study the frequency response of a two stage CS-CS Amplifier.

CO'S : CO2

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
SR. NO. COMPONENT SPECIFICATION QTY
1 Power Supply DC Regulated Dual Power Supply(0-30V) 1
2 Signal Generator 0-2 MHz 1
3 CRO Dual Channel 1
4 Transistor BFW11 N-Channel JFET 2
5 Resistors 3.9kΩ 2
1MΩ 1
1.5kΩ 2
6 Capacitors 1μ f 3
10μ f 2
7 Breadboard - 1
8 Connecting wires Single Strand As required
9 BNC Probes - 2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
A typical CS-CS MOS coupled transistor amplifier is as shown in figure. The coupling takes
place through coupling capacitor and resistive load at the output of the first stage. Therefore
this is known as R-C Coupling.

Rs is the biasing resistor used sepaately for the two stages. Due to the use of coupling
capacitors the dc voltages will not be coupled from one stage to the other. Therefore the
quiescent point of the next stage will not be affected due to coupling from the first
stage.Thus, due to R-C Coupling the dc operating conditions in any stage remains unaffected.

The R-C coupled amplifier gives wideband frequency response without introduction of peaks
at any frequencies. Therefore, R-C coupling can be used for the AF Amplifiers.The frequency
response drops off (reduces in magnitude) at low frequencies due to the coupling capacitors
and at high frequencies it reduces due to the shunting effects of the internal capacitances of
the transistor and stray capacitances.

FEATURES of CS-CS Cascade:

- This configuration has a very high voltage gain.
- The current gain and the power gain of this configuration is also very large.
- The input resistance of the first stagge is equal to the input resistance of the overall cascaded
configuration.
- The output resistance of this configuration is equal to RD2 .
- The CS-CS cascae is used in many applications due to high gain and flexibility of operation.
- For higher gain RD must be higher.

PROCEDURE:
i) Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
ii) Connect Vcc and GND.
iii) Apply input 200 mV at 1KHz
iv) Vary the frequency using the frequency generator and check the output.
v) Plot the graph and also calculate the Gain.

OBSERVATIONS:

FREQUENCY Vo GAIN=20log10(Vo/Vin)dB
RESULT:

Bandwidth = fh-fl= ________

CONCLUSION:
 EXPERIMENT NO:5

AIM: To study MOSFET as an Amplifier using NI Multisim software.

CO’S TO BE ACHIEVED: CO2,CO4

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
1. Multisim 11.0 Software.

THEORY:
The main goal of a MOSFET amplifier, or any amplifier for that matter, is to produce an
output signal that is a faithful reproduction of its input signal but amplified in magnitude.
This input signal could be a current or a voltage, but for a mosfet device to operate as an
amplifier it must be biased to operate within its saturation region.
There are two basic types of enhancement-mode MOSFETs, n-channel and p-channel and in
this mosfet amplifier tutorial we have looked at the n-channel enhancement MOSFET is often
referred to as an NMOS, as it can be operated with positive gate and drain voltages relative to
the source as opposed to the p-channel PMOS which is operated with negative gate and drain
voltages relative to the source.
The saturation region of a mosfet device is its constant-current region above its threshold
voltage, VTH. Once correctly biased in the saturation region the drain current, ID varies as a
result of the gate-to-source voltage, VGS and not by the drain-to-source voltage, VDS since the
drain current is called saturated.
In an enhancement-mode MOSFET, the electrostatic field created by the application of a gate
voltage enhances the conductivity of the channel, rather than deplete the channel as in the
case of a depletion-mode MOSFET.

The common source is the most commonly used MOSFET amplifier. The name “common
source” comes from the fact that when the source terminal is grounded, it becomes a common
terminal for both drain and source terminals.

The voltage divider bias is given as:

Transconductance of a transistor is an important characteristic of the transistor.
Transconductance can be explained simply as the deviation of drain current with respect to
the deviation of gate voltage

The gain Av can be calculated as:

Enhancement MOSFETS, or eMOSFETS, can be classed as normally-off (non-conducting)

devices, that is they only conduct when a suitable gate-to-source positive voltage is applied,
unlike Depletion type mosfets which are normally-on devices conducting when the gate
voltage is zero.
However, due to the construction and physics of an enhancement type mosfet, there is a
minimum gate-to-source voltage, called the threshold voltage VTH that must be applied to the
gate before it starts to conduct allowing drain current to flow.
In other words, an enhancement mosfet does not conduct when the gate-source voltage, VGS
is less than the threshold voltage,VTH but as the gates forward bias increases, the drain
current,ID (also known as drain-source current IDS) will also increase, similar to a bipolar
transistor, making the eMOSFET ideal for use in mosfet amplifier circuits.

PROCEDURE:

1. Draw the circuit diagram as shown in figure in Multisim software.

2. Observe the OUTPUT obtained.

RESULT:

Measured Output Voltage (Vo)=____________

CONCLUSION:
CIRCUIT IN MULTISIM:
 EXPERIMENT NO:6

AIM: To study R.C Phase shift Oscillator using NI Multisim software and compare
theoretical and practical values of frequency obtained.

CO’S TO BE ACHIEVED: CO5

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
1. Multisim 11.0 Software.

THEORY:
RC Oscillator (Resistance Capacitance Oscillator):
If the frequency selective positive feedback is made up of RC components the oscillator is
called as RC oscillator (Used for low frequency application). There are mainly two types:
1. RC Phase Shift Oscillator
2. Wien Bridge Oscillator
RC phase shift oscillator (Using BJT):

The circuit diagram of an RC phase shift oscillator is as shown in the figure 6.8.
Fig.6.8:

Circuit diagram of RC phase shift oscillator

It consists of an common emitter amplifier biased in active region by using 𝑅1, 𝑅2 and 𝑅𝐸.
Usually Q point is selected at the center of the DC loadline. The output of the amplifier is
given to frequency selective feedback network, made up of RC components which attenuate
output signal and phase shifted by 1800.
The output of RC network is given to the input of the amplifier as shown. The RC network
used is phase lead network using a single RC section, a maximum of 90o phase shift can be
realized if RC elements are ideal. Therefore two RC sections can produce 1800 phase shift.
Since R and C are not ideal, 900 phase shift cannot be obtained by using single RC network.
Hence a minimum of three RC networks are used. Phase shift can be adjusted by adjusting
value of R and C. We can assume that each section introduces a phase shift of 600. So
feedback produces 60×3 i.e. 180 phase shift.
The amplifier introduces a phase shift of 1800. Since it is common emitter type, therefore
total loop phase shift = 3600 or ∠𝐴𝛽=0.
By adjusting the gain of the amplifier we can satisfy condition 𝐴𝛽≥1. Since the Barkhausen
criterion is satisfied, we get sustained oscillation at output of a constant amplitude and
frequency. The frequency of oscillation is given by
1
𝑓0 =
𝑅𝑐
2𝜋𝑅𝐶√6 + 4 𝑅

and the condition of oscillation is given sustained oscillation is h𝑓𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛≥44.5 i.e. the
transistor selected should have a current gain greater than 44.5, then only oscillations build
up.
The last RC section is connected as shown in figure with resistance R replaced by
potentiometer such that 𝑅′=𝑅−h𝑖𝑒. This is because the input impedance of transistor amplifier
is 𝑅𝑖=𝑅1∥𝑅2∥h𝑖𝑒≈h𝑖𝑒. The input impedance is very small. Hence if the last RC section is
connected directly to the base of transistor, it causes AC loading at the input.
In order to avoid AC loading at input, we use circuit configuration as used in figure so that
effective resistance remain equal to 𝑅−h𝑖𝑒+h𝑖𝑒=𝑅, thereby avoiding loading. Hence the total
phase shift remains equal to 3600 around closed loop.

How Oscillations Build Up?

When power is switched ON, there is a switch ON transition occurring at the collector and
base of the transistor. The spectrum of transient signal consists of infinite number of
harmonic signal frequencies. Due to switch ON transition, there is a sudden change in
collector connected to frequency selective feedback network, the RC network select a
particular frequency passes through decrease attenuator that attenuates signal to a low value
and phase shifts to 1800 and gives to the base of transistor.
Therefore amplitude of those frequency components will at the base. The amplifier amplifies
the input signal and hence the output voltage of particular frequency component 285
increases and other frequencies are attenuated because the phase shift introduced by feedback
network will not be 1800 for other frequency components.
The output signal of one particular frequency goes on increasing and when the output voltage
increases, the operating point of the transistor is carried to the non-linear portion of its
characteristics (Towards cut-off or saturation) where current gain of the transistor decreases
and hence output voltage decreases i.e. the non-linear characteristics of transistor limit the
maximum value of output voltage swing, hence at particular frequency and particular
amplitude Barkhausen criterion are satisfied.
i.e. 𝐴𝐵=≥1 and ∠𝐴𝐵=0°
Hence we get sustained oscillations at output and waveform is purely sinusoidal.

PROCEDURE:

1.Draw the circuit diagram as shown in figure in Multisim software.

2.Observe the frequency obtained and compare with theoretical value.
RESULT:
Theoretical frequency obtained = ____________________Hz
Practical frequency obtained in simulation = ____________________Hz

CONCLUSION:

CIRCUIT IN MULTISIM:
 EXPERIMENT NO:7

AIM: To study Colpitts Oscillator using NI Multisim software and compare theoretical and
practical values of frequency obtained.

CO’S TO BE ACHIEVED: CO5

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

1. Multisim 11.0 Software.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

It consists of a tank circuit which is an LC resonance sub circuit made of two series
capacitors connected in parallel to an inductor and frequency of oscillations can be
determined by using the values of these capacitors and inductor of the tank circuit.The
capacitors C1 & C2 forms potential divider and this tapped capacitance in the tank circuit can
be used as the source for feedback and this setup can be used to provide better frequency
stability.

Re resistor in the above circuit provides stabilization for circuit against variations in
temperature. The capacitor Ce connected in the circuit which is parallel to the Re, provides
low reactive path to the amplified AC signal acting as Bypass capacitor. The resistors R1 and
R2 form voltage divider for circuit and provides bias to the transistor. The circuit consists of
aRC Coupled Amplifier with common emitter configuration transistor. The coupling
capacitor Coutblocks DC by providing an AC path from the collector to the tank circuit.

Whenever power supply is switched on, the capacitors C1 and C2 shown in the above circuit
start charging and after the capacitors get fully charged, the capacitors starts discharging
through the inductor L1 in the circuit causing damped harmonic oscillations in the tank
circuit.

Thus, an AC voltage is produced across C1 & C2 by the oscillatory current in the tank circuit.
While these capacitors get fully discharged, the electrostatic energy stored in the capacitors
get transferred in the form of magnetic flux to the inductor and thus inductor gets charged.

Similarly, when the inductor starts discharging, the capacitors start charging again and this
process of energy charging and discharging capacitors and inductor continues causing the
generation of oscillations and the frequency of these oscillations can be determined by using
the resonant frequency of the tank circuit consisting of inductor and capacitors. This tank
circuit is considered as the energy reservoir or energy storage. This is because of frequent
energy charging and discharging of the inductor, capacitors that part of LC network forming
the tank circuit.

The continuous undamped oscillations can be obtained from the Barkhausen criterion. For
sustained oscillations, the total phase shift must be 3600 or 00. In the above circuit as two
capacitors C1 & C2 are center tapped and grounded, the voltage across capacitor C2
(feedback voltage) is 1800 with the voltage across capacitor C1 (output voltage). The
common emitter transistor produces 1800 phase shift between the input and output voltage.
Thus, from the Barkhausen criterion we can get undamped continuous oscillations.
The resonant frequency is given by

ƒr=1/(2П√(L1*C))
Where ƒr is the resonant frequency
C is the equivalent capacitance of series combination of C1 and C2 of the tank circuit

It is given as

C=(C1*C2)/((C1+C2))
L1 represents the self inductance of the coil.

PROCEDURE:

1. Draw the circuit diagram as shown in figure in Multisim software.

2. Observe the frequency obtained and compare with theoretical value.

RESULT:
Theoretical frequency obtained = ____________________Hz
Practical frequency obtained in simulation = ____________________Hz

CONCLUSION:

CIRCUIT IN MULTISIM:
 EXPERIMENTNO:8

AIM: To study Crystal Oscillator using NI Multisim software and compare theoretical and
practical values of frequency obtained.

CO’S TO BE ACHIEVED: CO5

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

1. Multisim 11.0 Software.

THEORY:

A Crystal oscillator is basically a tuned circuit oscillator using a piezoelectric crystal as a

resonant tank circuit. The crystal has a greater stability in holding constant at whatever
frequency the crystal is originally cut to operate. Crystal oscillators are widely used in
communication transmitters and receivers.
Electrical Equivalent circuit of crystal:

Fig. Electrical equivalent circuit of crystal

Here inductor L and Capacitor C represents electrical equivalents of crystal mass and
compliance. R is electrical equivalent of crystal structure‘s internal friction. 𝐶𝑀 is capacitance
due to mechanical mounting of crystal.

Crystal Controlled Oscillator:

To operate a crystal in the series resonant mode, it may be connected as series element in
feedback path. A typical transistor circuit is shown in figure.
 Typical crystal controlled oscillator
Resistor 𝑅1, 𝑅2 and 𝑅𝐸 provide a voltage divider stabilized bias circuit. Capacitor 𝐶𝐸
provides AC bypass of emitter resistor and RFC coil provides DC bias while decoupling any
AC signal on power lines from affecting output signal. The voltage feedback from collector
to base is maximum when crystal impedance is minimum. The coupling capacitor 𝐶𝐶 has
negligible impedance at circuit operating frequency, but blocks any DC between collector and
base. The circuit frequency stability is set by crystal frequency stability which is good.

Fig. Transistor based crystal oscillator

In this circuit the crystal operates in series resonant mode as it offers a low impedance path
for feedback signal from output to input at this frequency. Hence oscillation builds up at this
frequency which is indeed 𝑓𝑠.
1
𝑓𝑠 =
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶1
PROCEDURE:

1. Draw the circuit diagram as shown in figure in Multisim software.

2. Observe the frequency obtained and compare with theoretical value.

RESULT:
Theoretical frequency obtained = ____________________Hz
Practical frequency obtained in simulation = ____________________Hz

CONCLUSION:

CIRCUIT IN MULTISIM: