Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
189
R. E. BUCHANAN, DffiECTOR
AMES, IOWA
258
CONTENTS
Sur.nr.nary ------______________________________________________ 259
Concerning steel tractor wheels ___________________________ 259
Concerning low pressure pneumatic tires ___________________ 260
Concerning tracks _______________________________________ 260
The source of power used in agriculture ________________________ 261
The use of power _____________________________________________ 262
Sources of mechanical power__________________________________ 262
Methods of applying mechanical power _________________________ 264
By belt _________________________________________________ 264
By power take-ofL _______________________________________ 264
By drawbar _____________________________________________ 266
Other means of applying mechanical power _________________ 266
By automatic means ______________________________________ 266
Tractive efficiency ___________________________________________ 266
Factors influencing tractive efficiency ______________________ 267
Transmission losses __________________________________ 267
Rolling resistance ___________________________________ 268
Energy loss in obtaining adhesion _____________________ 268
Losses due to steering________________________________ 269
Grade resistance _____________________________________ 269
Relation between speed and drawbar puIL ______________ 269
Height of hitch __________ __ __________________________ 270
Types of tractors ___________________________ _________________ 271
~
United States
Total ---------------
--
70501795
I
100.0 I
• Estimated 50,000 windmills % H.P. each and 1000 steam tractors, 40 H.P. each.
5Power and Machinery in Agriculture. U . S. Dept. Agr., Misc. Pub. 157, 1933.
264
BELl:
Fig. 6. The soil disturbance may vary with the shape of the lug.
b
r
~~------~~----~G ,
-p
P = DRAWBAR PULL
Fig 8. The ttansfcr of weight due to the force acting on the tractor
under load.
FQONT
WHEEL
WHEE.L
Fig. 12. Four Y1heel drive tractor. front wheels used for guiding.
274
-------
I<\---D'AME.TE.~ - D ---1>1
Fig. 13. A wheel of large diameter supports a given load with less sinking
into the surface.
WIDTH
l D=-T.,..Hc+-.L+j EXTEN SION
r-:W:-=--c
OF 121M OF 121M
Fig. 14. An increase in width of wheel rim supports a given load with less
sinking to the surface.
276
A B
Fig. 15. Traction wheels equipped with cleats to increase adhesion to soil.
Those at A are called extension cleats and have self-cleaning characteristics.
A B
Fig. 16. Traction wheels equipped with spade lugs.
TRACKS
For many years the track has been used to reduce roll-
ing resistance and to increase adhesion. (Figs. 20 and 29.)
This type of traction member may be looked upon either
as a wheel with a flat side or as a rail made up of links and
supported by pads over which the tractor carriage rolls.
279
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
Fig. 20. The track laying tractor virtually travels over rails supported by
shoes.
SPECIAL APPARATUS
In making tractive efficiency studies special apparatus
has necessarily been designed and constructed. The more
important pieces will be described briefly. The pieces de-
scribed have usually had several preliminary designs; and
the designing, construction and testing has extended over
several years beginning as early as 1922.
Fig. 22. The torque arm and pressure cylinder used for measur!ng the
force applied to the traction wheel and the instrument for measurmg and
recording the draw-bar pull of the wheel. (Details of the apparatus shown
in fig. 21.)
I2.(:VOI.UT!ON Cot..t"u.
CON'T""T PoIN"~
Fig. 23. Plan and elevation of the apparatus shown in figs. 21 and 22,
showing arrangement of parts.
•
282
~ . L
-~--. l
•
283
Fig. 25. Tractor equipped with apparatus for measuring the force delivered
to the traction wheels. Also shown in fig. 26.
DYI\JAMOMETER
.. FeONT
_ _ -.J __ ~ _ _ _
5€CrON"I A
Fig. 26. Drawing of the apparatus used in the tractor shown in fig . 25.
Fig. 28. Drawing of the apparatus used in the tractor shown in fig. 27 for
measuring the reaction or tendency of the front end of the tractor to rise
when exerting a drawbar pull.
286
--1
Fig. 29. The tractor shown in fig . 27 being tested on sod with the dyna -
momet er car shown In fig. 24 furnishing the load.
Fig. 30. Type of spade lugs used in tests reported in figs. 31 (2A). 32 (2B).
and 33 (2C).
IGO
a.....
100 ~""
"""-.. 0.....
"U-...
50
- - - - x T~QctivG Effic.i~nc':i ~ f--
60
--- OT~Qv<z1 k?a+io
[\,
0\\ C
40
::""~ ~
--. .............
Xx
,\
20
o
o ZOO 400 600 500 1000
Dk2.AWBAIC. PULL (LbS.)
Fig. 3l. Efficiency test of tractor wheel. Conditions: Diameter of wheel,
42 inches; width of rim, 12 inches; wheel equipment, 12, 4-inch spade lugs;
total weight of wheel and load, 1725 pounds; apparatus used, single wheel,
fig. 21; soil, Carrington silt loam; soil surface condition, freshly prepared
with pulverator to a depth of 8 inches; maximum efficiency, 0.43 at 580
pounds drawbar pull.
+s: 120
~
~
~' IOO
0-
--- P- <J
-"0."
o
r--,
''\
~ 80 u~
x Tractive Effici~ncy
Cl
-l - - - o Travel lGatio 'v 0
W GO \
~
F
0\
\
I 40
>-
U ~ ~
2 ~
w X'"
U 20
•
o
o 200 400 GOO 800 1000
DI2AWBAI2. PULL (Lbs.)
Fig. 32. Efficiency test of traction wheel. Conditions: Diameter of wheel,
42 inches; width of rim, 12 inches; wheel equipment, 12, 5-inch spade lugs;
total weight of wheel and load, 1750 pounds; apparatus used, single wheel,
fig. 21; soil, Carrington silt loam; ~oil surface condition, freshly prepared
with pulverator to a depth of 8 inches; maximum efficieJ;lcy, 0.43 at 510
pounds drawbar pull.
289
'+ 120
s::
~
~ ~- 1-<>..-
~IOO ......,-::
....... 0
o .........
~ 80
~
Ol
--1
W
- - - . Troctive Efficiency
---0 Travel l2.otio
\\ 0
GO
~ '\,
02
r- --"
I 40
>- I..--'" .~
U l.<- ~
Z
w 2.0
1"""'-
U
lL.
lL.
W o
o ZOO 400 GOO 800 1000
DI2AWBAI2. PULL (LbSJ
Fig. 33. Efficiency test of traction wheel. Conditions: Diameter of wheel,
42 inches; width of rim, 12 inches; wheel equipment, 12, 6-inch spade lugs;
total weight of wheel and load, 1740 pounds: apparatus used, single wheel,
fig. 21; soil, Carrjngton silt loam; soil surface condition, freshly prepared with
pulverator to a depth of 8 inches; maximum efficIency, 0.41 at 560 pounds
drawbar pull.
290
Fig. 34. Wheel equipped with sixteen 6-inch spade lugs of the type u sed
in the tests reported in figs. 31, 32, 33, 35 (2D) and 36 (2E) .
,q::- 120
t:
~ 0-
~ ~- ....;
~IOO
0.......
'-"
~~
o ~
~ 80 ~,
Ci. x Tractive Efficiency
-1 --- o Trav<21 Ratio 0\
W GO
~
~ ...
1
f!.I 40
,........, ~
>-U ~
2
W 20
U
I.&..
I.&..
lJJ o
o 200 400 GOO 800 1000
DI2.AWBAI2. PULL (Lbs.)
Fig. 35. Efficiency test of tractor wheel. Conditions : Diameter of wheel,
42 inches ; width of rim, 12 inches; wheel equipment, 12, 7-inch spade lugs;
total weight of wheel and load, 1750 pounds; apparatus used, single wheel,
fig . 21 ; soil, Carrington silt loam; soil surface conditions, freshly prepared
with pulverator to a depth of 8 inches; maximum efficiency, 0.40 at 570
pounds drawbar pull.
6~ '20 ' 0-.. _
"'0._.
~,OO
p.-"'l?
~
a
~
02 80
, Tr-Qc.tive Effic.i~nc':l 0 1',
.J
W
--- o Tr-ovel l2otio
0 -\
~ GO
0.1
l-
I 40 x
'" ,,~
>- ~
U
Z "~
w 20
\J
~
L....
l1..J a
a 200 400 GOO 800 1000
D 12 AW BAI2 PUL\,.. (Lbs.)
Fig. 36. Efficiency t est of tractor wheel. Conditions : Diameter of wheel ,
42 inches ; width of rim, 12 inches ; wheel equipment, 12, 9-inch spade lugs;
total weight of wheel and load, 1725 pounds ; apparatus used, single wheel,
fig. 21; soil, Carrington silt loam; soil surface condition, freshly prepared
with pulverator to a depth of 8 inches; maximum efficiency, 0.42 at 650
pounds drawbar pull.
Fig. 37. Wheel equipped with twelve angle iron lugs 5 inches high and
14 inches long as used in the tests reported in fig . 38.
292
+: 12.0
s: ~
--- f-o.... ....
~
U o-. _ ~
\... 100 ----
~ 10,
'-'
80 '« b.
",
- - - - x Tr-oct ivlZ Efficiency
---0T..-ovel l2otio
GO
40 ,. .---..- v
~.~ :"
~
20
o
o 200 400 GOO 800 1000
DI2.AWBAI2. PULL (Lbs.)
Fig. 38. Efficiency test of tractor wheel. Conditions: Diameter of wheel,
42 inches; width of rim, 12 inches; wheel equipment, 12, 5x12 inch angle lugs;
total weight of wheel and load, 1750 pounds; apparatus used, . single wheel,
fig. 21 ; soil, Carrington silt loam; soil surface condition, freshly prepared
with pulverator to a depth of 8 inches ; maximum efficiency, 0.505 at 525
pounds drawbar pull.
Fig. 39. Wheel equipped with 16 angle iron lugs, 4 inches high and 22
inches long. In the tests reported in fig . 40 the extension rim ihown was not
used but was used in the tests reported in fig. 41.
293
~ 120
~
~
~ <>-- --0.._
~IOO ..........
=o .....
~ 80
_ _ _ _ x Tr-octive Efficiency
" "I
02
-1
\JJ GO
---0 Tr-ovel l2atio
,\
~ \0
.--- .
~
2
W
!
>-
lJ
40
20
-- ~
d
.
lJ
~
lL
W o
o 200 400 1000 800 1000
DI2.AWBAI2. PULL (Lbs.)
Fig. 40. Efficiency test of tractor wheel. Conditions: Diameter of wheel,
42 inches; width of rim, 12 inches; wheel equipment, 12, 4x22 inch angle lugs
extending beyond rim; total weight of wheel and load , 1745 pounds; apparatus
used , single wheel, fig. 31 ; soil, Carrington silt loam; soil surface, freshly
prepared with pulverator to a depth of 8 inches; maximum efficiency, 0.48 at
550 pounds drawbar pull.
0.;,. _0
-
~,
'0."
.~
- - - - . Tractjve Efficiency
-- - 0 T,.ave! 120tio \ 0
\
..... 'f
".
~ • ~ ~. 0\ '-
~
'+' 1 2.0
c
'>l
V
~ 100
e:-
0 -..... -£l.
C
- -0..... ..:
.. ~
o
~ BO
0.1 ---x Trovel Efficienc.y 'G
0 '\
- - - 0 Travel 12.otio
-1
W GO
~
~ \
~
C>I
.
>-V
40
...,--- .~
2 /
w 2.0
v
L..
L..
W o
o 2.00 400 GQO 800 1000
,+=,120
c
~
u
'-0- 1---
1..
100 ~--
~ -""1:)
~~Q.
"--"
o
~ 80
OJ. \
d <00
~
- - - - ~ Tractiva. EfficiLncy
----
r
I 40
- - - 0 Tr-avel l2atio
.,
>-
U
~
Z
LJ ~
20
U
~
lL.
W a
o '2.00 400 GOO 800 1000
DI2AWBAIG PULL (LB5.)
Fig. 44. Efficiency test of tractor wheel. Conditions: Diameter of wheel,
42 inches ; width of rim, 12 inches; wheel equipment, 12, 6-inch spade lugs ;
total weight of wheel and load , 2250 pounds; apparatus used, single wheel,
fig . 21 ; soil, Carrington silt loam; soil surface condition, freshly prepared
with pulverator to depth of 8 inches; maximum efficiency, 0.38 at 675 pounds
drawbar pull.
/
- -- .- -
~
296
':;:'120
c:
~
vL P---- b - -
p--- ~.
~ 100
'-' r"'b ....
0 0 "0,
~ 80
~b
01
-.J
w
GO
~ x Troctiv~ Effici~nc'oi
01
,
-
I-
-
--- 0 Trav.. ' Rotio
>-
40
.
--
u ~
Z
LJ ~
20
U
u..
LL
W o
a zoo 400 ((,00 800 1000
DI2.AWE>AR.. PULL (Lbs.)
Fig. 45. Efficiency test of tractor wheel. Conditions: Diameter of wheel.
42 inches; width of rim, 12 inches; wheel equipment, 12, 7-inch spade lugs:
total weght of wheel and load, 2250 pounds; apparatus used, single wheel.
fig. 21; soil, Carrington silt loam; soil surface condition, freshly prepared
with pulverator to a depth of 8 inches; maximum efficiency, 0.37 at 725
pounds drawbar pull. .
0.
1---
-~ r--%--....
0 ""'C
____ x
T,....qctive Effici"nc~
''b
..J
W
--- 0 Trav~1 J2atio
~ 00
01
l-
I
>-
U
Z
w
40
20
... -
. -,
U
1.-
LL
LLJ o
o 200 400 000 800 1000
DR.AWBA\2., PULL (Lbs.)
Fig. 46. Efficiency test of tractor wheel. Conditions: Diameter of wheel,
42 inches; width of rim, 12 inches; wheel equipment, 12, 9-inch spade lugs;
total weight of wheel and load, 2250 pounds; apparatus used, single wheel, '
fig. 21; soil, Carrington silt loam; soil surface condition, freshly prepared
with pulverator to a depth of 8 inches; maximum efficiency, 0.41 at 775
pounds drawbar pull.
297
,......,
+-
12.0
~ '00
0-- f--o- ---10-_ \
tl. ""-0...
~,
~
80 ~
• Troctive Effici",ncy
___ 0 Trovel l2otio
60
..
40
I~
..... . ~ ""'"-
2.0
o
o 2.00 400 000 800 1000
DR.AWBAf2. PULL (Lbs.)
Fig. 47. Tractive efficiency of tractor wheel. Conditions : Diameter of
wheel, 42 inches; width of rim, 12 inches; wheel equipment, 12, 5-inch angle
lugs; total weight of wheel and load, 2250 pounds; apparatus used. single
wheel, fig . 21 ; soil, Carrington silt loam; soil surface condition, freshly pre -
pared with pulverator to a depth of 8 inches; maximum efficiency, 0.48 at
775 pounds drawbar pull.
....<:
"'" 12.0
'"
V <f-- _
~
L
100 ~--
"-' "'00."" I'-~
0
"'''~o
~ 80
Ol • Troc.tive Effici.:ncy ~
...J - - - 0 Trow:1 l2otio
W
60
~
Ol
r- .~
..,..,;...,
I 40
l V ~
>-
U
Z
W
20
f U
LL
lL
W o
o 2.00 400 GOO 800 1000
DIGAWBAIG PULL (Lbs.)
Fig. 48. Tractive efficiency of tractor wheel. Conditions : Diameter of
I wheel, 42 inches; width of rim, 12 inches; wheel equipment, 12, 4x22 inch
angle lugs extending over rim; total weight of wheel and load, 2250 pounds ;
d soil, Carrington silt loam; soil surface condition, freshly prepared with
pulverator to a depth of 3 inches maximum efficiency, 0.47 at 700 pounds
drawbar pull.
298
120
0-
--- ..l4_ 1--
100
<1'-
-o...~
......
~
o 80 ~.
~
02
- - - - ~ Trac.t ive Efficiency
---0 Travel !actio
~\ 0
...J 10 0
~ \
01
,
- "
.. --......
~
---
~ ~
40
>- .,.
u
z
uJ 20
a
o 2.00 400 1000 800 1000
D~AWBAf2. PULL (Lbs.)
Fig. 49. Tractive efficiency of tractor wheel. Conditions: Diameter of
wheel. 42 inches ; width of rim. 12 inches; wheel equipment. 12. 4x22 inch
angle lugs with 6-inch extension rim; total weight of wheel and load. 2250
pounds; apparatus used. single wheel. fig. 21; soil Carrington silt loam; soil
surface condition. freshly prepared with pulverator to depth of 8 inches;
maximum efficiency. 0.48 at 725 pounds drawbar pull.
Fig. 50. Tractor drive wheel equipped with 5-inch spade lugs as used in
tests reported in figs. 44. 45 and 46. In tests reported in fig. 47. the lugs were
removed.
299
120 -. --....!-.
100
-----. r-__
--.,
-----
+-
c
~
u 80
L
~
Q.
'-'
>- 60
~
tJ ~~
z
~
~~
w
u 40 /' ;;
k
k
UJ
V:," /
---0 Tractive
-----.
r orce
Efficiency'
Ratio
h - - - x Travel ",-otio
V/
/
20
.
o
o 1000 2000 3000 4000
DQ.AWBAQ LOAD (LbS.)
TYPE OF WHEEL: John De"re
TR.ACTIVE. SURFACE: Cinders
100
~
>-
U
GO
/ ................ ....- .
2
lLJ
\3 40 V. .... .... -i
L:;::
L.. ~/ o Tractive Efficit:ncy
- - - - - - . force l1.atio
ILl
~ ~....
---x Travel l2atio
20
o
I. .
o 1000 2000 3000 4000
DI2AWBAI2 LOAD (Lbs)
TVPE OF WHEEL. John Deere, 5" Lug
TI2ACTIVE SUBFACE ' Blueqrass Sod
Fig. 52. Efficiency test of tractor wheel. Conditions : Diameter of wheel,
46 inches ; width of rim. 11% inches; wheel equipment, 24. 5-inch lugs (each
wheel); total weight of wheel and load, 1555 pounds (each wheel); apparatus
used, dynamometer attached final drive figs. 25 and 26; traction surface, blue-
grass sod.
120
;--- r-_ ... x
100
- 1' ......
~
+- x .....
C 1' .....
.....
.~ ~
80 ......
I:>
-e:.
.......
>-
................
60
u I
z·
lLJ " ....... 4
\3 ~ ....
W
4: 40
L..
/'
r ~
___ 0
______ e Forclt. 120tio
Trac.+ive Efficiency
----'-
20 ",
- - -x Travel l2atio
o
o
/ 1000 2000 3000
j j j I
4000
DI2AWMR- LOAD (Lbs.)
TYPE OF. WHEEL: John Deere 5 in. Lug I"
TI2ACTIVE 5Ul2fACE: Pulverat<l:d Soil 102, D,z;ep
Fig. 53. Same as above except traction surface.
301
120
/
/t,
(j 60
I
0\
V~\\I
z
UJ
~ 40
,f
u...
w
20
!I
o
a 1000 2000 3000 4000
DIGAWBAI2 LOAD (Lbs)
TYPE OF ·WHEEL. John Deel"e. No Lugs
Ti2ACTIVE SU12FACIi; Concre te
Fig. 54. Efficiency test of tractor wheel. Conditions : Diameter of wheel.
46 inches; width of rim. 11% inches; wheel equipment, smooth rims; total
weight of wheel and load, 1550 pounds (each wheel); apparatus used, dyna-
mometer attached final drive, figs . 25 and 26; traction surface, concrete
floor.
Fig. 55. Tractor drive wheels equipped with a rimless wheel as used in
tests reported in figs. 49, 50 and 51.
120
-
--
.......
r--'t<_
100 .....
..........
'
~
+- .....
c
"-
~
u
L
~
80 " \
0.
'-'
\
__ --oi
0 ---'
>- 00
U
2
;;-r-/
/e ~~
4.l
40
/, /
S:!
f
u..
u..
u.J
20 1 - - -- .
I Tractive Effici .. ncy
. 0
~
-------. Force ~otio
- - - x Travel ~otio
o
o 1000 2000 3000 4000
DQAWBA12 LOAD (Lbs.)
TypE. OF WHE.EL F Ii. H. Open
T/2ACTlvE. SUR-FACE. Cinders
Fig. 56. Efficie ncy tests of tractor wheel. Conditions: Type of wheel .
rimless , see fig. 55; diameter of wheel, 46 inches, wheel equipment, 20 spade
lugs; total weight of wheel and load, 1550 pounds (each wheel); apparatus
u sed, dynamometer attached to final drive, figs. 25 and 26; traction surface,
cinders well packed .
12.0
1---_ ---t
f-.-_
-- ~-- r--_
..--.,100
... ~-
+-
C
t:J
~ 80
~
.Q,.
>- 60
_k--- ---- -""4 --
~~'-
~,-
U
Z ... ~,
i.J
.... ... "
':::! 40
u.
u.
---
~ "'--- -- - - - ---- -
o Tractive Efficiency
------. For c e "'-o ti o
'--~
L
LJ ---- x Travel ~atio
--
20
o
o
V' 1000 2000 3000
--
4000
(LbS)
T YPE .o F WHE.EL: F <t
H Open Wheels
T I2AC TlVE. Su., FACE.: Bluegrass Sod
Fig. 57. Efficiency tests of tractor wheel. Conditions: Type of wheel,
rimless , see fig. 55; diameter of wheel, 46 inches; wheel equipment, 20 spade
lugs; total weight of wheel and load, 1550 pounds (each wheel); apparatus
used, dynamometer attached to final drive, figs . 25 and 26; traction surface,
bluegrass sod,
120
+-
c
~
u
100
~-- 1- _
- ........ ,
r-- ........"""
~
t:I
80 ....... ,
n..
~
>- 60
'.
V
Z t:--'--
LJ
V
u.
40
~
- ----- ---...,
lL
4V
v
i.J
20
o Tractive Efficiency
------. Force Ratio
- - I x T ravel Qotio I
Fig. 59. Tractor equipped with 12.75X pneumatic tires as used in tests
reported in figs. 53. 56, 58, 60, 61, 62 and 63.
305
Fig. 60. Tractor equipped with pneumatic tires as in fig. 52 but equipped
with chains and used in tests reported in figs. 55, 57 and 59.
IZO
--'- ~-;......
100 ......
.-..
+-
C ' ......
I>l
L
U
80 " '...-.,"
a
~
~ 0 .... .....
b
>-U 60 ~
Z
li1
\J 40
I'
IJ..
IJ..
u.J
ZO
/' o Tractive Efficiency
------efor..ce Q.otio
- - _ ·x Travel ~atio
o
1/
o 1000 2000 3000 4000
D12.AWBA12. LOAD (LbS.)
TYPE. OF WHEEL: Tires-12 Ibs. P.
I ~40 Ibs. Per Wheel
T~.AC. TIVE SUI2.FAC.E.: Cinders
Fig. 61. Efficiency test of tractor wheel. Conditions: Wheel equipment,
28 by 12.75 inch pneumatic tire; weight of wheel and load, 1518 pounds; in-
flation pressure, 12 pounds; apparatus used, dynamometer attached to final
drive, figs. 25 and 26; traction surface, cinders well packed; maximum effi-
ciency, 0.73 at 600 (1200 total) pounds drawbar pull.
120
w
u..
u..
20
j' a Tractive Effici ency
- - - - - - . For-ce l2.otia
- - - x Tr-ovcz I \2.ot io
o
IIo 1000 2000 .300 0 4 0 00
D QAWBAk?- LOAD ( L bS.)
TYPE. OF WH E EL Tir-es 12.lbs P
Cha i ns On
TI2ACT IVE. SUR-FACE . <.i n der-s
Fig. 62. Conditions same as in fig. 61 except chains attached .
120
1'-- _ _
r- -~ 1----
100
r--.
+-
--,
C
\>l
U 80
. ~----; ~~.
L
V
~
\>l
a..
'-"
>- GO
~
~.
u
z
~
u 40 I
L1..
lo...
UJ
20
I -- -
a Tractive E fficie ncy .
------eFo rce 120t io
x T ravel l2.o tio
~
I>l
~ 80
~.."
- .........
:r
g ~ ....
U
2
i.LI
<30
1//
0 j;
40
LL
LL
uJ
20
7 o Tr-active Uficiency
-----e For-ce l2.atio
- - - x Tl'avel l2atio
o
o
11 1000 2000 3000 4000
Df2AWBAf2. LOAD (Lbs.)
TypE. OF WHEEL: Tires, 12Ibs.P.. 340Ibs.Wt. pel' Wheel
Chains Attached .
TI2ACTIVE 5UI2FACE: Blueara55 Sod ·
Fig. 64. Conditions same as in fig. 63 except chains attached.
120
100
1'---1-- ...
i--~ OTI"activ<z Effic iency
~ '
c
~
...
\J
<».
80
' ., ,
... 1'-. - - - - - eFor-ce l2atio
- - - x Tr-avel 12.atio
...... -- ~~-!I
Q.
'-'
:ru
2
60
~ .. , ........
\.
i.LI
Ci 40 / ",\p
lA'
lL
lL
"
W
20 /
o
[7
a 1000 2000 3000 4 000
D12.AWBA12. LOAD (Lbs)
TypE. OF WHEEL: Tires 12. Ibs. P.
340 Ibs. Wt. per Wheel
TI2ACTIVE: SUI2FACE.: Pulver-ated Soil cO r Deep
100
f--_
- ....
~
-t-
C " o Tractive Efficiency
- - - - - e Force ~atio
t>l
V
\... 80 " - - - 'Travel '2atio
~
""
0..
'--'
>- 60
--- .....
v
z
.,..:/ \
lIP
"" \
uJ
V 40 /
~ ~~
LL
~
LL
UJ
20 ~ \
o V'
o 1000 2000
~
3000 4000
D12AWBAI2 LOAD (Ll)s.)
TYPE OF WHEEL: Tires. 12 Ibs. P. 340 Ibs. wt per Wheel
Chains Attached. ..
T~ACTIVE 5UBFACE; Pulverated Soil G~ Deep
Fig. 66. Conditions same as in fig. 65 except chains attached.
/20
(
,l
t... £fficienct,l
~ - - - - - . Force 1201';0
- - -x Travel 120tia
20
o
o /000 2000 3000 4000
DI2AWBAIZ LOAD (Lbs.)
TYPE OF WHEEL: 12.75 X 28 Firestone Tire
12 Lbs. Pressure
reACTIVE SueFAcE: Concrete
r '2 0 , ) ,
Tires BibS
I
P.
r--_ Tirll" 12. Ibs p .
io--
100 -.
80 - .
t'.
\,-, , •
'1'. . . ,-
,l o T~octive Efficiency
------ • Force ~otio
'~" .•
\--
-~~"'
S/ , Tra vel ~atio \
GO "
~ • ~"
1\\\
':.-
// 0
/'
40
j/
'/ 1 1 0
20
o
~' II
o G 3 o Z 3
DI2AWBAI< LOAD (In Thousands of Lbs)
Fig. 68. Efficiency test of tractor wheel. Conditions: Wheel equipment,
28 by 12.75 inch pneumatic tire; weight of wheel and load, 1518 pounds
(one wheel); inflation, 8 and 12 pounds; apparatus used, dynamometer
attached to final drive, figs. 25 and 26; traction surface, silty loam soil,
freshly prepared with pulverator 6% inches in depth; maximum efficiency,
0.57 for 8 pounds inflation and 0.54 for 12 pounds.
2 120 , , I
T"Ir-¢S '''' \bs. P. Tires 20 L.Ps.p.
~ r--. . . . . .,
01
.J
100 ~ ....
" """ ~,
.
w
~ 80
~,
01
r-,.,.., .~/,\
"\..-..: oT~activ~ Efficiil ncy
------eForce l2otio
~
\
~1: GO
---XTrov., ll2atio \
w
01
~
u U
~ 40 . j; ~
,
.S-
J:--
~~ 0 0
'\
I
>-
U
20 f /
:z
w
iJ o
II 1/
~ o 2. :3 0 I 2. :3
u..
W D12AWBAR. LOAD (In Thousands of Lbs.)
Fig. 69 Efficiency tests of tractor wheels. Conditions: Wheel equipment,
28 by 12.75 inch pneumatic tire; weight of wheel and load, 1518 pounds
(one wheel); inflation, 16 and 20 pounds; apparatus used, dynamometer
attached to final drive, figs. 25 and 26; traction surface. silty loam soil,
freshly prepared with pulverator 6% inches in depth; maximum efficiency.
0.52 for 16 pounds inflation and 0.44 for 20 pounds.
310
I 2 0 r---,-----r-----;----,---,----,---r----,
9
~ lOa
o.!
...J
~ 80 r-----I--"'..-----+----+--"'-rr---+---i--~po..=__t
~r-.
1-+
'<T . ~ 60 1--------1::-
w~
~d:401----A"---+-O--,~-l--~-+---~-"----I----.:!~--t----'\<'Y
f2'--'
1
>-
V
2
w
o 2 o 2. 3
(;:
"-
o 3
ILl DI2.AWBAI2. LOAD (In ThOusands of Lbs.)
T y PE. OF WHEEL . Tires 12 I bs . P.
T."ACTIVE SUI2.FACE.: Pulv<zrotltd Soil Gf De,,-p
Lugs
Diameter Width Tread
inches Inches inches Distance • Distance· •
Number between between
lugs lug rows
38 12
•••
(l2~~) 61 20 11.92 8.50
42 12 (12~~) 53 22 1l.94 9.00
46 12 (ll~~) 53 24 12.04 7.25
50 12 (l2~~) 61 26 12.08 8.50
54 12 (l2~~) 61 28 12.12 8.50
58 12 (l2~~) 61 30 12.15 8.50
-- - - --~
Fig. 71. Tractor of fig. 25 equipped with 58 inch wheels used in tests to
determine influence of wheel diameter on tractive efficiency.
•
Fig. 72. Wheels used in tests to determine the influence of wheel diameter
These wheels are 38. 42, 46, 50, 54 and 58 inches in diameter with 12-inch
rims and equipped with 20, 22, 24, 26, 28 and 30 4-inch spade lugs, respectively.
100
00
"\ .
80 1\
Trawl JGat~
'To
e;:-
r: 00 1\
\
t:l
\)
!...
~ 50
'-'
0
~ 40
\
~\
Oo! J
Forc~-r
l2.atio
,30
ZO
II ~1\\
fEffiCienc';3 \ \
10
o
II \~
o 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
DRAWBAIG LOAD (Lbs.)
Fig. 73. Efficiency of 38-inch tractor wheel on soil prepared with pulver-
tor. See p. 310 for conditions.
•
313·
,
100
~ II
90
TrCV~I?\
IGctio./ II
b.
80
70
\
,......
+
GO 1\
~
c
~
0
~
50
\
'-'
0
Force
I
~ctiOo)\
~ 40
~:°1
02
30
20
\\
l-Effi6ienClj~
•
10
/ I • .\
o
V
o 500 1000
1
1500
Dk:?AWBAR. LOAD
2.000 2.500
(L bs.)
3000 3500 4000
Fig. 74. Efficiency of 42-inch tractor wheel on soil prepared with pulvera-
tor. See p. 310 for conditions.
100
~
90 ~
\ '\
80
Tr-Qv~1 0t;0'\
12
70
\
'+c
~ 00
U
l...
~
Q.
\..J
50
0
~
D2 40
0/ ~
For-ci~
J2atio -.,
\
30
20
Je \
10
(EffiC ienc,:;
\
0
V
0 500 1000
\
1500- ZOOO 2500 3000 35004000
DIGAWBAIG LOAD (Lbs.)
Fig. 75. Efficiency of 46-inch tractor wheel on soil prepared with pulvera-
tor. See p. 310 for conditions.
100
"'0
~ r-...
6~
80
TrQv~1 !20tiO\
70
,-...
+c
~
~
<DO
\l
~
~ ~I\
50
0
I-
« 40
) ~1
\
Cl1
FOrCe~
Qat io
r'\ \
30
20
;; V· ~)
Efficiency I
~\
10 f \\
o
o
/ 500 1000 1500
~
2000 2500 3000 35004000
Dr2AWBAR · LOAD (Lbs.)
Fig. 76 . Efficiency of 50-inch tractor wheel on soil prepared with pulvera-
tor . See p. 310 for conditions.
Pulverated Oat
Wheel diameter soil
inches - - - stubble
Bare 4-inch Bare 4-inch
wheels __ lugs_ _ wheels lugs_ _
38 655 789 362 777
42 610 734 359 746
46 615 690 337 720
50 585 658 313 688
54, 528 642 323 660
58 561 628 308 654
316
100
~
90
~
'\
80
1\
TrQv~1 l2atio \
70
r--
+
s:: IDO
\
\
~
tJ
~
~
n.. 50
'---'
0
~~
0
~ 40
t:- r.!
0\
1
30
rone"
R.atio
I \ -, , \
20 1 Efficiencl.:l
)\ \
10
I \\
\\ - - - Estimated; IZn{iniZ
I :~C~i'l'~h:"~1
o
~ 'V.~ fide"'
100
90
'80
'" TraV~~
fGot io
~
4 I 4
i\.
4\
70
+'
\
s: roo 1\
~
v
I...
~
4\
t-.
0..
'-'
0
50
Fo r c e .,
~ --- o \
f=
fG o t i O Y
• \
« 4 0
01
Y. .\
\. \
\
30
20
j) / Eff iGi<z n G ~,....J
) ~
~\
\ ,
I \, --
1\
Estimate d; Engine
Torqu£ Not Sufficient
t o Slip Wheels.
10 \,
V
"
o
o 5 00 100 0 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4600
DI2AW BAR. LOA D (L.b s.)
Fig. 78. Effi ciency of 58-inch tract or wheel an soil prepared with p u lvera-
tor. See p. 310 for conditions .
318
100 -=::::::.
~~
~O
~
Trove' Qatj~
80
\
70
~ GO /. /
s:
~
~
& Force 120ti~
v:
~icienCY
tv \
'--' 50
0
~
02 40
~ W
30 I
w
j \
20
10
7
~ 500 1000 1500
August 1,8,)934
2.000 Z500 3000 3500 4000
100
90
- ~
Trave) R.atio
---- "r-:....... ........."
eo 1\
70
0
-+:-
~
1>1 force R.otio/ V--~
Jr
k: GO o •
~
~
'-' •
0 50
h~
tn2
40
Effici~nclj
\
30 If \\
1.'.0 I
10 I
o
o
/ 500 1000 1500 2.000 2500 300 0 35004000
DR.AWBA'2. LOAD (Lb5~
Fig. 80. E ffic ie ncy of 42-inch tractor wheel on oa t stubble. See p . 310 f or
conditions.
320
100
90
-- r-- ~
t----. r--...
IS"
80
Trow I J2,ati 0
1\
70
'+:'
c
~ Force l2atio/ Vp
~ GO
t1.
'-'
'0 50 ~ V •
1\
~~ \
I
f=
'<l Efficit:ncy
n2
40
30 IIf \
20 II
10
I
o V
o 500 1000 1500 '2.000 2500 3000 35004000
Df2.AWBAf2. LOAD (Lbs.)
Fig. 81. Efficiency of 46-inch tractor whe el on oat stubble. See p . 310 for
conditions .
321
100
-~
90
80
-- ""'b<l,.
70 ill
~
Force I2.Qti~
~
r-. 60 I'
-+-
/'
le-
I:
\:I
~ Efficienc~
~ 50
'--'
0
i=
« 40 I
02
$0
J,
f
20 /
(0 /
o
/
o 500 (ODD 1500 2.000 2.500 3000 35004000
DI2.AWBAI2. LOAD (lbs.)
Fig. 82. Efficiency of 50-inch tractor wheel on oat stubble. See p. 310 for
conditions.
322
100
90
---- ~ ~ f--..6
Travel Batio l>
80
__ e
70
~
~
'+'
s::
~
\J ~
!.... 60
~
'-' ForGe
~a~ Efficj~nclj
0 50
~Dol j~
40
30 f
'20 J
10 /
o /
o 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
DI2.AWBAI2. LOAD (Lbs.)
F ig. 83. Efficiency of 54- inch t ract or w h eel on oat stubble. See p. 310 for
condi tions.
323
100
Trav~1
I -k---- "'4--
12atio '----;.
90
80
70 ~
V.
~
-:;::- Force 12atio
s:::
t::l
\] 100
•
~
L
t::l
Q.
[ffjcj~nc':l
'--'
0 50
~
,01 I
40
30
~
w
20
7
10
7
o
~
o 500 1000 1500 2.000 2.500 3000 3500 4000
DQAWBAQ LOAD (Lbs.)
Fig. 84. Efficiency of 58-inch tractor wheel on oat stubble. See p. 310 for
conditions.
324
100 t.
I I ~
9 0
Tr-ave l R. tio ~6
---- r--......
-........, 6 6
80
70 0
0
V
~
---~l ...........
~O
Rati~# r~
+-c
~ GO
fo rce
V
c- Effic.i ~nc.1:J1
\\
~
V
l...
~
50
j \\
0
i=
<:(
4 0
f .\\
Cl!
30 ! \
20
f
10 II \
o
o 500 10 00 15 00 20 0 0 2.500 3000
\
3500 4000
DI2.AW BAf<.. L OAD (Lbs.)
Fig. 85. Efficiency of 38-inch tractor wheel on bluegrass sod. See p . 310
for conditions.
325
lao
r 1 •
Trov.zl l2otlo~ ~ "
90 " r-- f.-.
"
.......
'"
0
"............
80 /,.
"" . .....
70
/. ~ ~
'+
c
. Force J2.oti~y: ~;fiCict.nC.~ •
~
GO
V
~
~
'-' 50
W
0
J-
<t 40
lJ
02
30
If
20
f
10 I
o
o
V 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 35004000
D£AWBArG LOAD (Lbs.)
Fig. 86. Efficiency of 42-inch tractor wheel on bluegrass sod. See p. 310
for conditions.
326
100
I
12a1~ r----.
90
TravlZ.l
"
r--- Ie- ~
eo
70 ~~
~
~
~.
Force l2otio_
~ t- Effie ienclj
s:: GO " J
W-
~
V
l...
~
0... .'
:-....- 50
0
F
<{ 40
j
02
30
I
,2.0
I
10
/
o V
o 500 1000 1500 2.000 2.500 3000 35004000
DI2AWBARLOAP (Lbs,)
Fig, 87, Efficiency of 46-inch tractor wheel on bluegrass sod, See p, 310
for conditions,
327
-
·100 T
o~
I:>
Travel 12otio
I:>
00
I:>
80
0
/
0
V-
.."..-
° 0.
'T
h
~
'+c
70
GO
Force 120tiW KEffiCienCIJ
•
V
~
V
\...
6:
'--' 50
§
0
t-
<t: 40
W
Ql
30
1
2.0
1
10
I
a
~
o 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3 5 00 4000
DR.AWBAtG LOAD (Lbs.)
F ig. 88. Efficiency of 50-inch tractor wheel on b luegrass sod. See p. 310
for conditions.
328
100
i..-ovel 12.0+10)'
H
90 ""
eo
/
0V; --- -•
0
+:s::
70
----
For-c.1Z !20tIO!& KE.fficienC!:/
v GO
~
V
L
~
(L
'--' 50
f
0
~
.« 40
If
J~
c1
30
2.0
I
10
7
a V
a 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 35004000
Df2.AWBAR. LOAD (Lbs.)
Fig. 89. Efficiency of 54-inch tractor wheelan bluegrass sad. See p . 310
for conditions.
329
10.0
90
Travel R.~tioJ
/I
- /I
/I
/I
80
0 ;/ r--:
V.
70
~.
r---
Force R.o+:Z Effidenc;.!j
.
+ GO
!:
J~
~
·u
!...
ct
'--' 50 -
0
;::
«
:oJ.
.4 0
I
30
f
I
\
,
20
10 I
o
o 500 1000 1500 2000 ZSOO 3000 35004000
Rated drawbar H. P . ______ _______ _____ ___ ______ ____ _____ __ __ ________ .. ______ 20
Rated brake H . P. ________________________ __ ______ _____ _____ .. _____ __ ______ _25
Rated drawbar
first speed pull. pounds
_________________________ ____ __ __ ________________ __________ 4180
second speed ______ __ ______________________ __ ________________________ 2900
third speed _________________________ ___ ___ __ _________________ __ .. ___ ___ 2070
Speed in miles
first per hour
___ ________________ _________ ___ ______ ______ _____ ____________ ___ ___ 1.8
second ______ __ __________________ _________ ___________ ____ ____ ____ ___ ___ 2.6
third ____ _______________ ____ __________ ___ ______ __ ____ ____ __ __ __ ________ 3.6
Tracks
links p e r track ____ ______ __ ___ ___ ___ _________ ________ _______ _________ 29
link pitch inches ________________________ __ ______ _____ _______ ______ ___ 6.735
track l ength fee t ___________________ _____ ______________ ___________ ___ 16.275
track shoe width inche s ____ ____ _______ ___ ___ ____ __ ___ ___ ___ __ ____ __ 11.
lug length inches _________________________ ______ _____________________ 1.9
are a ground contact in square ________ ___ ______ ___ ______ _____ ________ 2151
cente r to center of tractor inches ___________________ _________________ 42
w e ight a s tes ted _________________________ _____ __ _______ ______________ 7700
--.,
--~
~---
/
V
/
/
oT.-active Eff ic iency
--------. Fore.: .Ratio
- - - . Trav e l R.otio
V 2. 3 4 5 G 7
DI2.AWBAI2. LOAD (I n Thousands of Lbs)
Fig. 91. Efficiency of track laying tractor. Conditions : Traction equip-
ment. track; width of tracks. 11 inches; weight on tracks 7700 pounds;
traction surface. cinders . well packed; maximum efficiency. 0.78 at 3400
pounds drawbar pull.
332
120
100 ~
80
~
GO /
/
V
40
/
T ....active Efficiency
-------eo Force l2.otio
---~ Travczl l2atio I
20
o V
o I 2 :3 4 5 (0 ,7
DIGAWBAR. LOAD On Thousands of Lbs.)
Fig. 92. Efficiency of track laying tractor. Conditions: Traction equip-
ment. track; width of tracks. 11 inches; weight on tracks. 7700 pounds;
traction surface. bluegrass sod; maximum efficiency. 0.79 at 4000 pounds
drawbar pull.
..
--r--_...I'''-:l
_-iI
,/ -....:
t--o
..
./
"
I' o Tractive Efficiczncy
--------eForccz Retio
/ - - - < T r o v e l )2atio
V 2- 3 4 5 G 7
DI2AWBAR. LOAD (In Thousands of Lbs.)
Fig. 93. Efficiency of track laying tractor. Conditions : Traction equip-
ment, track; width of tracks, 11 inches; weight on tracks, 7700 pounds;
traction surface. silty loam soil, freshly prepared with pulverator ; maximum
efficiency, 0.74 at 3700 pounds drawbar pull.
333
-,
- - - - - . rorc.,z Rotia
o
~ 100 -....,
- - - 1:1 TrovlZ J R.atio
'"
1'"_.
ni
~- I~
ro d ---""-0 ~~
~
/ . /~ :---0
/ /
/ /
/ Height of Hitch 8in.
:/ Height of Hitch IZin.
V I
23450 12. 34 5
DI2AWBAR. LOAD (In Thousands of Lbs.)
Fig. 94. Efficiency of track-laying tractor with varying height of hitch.
Conditions: Traction equipment, track; width of tracks, 11 inches; weight on
tracks, 7700 pounds; traction surface, silty loam soil, freshly prepared with
pulverator; maximum efficiency, 0.77 at 3800 pounds drawbar pull for 8-inch
height of hitch and 0.74 at 3700 pounds drawbar pull for I2-inch height of
hitch.
'"
/
V
..... /'"
-~
- "
----- -oIP
~
I
v.
,-~
.-.? ~
.... --• ----- rr,-!e
-....... 1\
'\
! H<:ight of Hitch lID In.
II Height of Hitch 2.0in.
2 3 4 5 o 4 5
DI2AWBAIG LOAD (In Thtlusands of Lbs.)
Fig. 95. Efficiency of track-laying tractor with varying height of hitch.
Conditions: Traction equipment, track; width of tracks, 11 inches; weight on
tracks, 7700 pounds; traction surface, silty loam soil, freshly prepared with
pulverator; maximum efficiency, 0.73 at 3600 pounds drawbar pull for I6-inch
height of hitch and 0.70 at 3500 pounds for 20-inch height of hitch.