A Comparative Study Between The Effectivity of Radish (Raphanus

Sativus) and Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) Leaf Extracts as a Bio-

Pesticide against Commercial Pesticide

A Research Paper

Presented to the Faculty of Senior High Department

University of Cebu – Banilad

Cebu City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

Research 2

By:

James Genesis I. Lola

Zach Andrie A. Alilin
Raeven Patriz Mae M. Rosellosa
James S. Sajulga
Fionah Retuya

9 October 2019
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Rationale....................................................................................... 1

Statement of the Problem ………….............................................5

Statement of the Null Hypotheses ……………........................... 7

Significance of the Study …………............................................. 9

Scope and Delimitations of the Study ………………................. 11

Definition of Terms ..................................................................... 12

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Theory………………………………………………….. 14

Related Literature........................................................................ 17

Related Studies ........................................................................... 28

Conceptual Framework ............................................................... 32

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design .......................................................................... 34

Research Locale .......................................................................... 35

Research Subject ......................................................................... 36

Research Materials and Equipment ………................................. 38

Research Instruments ………………………………………….. 40

Research Procedure …................................................................. 41

Statistical Treatments ….............................................................. 47

REFERENCES……………………………………………….. 52

APPENDIX

A Transmittal letter………………………………….. 57
 1

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Rationale

Over the past few years, natural products containing pesticidal activity

have been and are being explored in order to make pesticides which are

easily biodegradable, selective and can be locally produced, especially for

farmers who can’t afford commercial pesticides, and respective houses, for

less harm among health state. The radish (Raphanus Sativus) is an edible

root vegetable of the family Brassicaceae that was domesticated in Europe in

Pre-Roman times. It is a biennial or annual plant whose roots appearance is a

globular, tapering or cylindrical which is crisp and sweet to some extent. On

the other hand, Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) plants belong to the plant

group known as flowering plants or angiosperms. From a culinary (cooking)

point of view, tomato is considered a vegetable primarily because it is not

sweet. From a Botanical point of view, a tomato is in fact a fruit.

Radish (Raphanus Sativus) is consumed all over the world and is

considered as part of the human diet. Radishes have different color skins

(red, purple, black, yellow and white through pink), while its flesh is

typically white. In Unani, Greeko-Arab, Indian folk medicine, radish is used

 2

as a household remedy for the treatment of many diseases such as jaundice,

gallstone, liver diseases, rectal prolapsed, indigestion, and other gastric pains

(Banihani S., 2017). According to United States Department of Agriculture

(USDA) National Nutrient Database, radish is rich in various nutrients

which include potassium, calcium, sodium and vitamin C. It contains

vitamins including B- vitamins (thiamin, niacin, folate, riboflavin and

vitamin B-6), Vitamin A and Vitamin K. It also provides minerals such as

magnesium, phosphorous and zinc. Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) leaves

are tender, fragrant and completely edible. The leaves of tomato are

abundant and packed with phytonutrients. The glycoalkaloid present in the

leaves were found to effectively kill or suppress the growth of human breast,

colon, liver, and stomach cancer cells.

Global croplands are not unlimited and global population grows

continually. Therefore it is necessary to take all measures to increase crop

production in order to ensure food safety. Reducing crop loss from pest

injury is one of the major tasks to ensure crop production. Locally speaking,

the Philippine economy is an agricultural based. Around 13 million hectares

of the total land area of 30 million hectares constitutes agricultural land.

Therefore, the nation is one of the main users of pesticide and main importer

of pesticide, which accounts 90% of pesticide requirements (Brown M.,

 3

&Javier P., n.d). The most prevalent pesticides here on the Philippines,

where those that belong to the chemical families pyrethroid and

organophosphate which are classified by WHO as Class 2 Toxicity Level.

Pesticides are substances that can kill feral animals, insects, fungi or plants

(World Health Organization, 2010). Tremendous benefits have been derived

from the use of pesticides in forestry, public health and the domestic sphere-

and of course in agricultural sector. It was estimated that nearly one-third of

the agricultural products are produced by using pesticides. Without pesticide

use, the loss of fruits, vegetables and cereals from pest injury may reach

78%, 54% and 32%, respectively. Crop loss from pest injury declined by

35% to 42% when pesticides were used (Zhang, 2017). However, pesticide

overuse and pollution have increased as well. A government reported in

2016 that pesticide use of Chinese farmers reached three times the global

average. In 2013, Greenpeace reported that 70% of pesticide use in China

was not absorbed by plants, but instead seeped into the soil and groundwater

(Fan, 2017). But because of technology today, organic pesticide as an

alternative pesticide is making its way to the market. The use of bio-

pesticide for pest control today is an evolving field in pest management.

Compared to commercial one, botanical pesticide or bio-pesticide is less

harmful and is cheaper. One of the strongest benefits of choosing bio-

 4

pesticide, is that they are inherently less toxic to humans and the

environment, do not leave harmful residues and are usually more specific to

target pest (Sporleder M., &Lacey L., 2013).Bio-pesticides represent only

2.89% of the overall pesticide in India and is expected to exhibit an annual

growth rate of about 2.3% in the coming years (Kalita J., Mazid S.,

&Rajhkowa R., 2017). In the said country, there are only 12 types of bio-

pesticides that have been registered under the Insecticide Act, 1968. Neem

based bio-pesticides are Bacillus Thuringensis, NPV and trichoderma which

are produced and used in India. Most of the bio-pesticides find use in public

health, except a few that are used in agriculture.

It should be noted that pesticides refer in particular chemical

pesticides in terms of environmental impact and human health, while a

variety of bio-pesticides, particular microbial pesticides, are environmentally

friendly. As the substituent of chemical pesticides, bio-pesticides use is

quickly increasing and they are expected to become the predominant

pesticides use in the future (Sanjaya et al., 2004)

With the stated information about radish and tomato leaf, the

researchers would like to prove efficacy of the mixture as a pesticide. The

purpose of this study is to control and inhibit the populace of ants, which is a

huge problem among farmers and respective households. To control this

 5

specific pest, most people use commercial pesticide, not knowing that it may

bring bad effects to them since most of its component is mostly chemical.

Due to this incident, the researcher aims to make and produce a more

affordable, cheaper and non-harmful pesticide.

Statement of the problem

This study aims to provide an organic and non-harmful bio-pesticide

against ants using the extracts of radish (Raphanus Sativus) and tomato

(Solanum Lycopersicum) leaf, comparing its effectivity to chemically-aided

pesticides. Specifically this sought to answer the following questions:

1. Is there a significant difference in the time duration that the ants are

terminated effectively as exposed on the following treatment:

a. Radish extract with kerosene

b. Tomato leaf extract with kerosene

c. Radish extract and tomato leaf extract with kerosene

d. Commercial pesticide
 6

2. Is there a significant difference in the time duration that ants are

terminated effectively using the extracts of radish and kerosene as a

solvent with different levels of concentration:

a. 30%

b. 60% and

c. 90%?

3. Is there a significant difference in the time duration that the ants are

terminated effectively using the extracts of tomato leaf with kerosene

as a solvent with different levels of concentration:

a. 30%

b. 60% and

c. 90%?

4. Is there a significant difference in the time duration that the ants are

terminated effectively using radish and tomato leaf extract with

kerosene as a solvent with levels of concentration is specified:

4.1. 30% radish; 70% tomato leaf extracts with kerosene

4.2. 30% tomato leaf; 70% radish extracts with kerosene and

4.3. 50% radish; 50% tomato leaf extracts with kerosene

5. Is there significant difference in the time duration that the ants are

terminated effectively using commercial pesticide:

 7

5.1. 30%

5.2. 60% and

5.3. 90%?

Hypotheses of the study

HO1: There is no significant difference in the time duration that the

ants are terminated effectively as exposed on the following treatments:

a. Radish extract with kerosene

b. Tomato leaf extract with kerosene

c. Commercial pesticides

HO2: There is no significant difference in the time duration that the

ants are terminated effectively using the extracts of radish (Raphanus

Sativus) with kerosene as a solvent with different levels of concentration:

a. 30%

b. 60% and

c. 90%?

Ho3: There is no significant difference in the time duration that the

ants are terminated effectively using the extracts of tomato (Solanum

 8

Lycopersicum) leaf with kerosene as a solvent with different levels of

concentration:

a. 30%

b. 60% and

c. 90%?

Ho4: There is no significant difference in the time duration that the

ants are terminated effectively using the extracts of radish (Raphanus

Sativus) and tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) extracts with kerosene as a

solvent as levels of concentration is specified:

4.1. 30% radish; 70% tomato leaf extracts with kerosene

4.2. 30% tomato leaf; 70% radish extracts with kerosene and

4.3. 50% radish; 50% tomato leaf extracts with kerosene

Ho5: There is no significant difference in the time duration that the

ants are terminated effectively using commercial pesticide:

5.1. 30%

5.2. 60% and

5.3. 90%?
 9

Significance of the study

Organic materials that produce characteristics like a pesticide can be a good

source of anti-pest. Raphanus Sativus and Solanum Lycopersicum have been

reported to show anti-pest characteristics. The leaf of a tomato plant contains

crude extracts which possesses pest resistance mechanism while radish

produces great amount of alkaloids, which acts as a defense compound in

plants. The characteristic stated of these plants makes it as one of the

possible source of an alternative pesticide. In order to maximize the plants

usage, this study is made to determine the pesticidal activity of the extracts

of these plants. The results of this study would highly benefit the following:

The environment will benefit from the result of this study since this

is an eco-friendly alternative pesticide derived from a plant, which is

biodegradable, which means that it could easily breakdown in soil without

leaving any harmful residues upon using. By this, the natural cycle of life of

the environment would not be disturbed. Also, this would control and inhibit

the populace of ants among homes, plantations, and avoiding killing the

beneficial

The local farmers will benefit to the study in such away, the result

will give them enough knowledge about the bio-pesticides which is much
 10

cheaper and less harmful to the crops, compared to commercial pesticides.

This could help also, to the number of yields in their product, which could

give them enough money. Also, the result on this study will help the local

farmers in the Philippines not to get inflicted with serious illnesses on using

harmful pesticides.

The household owners will benefit to the study, since most of the

houses are being infested with ants. This will give them another idea on how

to control and manage pest in a non-harmful and dangerous way.

The students will benefit to the study in such a way, the results will

give them enough knowledge about the chemicals of plants that could repel

or kill certain pest specifically, about the properties of Tomato (Solanum

Lycopersicum) leaf and Radish (Raphanus Sativus) that could kill pest,

specifically ants.

The community will benefit to the study in such a way the results

will give them enough knowledge and idea on how to have a productive

business in planting without the aid of any dangerous chemical-aided

pesticides. This would also help them to have a more stable health state, and

a healthy living.
 11

The government will benefit from this study in such a way, the

results will give them enough knowledge about the how commercial

pesticides are dangerous in managing pest and also, this will help them

inhibit the distribution of chemically-aided pesticides among community and

farmers, and plant-aided pesticides will be distributed as an alternative

pesticide instead.

The researchers will be able to come up with a systematic

experiment and objective methods of the study. So that the researchers can

create a more productive study, to be able to help the people and the

environment itself.

The future researchers who are interested in using plants’ extract as

an alternative pesticide, could can improve making their research in different

angles, basing to this present study. They could emphasize and get interested

more on the usage of plants as an alternative pesticide.

 12

Scope and Delimitation of the study

This study is about a comparative study of the effectivity of radish and

tomato leaf extract. This study was limited to producing radish (Raphanus

Sativus) and tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) leaves as an alternative source

of bio-pesticide and to test its efficacy as a pesticide specifically, in killing

ants. This study only involved kerosene as the solvent and adult ants as the

biological concern. The study does not include any pest except adult

ants.The plants being used were bought from a supermarket. The researchers

will use the plants for producing new anti-pest and the extraction of the

plants extracts will be done on one of the researcher’s house.

This product will be focusing on how it could be an alternative for an

expensive, harmful chemical-aided pesticide. It involves investigating the

mortality rate as well as, the time of death of the chosen biological subject.

Definition of terms

For better understanding of the study, the researchers will give some

terms involved in the study that are defined operationally.

 13

Ants. Are eusocial insects of the family of Formicidae and, along with the

related wasps and bees, belong to the order Hymenoptera

Bio-pesticide. Are certain types of pesticides derived from such natural

materials as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals.

Effectivity. The power to be effective; the quality of being able to bring out

the effect.

Extracts. To withdraw (something, such as juice or a constituent element)

by physical or chemical process

Kerosene. Also known as paraffin, lamp-oil, and coal oil (an obsolete term),

is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid which is derived from petroleum.

Mortality rate. Or death rate, is a measure of the number of deaths

(ingeneral,or due to specific cause) in a particular population, scaled

to the size of that population, per unit of time.

Pesticide. Pesticides are chemical compounds that are used to kill pests,

including insects, rodents, fungi, and unwanted plants (weeds).

Pest. Is any animal or plant detrimental to humans or humans concern,

including crops, livestock, and forestry.

 14

Radish. Is an edible root vegetable of the family of Brassicicceae that was

domesticated in Europe in Pre-Roman times.

Time difference.The significant difference related in time.

Tomato leaf. A part of a tomato plant. Also known as compound leaves.

Made up of leaflets which are distributed along the leaf rachis.

 15

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the different related studies or literature needed

to validate and investigate the current study undertaken and to provide

comprehensive supporting studies.

Theoretical Background

It has been theorized that the usage of organic pesticide may be

effective in repelling insect pest. The theory is that an organic material that

produces characteristics like a pesticide can be a good source of anti-pest.

For decades, controlling of pest has been a rich source of concepts and

theory for population ecology. This study is anchored on the theory created

by Francis Chabousso, an agronomist of the France’s National Institute of

Agricultural Research (INRA), namely “Trophobiosis Theory”.

Trophobiosis theory is a revolution in plant pathology and is a mortal blow

to agro-chemistry as commonly practiced in modern agriculture. This also

tackles that the more poisons we apply the more diseases and pest we get. It

is certainly the case that agribusiness continues to focus, not on the health of

the crop, but rather on the demise of the pest, and so continues to develop

novel pesticides, genetically modified organisms that produce pesticides or

 16

can withstand heavy pesticide dosages and most recently, the coupling of

nanotechnology and pesticides. There is the common experience that

pesticides used on crops lose their efficacy after so many applications. The

pests return and the pesticide dose, or the frequency if application needs to

be stepped up, and/or new pesticides need to be introduced into the spraying

regime. The green revolution explanation of this is that the pest develops

resistance. Chaboussou’s explanation is that the plants are weakened, and

progressively more so, as they are repeatedly assaulted by this chemical

warfare. Moreover, trophobiosis theory, it is nutrient deficiencies and

imbalances that lead to pest and disease outbreak, and the commercial

pesticides can cause such deficiencies and imbalances. The theory is hinged

on the fact that the effectiveness of pesticides is threatened by the evolution

of resistant pathogens, weeds and insect pest. Pesticides are mostly novel

chemical compounds, and yet target species are often able to evolve

resistance soon after new compound is introduced. According to Muir

(2012), chemical pesticides have become the most important consciously

applied form of pest management. The “first generation” pesticides were

largely toxic compounds such as arsenic and hydrogen cyanide. The “second

generation” pesticides largely included synthetic organic compounds. Over

time, many pesticides have gradually lost their effectiveness because pest
 17

have developed resistance- a significant decrease in sensitivity to a pesticide,

which reduces the field of these pesticides. Insects are known for their

ability to develop resistance to insecticides. Currently, there are insects

resistant to every chemical pesticide utilized. There are many factors to

developing resistance. In a population of insects, there may be a few

individuals that carry the genes for resistance. These genes arise from the

mutations and are rare. In the natural environment the mutant insect is

typically compromised, weaker and produces less progenies. Upon exposure

to insecticides, insects that do not carry the resistance genes die, thus

allowing the individuals with the resistance genes to survive and reproduce,

creating more resistant insect. With every generations, the number of

resistant insect increase (University of San Diego). With the growing

resistance of pest, another anti-pest has produced. Modern pesticides aim for

specify to reduce non-target effects in the environment, but his specifity also

means the resistance is more evolutionary accessible to the intended target

pest. In the 17th century records, plant extracts such as nicotine were some of

the earliest agriculture agricultural bio-pesticides used to control plum

beetles and other pest. Experimentation involving biological controls against

lepidopteran pest were performed as early as 1835, during AgostineBassi’s

efficacy demonstrations of the white muscardine disease caused by a fungus

 18

also known as Beauveria bassianaagainst lepidopteran pest (O’neal and Bio,

2018).

Related Literature

In the developed world, pests are largely controlled by chemicals that

are toxic to them. The vast majority of these pesticides are chemically

treated. The term pesticides coves a wide range of compounds including

insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, molluscicides, nematicides,

plant growth regulators and others. Pesticides continue to be a significant

and growing component of Asian cultivation. Chemically treated pesticides

are widely used in modern agriculture to minimize financial losses and

maintain food supplies. According to Thuy et.al (2015), in Southeast Asia,

where agriculture is one of the predominant economic activities, pesticides

are considered essential, particularly in tropical regions seeking to enter the

global economy by providing off-season fresh fruits and vegetables.

Worldwide, it is estimated that approximately 1.8 billion people engage in

agriculture and most use pesticides to protect the food and commercial

products that they produce. Pesticides are a ubiquitous component of our

environment. Over 1 billion pounds of pesticides are used in United States

(US) each year and approximately 5.6 billion pounds are used worldwide
 19

(Alavanja, 2009). Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, commonly known as

DDT, was commonly used among American farmers on a variety of food

crops. Pesticides are commonly referred to by the functional class of active

ingredients and the type of organism that they are designed to control (e.g.

organophosphate insecticides, thiocarbamate herbicides, and triazine

herbicides). The introduction of other synthetic insecticides-

organophosphate (OP) insecticides in 1960’s, carbamates in 1970’s and

pyrethroids in 1980’s contributed greatly to pest control and agricultural

output (Aktar et.al, 2009).

Nearly all commercial formulations of pesticides are complex

mixtures of active and other ingredients. These ingredients contribute a wide

variety of substances used to increase its efficacy of the product. According

to National Pesticide Information (NPIC), there are approximately 51 active

ingredients added to a pesticide to make it more effective. Active ingredients

are chemicals in pesticide products that control, kill, or repel pest including

pyrethroid and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, which is a common

stimulants in pesticides. The usage of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane was

banned in America due to both concerns about harm to the environment and

the potential for harm to human health. Ideally, a pesticide must be lethal to

the targeted pest but not to non-target, including human. The controversy of
 20

use and abuse of pesticides has surfaced. The rampant use of these

chemicals, under the adage, “if little is good, a lot more will be better” has

played havoc with human and other life forms. If the credits of pesticides are

enhanced economic potential in terms of increased production of food and

fibre, and amelioration of vector-borne diseases, then their debits have

resulted in serious health implications to man and his environment. There is

now overwhelming evidences that some of these poses a potential risk to

humans and other life forms and unwanted side effects to the environment.

Pesticides can be acutely toxic and chronic toxic. Acutely toxic can cause

harmful or lethal effects after a single episode of ingestion, inhalation or skin

contact. The symptoms are evident shortly after exposure or can arise within

48 hours. On the other hand, pesticides can cause harmful effects over an

extended period, usually following repeated or continuous exposure at low

levels. Long term pesticide exposure has been linked to the development of

Parkinson’s disease; asthma; and cancer, including leukemia and non-

Hodgkins Lymphoma (Pesticide Action Network UK, 2018). In a study

conducted by Hu et.al (2015), in China, there were 183 varieties of

pesticides applied by the farmers between two rounds of health

investigations. Most of them are pyrethroid, organophosphates and others.

Clinical examinations consisted of general and neurological examinations.

 21

The high toxicity and heavy application of these pesticides produced effects

on farmers’ health. The survey result shows that 13% of 66 participants had

suffered at least one acute health problem during the pesticide application in

the farm fields during 2009-2011. The percentage of participants who

suffered from such health problems in Guangdong (23%) is higher than that

of Jiangxi and Hebei (8%). This maybe explained that farmers from

Guangdong used a greater amount of pesticides than those in the other

provinces. In the study conducted, there were extensive long term and short

term effects in farmers exposed to chemically treated pesticides. With these

effects, harmful pesticides were banned among countries.

Pests have evolved resistance to many of the current pesticides, often

by alterations in the molecular target site. Thus, pesticides with new

molecular target sites and mode of actions are needed. With the

advancement of technology, another type of pesticide, typically derived from

such natural materials such as animals, bacteria, and plants is rising. This

pesticide is named Bio-pesticide. Many compounds derived from living

organisms have found a use in managing pest. Bio-pesticides are naturally

occurring substances that controls pest by non-toxic mechanism and is less

toxic than a chemical pesticide. They tend to pose fewer risks than

chemically treated pesticides. Very small quantities can be effective and they
 22

tend to break down more quickly, which means less pollution. According to

Damalas and Koutruobas (2018), bio-pesticides have attracted attention in

pest management in recent decades, and have long been promoted as

prospective alternatives to chemical pesticides. Bio-pesticides are considered

as one of the eco-safe alternatives due to their biodegradation in nature,

multiple mode of action on insect pest and may not leave toxic residues.

Bio-pesticides have also attracted great interests in the international research

community, with a significant increase in the number of publications

devoted to the subject. Plants are a good source of chemical non-toxic

compounds, since many plant species have a defense mechanism and

produces secondary metabolites in order to survive in the eco-system. Plants

contain a virtually untapped reservoir of pesticides that can be used directly

or as templates for synthetic pesticides. Unquestionably, plant kingdom is

the storage centre for diversified secondary metabolites which are

synthesized by the plants itself and used as defensive weapons against pest

attack. In general, many plants contain wide spectrum of secondary

metabolites such as phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, quinomes, tannins,

alkaloids, saponins, coumarins and sterols which exhibits and helps the

efficacy of the plants against different pest species (Raja, 2015). In addition,

there are exactly 43 listed repellent species, 47 toxic plants, 21 feeding

 23

deterrent plant species, 37 grain protectant plants, 7 plants with insect

growth inhibitor, and 27 reproduction inhibitor plants. Present day shows

that bio-pesticides covers only 2% of the plant protectants used worldwide;

however, it shows great potential in the past two decades. According to

Kumar and Singh (2015), global production of bio-pesticides has estimated,

with a total of 3000 tons per year, which shows an immense growth. The

increasing request of residue-free agricultural produce and easier registration

than those chemically treated pesticides, are some of the key drivers of bio-

pesticides key market. In global perspective, the usage of bio-pesticide as an

alternative pesticide is increasing steadily over 10% every year. Pesticide

needs and the pesticide industry are changing. There is a growing

requirement to produce toxicologically and environmentally benign

pesticides. There is a strong desire to use “greener” chemistry in pest

management. More than 200 products are sold in US market, compared to

60 comparable products in EU. The North American Free Trade Agreement

(NAFTA) countries (USA, Canada, and Mexico) uses about 45% only of the

total bio-pesticides sold, while Asia lacks behind with a total of 5% bio-

pesticides sold. Others countries have amended their policies to decrease the

usage of chemically treated pesticides and to somehow promote the use of

bio-pesticides. Since the advent of bio-pesticide, a large number of products

 24

have been registered and released and some of them play a significant role in

the agro-market. To be acceptable, pesticides from organic materials must

not have strong toxicity towards non-target organisms, especially humans.

Yet, to be efficient, they must be highly toxic towards their intended targets.

There are numerous locally bio-pesticides plants including neem,

garlic and etc. The developments of bio-pesticides are prompted to replace

some of the chemically treated pesticides in managing pest for a safer,

sustainable crop production. Radish (Raphanus Sativum), is a cool season,

fast maturing, easy to grow vegetable. These garden vegetable can be grown

wherever there is a sun, moist, and fertile soil. There are eight common

varieties of radish, including white icicle radish, sparkler, cherry belle, white

beauty, French breakfast, early scarlet gold, Daikon-long white, fire and ice.

Radish was a common crop in Egypt, the Eastern Mediterranean Region,

China, and Middle Asia. Many ancient as well as modern names are known

in many languages, indicating the long history of cultivation of this plant.

China is believed to be the country of origin of this plant, since most of the

truly wild forms of radish have been found there. Middle Asia is said to be

the second origin of radish, where most of the different forms are developed

after introducing it to China in Pre- historic times. Radishes can also help

farmer, with its taproots that can grow several feet deep, the carrot shaped
 25

tillage or forage radishes bore holes into the ground loosening the soil

(Hannah, 2009). The radishes capture, store and then releases nutrients back

into the soil, so that they also can reduce the need for fertilizer. Aside from

being eaten, radishes are a good source of medicine. According to Natural

Medicinal Herbs, the roots stimulate the appetite and digestion, having a

tonic and laxative effect upon the intestines and indirectly stimulating the

flow of bile. Consuming the leaves, seeds and old roots are used in the

treatment of asthma and other chest complaints. The seed is carminative,

diuretic, expectorant, laxative, and stomachic. The roots are antiscorbutic,

antispasmodic, astringent, cholagogue, digestive, and diuretic. Radishes are

said to contain chemical constituents that can repel or kill pest. According to

Philippine Medicinal Plants (2015), phytochemical study of radish yielded

triterpenes, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponin, and coumarins. Parts

including leaf extracts yielded a total of ascorbic acid (0.000429 mg/g fw)

and foliar phenol content (0.0270 mg/g fw), together with alkaloids,

flavonoids, glycosides, tannin, phenolic compounds, triterpenoids, and

steroids. While root extracts also showed photosynthetic pigments (0.38

mg/g fw), ascorbic acid (0.0000825 mg/g fw) and foliar phenol (0.0375

mg/g fw), along with the presence of the alkaloids, glycosides, triterpenoids

and steroids but carbohydrates reducing sugars, flavonoids, tannin, phenolic

 26

compounds, saponin, proteins and amino acids are found to be absent. One

of the largest groups of chemical arsenals produced by plants is the

alkaloids. This compound often contains one or more rings of carbon atoms,

usually with a nitrogen atom in the ring. Alkaloids can act as defense

compounds in plants, being efficient against pathogens and predators due to

their toxicity. The alkaloids of plants have long offered a most interesting

and attractive field of research among chemist and physiologist. The subtle

chemistry of the vegetable cell evolves no objects more fascinating to study

than these “vegetable alkalis”, as Serturner first termed them; bodies usually

of high complex chemical structure, and often of appalling insecticidal

structure (Simmods, 1913).

On the other hand, tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum), is a flowering

plant of the nightshade family cultivated for its edible fruits. It’s a juicy,

nuritious fruit commonly eaten as a vegetable. Botanically, tomato belongs

to Solanaceae, which includes chili, peppers, potato, eggplants and etc. The

exact origin of tomato plant is not known, although it is speculated that it

evolved from the Pre-historic nightshade over millions of years ago in South

America and slowly moved to North until it was domesticated in the lands of

Mesoamerica between Mexico and Costa Rica (Vegetable Facts, 2018).

Nutritional data of tomatoes includes robust levels of Vitamin A (as beta-

 27

carotene), C, K, and Vitamin B. But nutritionally speaking, the main health

benefits of tomatoes come courtesy of a phytonutrient called Lycopene.

Lycopene is a pigment that is responsible for the reddish color of tomatoes

and the vibrant pinks seen in watermelon, grapefruit, papaya, and guava

(Sinatra, 2018). With its powerful content, some are driven to sell tomatoes.

This plant is considered one of the most consumed vegetables worldwide.

177 million tons of tomatoes were grown globally in 2016. Approximately, 5

million hectares of tomatoes have been planted on earth. Some of the largest

producers worldwide are China and India, although the yield in India is low

and stands below 2.5 kg per square meters. United States yields (9.03

kg/m2), Spain (8.62 kg/m2), and Morocco with (8.08 kg/m2). The Dutch

yields stands head and shoulders above the rest of the world, with

approximately 50.07 kg/m2 (Fresh Plaza, 2019). Locally speaking,

according to Philippine Statistics Authority (2019), the production of tomato

reached 95.30 metric tons, which has 3.9 percent higher than its 2018 same

quarter level of 91.69 thousand metric tons. Ilocos Region, the major

contributor and producer of fresh tomatoes, contributed 42.58 metric tons or

44.7% to the total production this quarter. The other major producing

regions are Central Luzon with 22.8% and Calabarzon with a total of 8.9%.

Like radish, tomato leaf has the capability of repelling and killing pest.
 28

Crude extracts from the tomatoes possess a pest resistance mechanism in

their grandulartrichomes (plant hairs) and the exudates they produce due to

the presence of a mixture of methyl ketones (MKs) that has insecticidal and

acaricidal properties. Such findings on the insecticidal performance of

tomato leaf extracts make tomato an attractive system for study against

vegetable insects that have developed resistance to all major classes of

modern pesticides (Antonious, 2016).

There are harmful effects associated with the use of chemically treated

pesticide such as toxicity and poisoning. Toxic pesticides also lead to

environmental pollution due to the unbiodegradable nature their constituent

compounds. Continuous use of toxic pesticides leads to development of

resistant plant pathogen strains leading to their resurgence. Humans apply

more chemicals in an effort to eradicate such pest. Some plants have been

found to contain compounds that are effective against several pests including

insects and fungi.

Based on method of extraction, botanical pesticides can either be plant

extracts or essential oils. According to Lengai and Muthomi (2018), the use

of natural products was overtaken by chemically treated pesticides due to

their efficacy, reliability and quick knock down effect. Bio-pesticides are

potential alternatives to chemically treated pesticides. Sources of bio-

 29

pesticides are readily available, easy biodegradable, exhibit various modes

of action, are less expensive and have low toxicity to humans and non-target

organisms. At times, toxicity effects can be both harmful and beneficial

depending on the ecological or pharmacological context (Matsuura and Fett-

Neto, 2015). Natural toxins are a source of new chemical classes of

pesticides, as well as environmentally and toxicologically safer molecules

than many of the currently used pesticides (Duke et.al., 2010).

Related Studies

In a study conducted by Yasumi et al. (2016), at Pesticide Research

Laboratory in Japan, Kochi University, about the effectivity of the Tomato

leaf extracts as pesticide to a melon thrips. In their experiment, when

methanol extract of tomato leaves was applied to the sucrose disc, the entire

subject died. It is concluded in their study, that tomato leaves contain an

anti-feedant or toxin because the lethal effect of the tomato leaf extracts was

not cancelled out by the addition of sucrose, which is a strong

phagostimulant and has a high nutritive value. The lethal activity was

concentrated in the N-butanol soluble fraction by means of liquid-liquid

extraction. Since the partially purified fraction expressed its activity only
 30

during exposure, and the insects survived when also provided with

alternative discs containing sucrose solution, the active substance appeared

to be an anti-feedant rather than a toxin.

A study was conducted with another variable. It tackles about the

usage of Tomato leaf extracts as a bio-pesticide. In a study conducted by

Elshaier et.al (2017), tomato extracts contains many contents of phenolic

and flavonoid compounds which were effective in control. Different little

concentrations of tomato leaf extract were applied in control of aphids and

cause high mortality rate proportion. In the study, the concentrations used

were 250, 500, 750, and 100 ppm and the mortality increased when the

concentration is increased, which was 27.5% with 250 ppm and reached

80% with 1000 ppm. The adult aphids were used for the application. Four

concentrations are used as well as four replicates for each concentration. 10

individuals of aphids for each replicate are applied to estimate the mortality

line. The percentage of mortality was recorded after one, three, five and

seven days, and the data were corrected relatively to control mortality rate.

Also the chemical composition of extract of tomato (Lycopersicum), was

characterized by GC/MS analysis which revealed the presence of 46

compounds, the major compound was phytol (16.03%). The results and

discussion were portrayed after the study. By data tables, Table 1

 31

demonstrated that, although the extracts concentrations were low, the

mortality rate of the adult aphids was high and when the concentrations

increased, the total mortality increased.

In a study conducted by Shanmugapriya et.al (2017), the peels of

radish (Raphanus Sativus) are used as a biological reducing agent in

synthesis of nano particles. Root, stem and leaf of the radish have shown

broad spectrum of antibacterial against food-borne disease and drug resistant

trades. Raphanin, the main component of Raphanus Sativus is reported to be

effective in inhibiting the development of Eschirichia coli. The present study

conform that the peel extracts of radish are a good reducing capping agent in

nanoparticles preparation. The silver nanoparticles synthesized using the

peel extracts of Raphanus Sativus were stable for more than a month.

Further studies on identification of active are need to find out the key

compound involved in actual reduction and capping process which ensures

the mono dispersion of nanoparticles. Further, the green synthesized silver

nanoparticles are much effective against the insect pest.

Another study was focused on the tomato leaf as an alternative

pesticide against spider mite. In a similar study conducted by Snyder (2006),

the potential of using phytochemicals from the leaves of tomato for

controlling two-spotted spider mite was observed. The researchers

 32

investigated differences in chemical compositions of the crude leaf extracts

that may explain the observed differences in mortality rate and repellency

among the different accessions. Lethality of extracts was mainly associated

with the presence of high concentrations of 2-tridecanone; repellency of

extracts was mainly associated with the presence of trans-caryophellene.

Leaf extracts of tomato leafs could be useful for managing populations of

spider mites, which could reduce reliance of chemically treated pesticides.

Among the major benefits of incorporating bio-pesticides into a

sustainable agriculture system is that they are generally more

environmentally friendly and do not damage the soil, water supply or the

wildlife, including the beneficial insects. The importance of nurturing a

standing army of beneficial insects can’t be overstated. In most cases, bio-

pesticides are not meant to replace traditional products but to be used in

rotation, thus lowering the amount of chemically treated pesticide being

applied. Overtime, insects and disease build resistance to pesticides. By

alternating the usage of toxic pesticides to bio-pesticides, the efficacy of the

bio-pesticide is extended.
 33

Conceptual Framework

TROPHOBIOSIS THEORY
By: France Chabossou (2007)

CHEMICALL BIO-
Y TREATED PESTICIDE
PESTICIDE

RADISH TOMATO LEAF/ RADISH TOMATO LEAF

EXTRACTS
Level of Performance EXTRACTS
Level of Performance
-100% Radish extract Level of Performance
-30% Radish; 70% tomato
- Time Duration -100% tomato leaf
leaf extracts extract
- Mortality Rate
-70% Radish; 30% tomato -Time Duration
leaf extracts
-Mortality Rate
-Both 50% -Mortality Rate

-Time Duration

ALTERNATIVE PESTICIDE/

SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE

ANALYSIS OF DATA

CONCLUSION

RECOMMENDATION

Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of the Conceptual Framework of the

study
 34

From figure1, the figure above shows the flow and the processes of the study

in which the researcher aims to know and investigate the effectivity of plants

as an alternative and potential source of pesticides against pest like ants. The

study was anchored with the “theory of evolutionary origins of pesticide

resistance”, which tackles about the evolution of pesticides in the pesticide

industry. Pesticides has evolved, in the notion that, pest can be resistant from

the current pesticide being used. The inclusion of two plants were tested and

experimented, which is the Radish extract and Tomato leaf extracts. On the

first box, radish extract was focused only. The extract from the tested radish

was focused with a 100% concentration. On the second box, the combined

elements of tomato leaf extracts and radish extracts. Different concentrations

were utilized, from 30% of radish extract and 70% from tomato leaf extracts,

70% from the radish extracts and 30% from the tomato leaf extracts, and

then both 50% of the plants extracts. In the third box, tomato leaf extracts is

utilized only. It uses a total of 100% concentration of the plant extract to

eliminate the population of the ants with its recorded time and mortality rate.

The researchers will analyze the data being gathered through the records and

will recorded during the experiment and then will draw its conclusions and

recommendation
 35

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides the research design, research locale, research

subject, research instrument, research materials and equipment, research

procedure and the statistical treatments that will be utilized in the study, to

answer the specific problems.

Research Design

This research study is a quantitative one since the question being

provided is answered only by numerical data. Quantitative method is the

appropriate to this research problem. This will allow the researchers to

develop a deeper understanding by collecting numerical data that is going to

be analyzed statistically. And also, quantitative method will grant the

researchers to examine and evaluate the effectiveness of the variables as

insect killer.

Furthermore, the researchers will be utilizing an experimental type of

design. The experimental design will enable the researchers to test the

hypothesis being presented, and then reaching and concluding valid reasons

about the relationships between the independent and dependent variables.

This design will succor the researchers to gather the important data, such as
 36

the efficacy of the insect killer in terms of time and termination. The

researcher will then analyze the gathered data, interpret and will showcase

the efficacy of the two main variables namely, radish (Raphanus Sativus)

and tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) leaves as a pesticide against ants and a

comparison to a commercial one.

In summary, the researchers will be using a quantitative method with

an experimental design in conducting the study. The usage of both method

and design will be a lot more suitable in the method of interpreting the data

being gathered such as the mortality rate and time difference of both

variables in killing and terminating the pest.

Research Locale

This study will be conducted at Cebu, Philippines. The production and

the analysis of the product of the study will be made in one of the

researcher’s house along P. Remedio St., Banilad, Mandaue City, Cebu. The

researchers chose the said location because the materials and the equipments

that are necessary is available and is more convenient for the researchers.

The place is the most convenient and comfortable one, in allowing the

researchers on easy accessibility, less traveling time, and is capable for this

kind of study.
 37

Figure 2. Satellite Vision of the P. Remedio St., Banilad, Mandaue City

Research Subject

The subject of this study is the ants. The insect will be utilized as a

subject in the manner of the sample for testing the presumed pesticide

product from the radish and tomato leaf extracts. The researchers will be

using one insect to determine the efficacy of the product through the

mortality rate and the time of termination of the pest.

Ants first appeared on earth between 140 to 168 million years ago,

during the Jurassic period- a time when dinosaurs roamed around the land
 38

and plant life consisted mostly of cones- and spore bearing species like pines

and ferns.

Common fire ant (Myrmica rubra) is Myrmicine ant. It is one of the

116 species recorded in this genus. Fire ants have several species in North

America. Among the most commonly reported are Myrmica detritinodis,

Myrmica incompleta, Myrmica emeryana, which makes the morphological

identification of the fire ants complicated. Common fire ants are an

adventive species found mainly in northeastern United States. It was first

discovered in Massachusetts in 1908 by Wheeler. This stinging ant species is

considered to be a potential health and ecological risk to the world. Fire ants

have become a significant pest in most countries. Primarily, because these

aggressive, stinging ants interfere with people’s use and enjoyment of their

properties, gardens and parks. These ants are extremely high densities

foraging both on herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees in combination with the

cryptic nature of their nest and. When disrupted, the ants will deliver a

painful sting which has in a few cases produces severe allergic reactions to

the venom including anaphylactic shock. It also appears to have a significant

effect in the natural ecosystems. Fire ants appears to be responsible for the

reduction of the ant diversity, richness, and abundance in infested areas, and

has also exacerbated populations of plant feeding hemipteran pest such as

 39

aphids and scales. With its intriguing growth and immense populace in the

society, the researchers then considered the fire ants as a pest.

Research Materials and Equipment

QUANTITY MATERIALS IMAGE DESCRIPTION

EQUIPMENT AND USAGE

A plant is being
2 Radish used by the
researchers as one of
the source of
alternative pesticide.

A plant is being
½ kilo Tomato leave used by the
researchers as one of
the source of
alternative pesticide.

The bottle used to

9 Spray Bottle spray the product
towards the insect

The thing to be used

1 Stock Pot for the boiling of
tomato leaves.
 40

The thing to be used

1 Strainer to strain the boiled
tomato leaves to get
its extracts.

To be used as a
¼ ml Kerosene solvent for the
solution.

To be used for the

1 Juicer extraction of the
radish extract.

To be used for the

1 Stove boiling of the tomato
leaves.

To be used as a cage
15 Plastic during the experiment.
Containers

To be used as a
1 meter Plastic Covers cover to secure the
subjects during the
experiment.

To be used when
300 ml Water boiling the tomatoes
leaves.
 41

To be used for the

1 Knife peeling of the skin of
the radish.

To be used to measure
3 Droppers the amount of
kerosene needed.

Research Instrument

Under the methodological section, the instrument that will be used by

the researchers to develop the study was observation and result listing. This

instrument is strictly performed within one day. The observation will be

used because the researchers will count the number of fire ants (Myrmica

rubra) that will die and will serve as a casualty of the experiment between

the comparison of the effectiveness of the radish and tomato leaf extracts

and the commercialized pesticide. The ants will be considered as dead when

it is not moving anymore or it is not responsive to the action of application

from the researchers. The observation of this activity from the ants is

observed through touching the ants inside the containers and inspect for any

movements. These inspections are done every one hour (1) and are inspected
 42

hourly. Alongside with each death, data gathering is also done by tabulations

of the different number of deaths of the research subjects in one hour (1).

The listing of these data is done through hard copy by pencils and paper and

will also be done through a digital version by typing down the data into the

researchers recording tools such as cell phones and laptops.

Research Procedure

Collection of the Research Subject

Collection of Fire ants (Myrmica rubra)

The researcher will be gathering the research subject from a house

near to the extraction of both main variables and experimentation will occur.

The researchers will be collecting a total of 180 fire ants (Myrmica rubra)

for the entire research experiment process.

Collection of Main Ingredients

Radish (Raphanus Sativus)

The researchers will be going to SM Hypermarket and will purchase a

total of 2 (two) radishes for two hundred pesos (200). This will be enough

for the entire research process.

 43

Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) Leaves

The researchers will be going to find some people who has well-

cultivated gardens. It will be hard for the researchers to find some fresh

leaves sold in market since most of the time, the sellers are up only for the

fruit not on the leaves. The researchers will need a total of ½ kilo of fresh

leaves for the extracts as an alternative pesticide.

Kerosene

The researchers will be going to a sari-sari store near to the

experimentation and extraction of both main variables, since it’s typical for

most sari-sari store to have kerosene being sold. The researchers will need a

total of ¼ kilo of kerosene for the entire research process.

Preparing the cage for the gathered insects

The researchers will be having a total of fifteen (15) containers each

replicates and the researchers will be sanitizing them. The researchers will

be making a cover out of plastic covers to avoid escaping of the subject.

Moreover, the researchers will be making tiny holes on the covers so that the

oxygen can pass through the container.

 44

Preparing the main variables

Radish (Raphanus Sativus)

The radish’s skin will be peeled of using a knife, because the skin of

the radish is not part of the process in making an alternative pesticide. When

it’s done, it will be set aside for, for the next part, for the extraction.

Tomato (SolanumLycopersicum) Leaves

The fresh tomato leaves will be taken from the plant-tomato. This will

be done using a knife to secure that the leaves must not be damaged. Just

like the radish, it will be set aside first, as preparation for the next part, the

extraction.

Extraction

Radish (Raphanus Sativus)

The pure radish will be contained inside a juicer. The researchers will

use the juicer to extract the juice of the radish to be used in the experiment
 45

Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) Leaves

The tomato leaves will be contained inside a stockpot with water. The

researchers will use flame in order to make the tomato leaves get softened,

which is necessary for the extraction of the extracts of the tomato leaves.

Making the solution

After the extraction, the last one is the making of solution. The first

solution will be a pure radish extract. In making this product, the researchers

will be preparing a total of three (3) empty spraying bottles with different

concentrations of radish extract. A total of 30%, 60%, and 90% will be

contained inside the three (3) spraying bottle. After that, the researchers will

be pouring five (5) drops of kerosene, in each of the bottles. The researchers

will be using kerosene since it is somehow a chemical that will aid the

effectiveness of the first solution. Lastly, the researchers will be soaking the

solutions for a week, so that the extract of the radish and the solvent which is

the kerosene will be well-blended.

The second solution will be a pure tomato leaf extract. In making this

product, the researchers will be preparing a total of three (3) empty spraying

bottles with different concentrations of tomato leaf extract. A total of 30%,

 46

60%, and 90% will be contained inside the three (3) spraying bottles. The

researchers will be using the same amount of kerosene as a solvent. Lastly,

the researchers will be soaking the solutions for a week, so that the extract of

the tomato leaf and the solvent which is the kerosene will be well-blended.

The third solution will be having the two main variables. In making

this product, the researchers will be preparing a total of three (3) empty

spraying bottles with different concentrations of both plants. The first

spraying bottle will be containing a total of 30% radish and 70% of the

tomato leaf extracts, with three (5) drops of kerosene. The second one will

be containing a total of 70% radish and 30% of the tomato leaf extracts with

three (5) drops of kerosene. The last one will be containing both 50% of the

extracts, with the same number of drops from the kerosene. And then, the

researchers will be soaking the solutions for a week.

The last solution will be pure commercial pesticide. The researchers

will need three different concentrations from the product. The first spraying

bottle will be containing a total of 30%, the second bottlewill be 60% and

the last one will be 90%.

 47

Set-up Preparations

The researchers will be setting each container in a flat table. The

container must be secured with the use of the plastic cover, to ensure that the

fire ants must not escape during and after the process. Each replicates must

have equal numbers or population of the subjects. The containers will be

containing a total of 10 adult fire ants. All soaked solutions will be placed in

a table, arranged according to their usage and type.

Data Gathering Procedure

Mortality rate

The researchers will be spraying all the solutions which come from

the pure radish extract with kerosene, tomato leaf with kerosene, radish and

tomato leaf with kerosene, and the commercialized pesticide towards the

populace of the fire ants without contact. After spraying, the researchers will

be waiting for the solutions to take effect on the fire ants, and then recording

the mortality rate. Take note, the researchers will be setting a timer at the

exact time the fire ants will be sprayed with the solutions to record the time.

The indicators that the fire ants are terminated effectively are that they will

be not moving after the solutions being sprayed.

 48

Time of Death

The researchers will be setting the timers to zero (0) and at the very

moment the fire ants will be sprayed with pure radish extract with kerosene,

tomato leaf extract with kerosene, the mixture of both mentioned ingredients

and the commercial pesticide in different containers of fire ants at a time in

order for the researchers to observe clearly and properly. The researchers

will be starting the timer at the very moment the fire ants will be sprayed and

will be observing each one of the containers containing the subjects together

with the recording of the span of time it took for the fire ants to die.

Efficacy of the Product

To find the efficacy of the product, the researcher will be basing on

the results of the test on the mortality rate and the time of death of the fire

ants. If all of the subjects in each container are terminated and the faster the

fire ants are killed, the more the product will be effective. All replicates will

be done one day only.

Statistical Treatment

Statistical treatment is a process of formulating a hypothesis,

constructing the instrument and collecting data used to properly test the

hypothesis, answer questions, and present the results of the study in a clear
 49

and understandable manner. A quantitative research deals more with the

numerical data andit is logical to use statistical treatment. In this study, the

researchers will be utilizing statistical tool.

1. For problems nos. 1-3 and 5, ANOVA will be utilized.

To find the degrees of freedom:

𝑑𝑓b= 𝑘 − 1,

𝑑𝑓w = 𝑁 − 𝑘,

Where:

dfb= degree of freedom between,

dfw = degree of freedom within,

k = number of groups, and

N = number of samples.

To compute for the sum of squares of group variance;

2
(∑ 𝑥)
SSr= Ʃx2 — ,
𝑁
 50

2
𝑇12 𝑇22 2
𝑇𝑚 (∑ 𝑥)
SSr = ( + + ⋯+ )− ,
𝑛 2 𝑛2 𝑛𝑚 𝑁

SSr = 𝑆𝑆𝑇 − 𝑆𝑆𝑏 ,

Where:

SST = total sum of squares,

SSb = sum of squares of between group,

SSw = sum of squares of within group,

x = each of the item value,

N = total number of samples,

T1 = total values in group 1,

T2 = total values in group 2,

Tm = total values in group “m”,

n1 = number of samples in group one,

n2 = number of samples in group two,

nm = number of samples in group “m”,

 51

2
= “square of”, and

Ʃ = “the sum of”.

2. For problem no. 4, the t-test for two independent samples will be

utilized.

𝑥̅ 1 − 𝑥̅2
t=
𝑥 2𝑥 2
√ 1+ 2
𝑛1 𝑛2

Where:

t = computed t-test,

𝑥̅1 = mean of the first group,

𝑥̅2 = mean of the second group,

s1 = standard deviation of the first group,

s2 = standard deviation of the second group,

n1 = number of sample for the first group, and

n2 = number of sample for the second group.

 52

Furthermore, the researchers will manipulate manual counting. For

better and more reliable analysis, set of statistical software will be utilized.

For the hypothesis testing, an alpha (α) level of 0.05 will be used as a margin

of error. In this case, the null hypothesis will be accepted once the p-value is

greater that (α), on the other hand, the said kind of hypothesis will be

rejected once the p-value is lower than the 0.05.

 53

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and-biological-sciences/biopesticide
 57

Vegetable Facts (2019). History of Tomatoes. Retrieved on August 12, 2019,

from the website: http://www.vegetablefacts.net/vegetable-

history/history-of-tomatoes/
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APPENDIX A

Transmittal letter