Vector-Introduction

VECTOR

VECTORS
INTRODUCTION OF VECTOR

MATHEMATIC
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Vector-Introduction

Location and Representation of Vectors

VECTOR
Let us take a vector connecting a point in three
dimensional space to origin
z
P(x, y, z)
z
x O Q y
x
M y N

OP connects the origin to point P.

OP can be expressed in terms of x i^, y ^ ^

j & z k.
MATHEMATIC
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Vector-Introduction
Location and Representation of Vectors

VECTOR

z
P(x, y, z)
z
x O Q y
x
M y N

OP connects the origin to point P.

MATHEMATIC
OP can be expressed in terms of x i^, y ^ ^
jS& z k.
Vector-Introduction

Unit
VECTOR
Vector
A vector of magnitude 1 in the direction of a vector a is called unit
vector along a
It is denoted by ^
a ^ a
=
a |a|

^i is the unit vector in the direction of x – axis

^j is the unit vector in the direction of y – axis

^ is the unit vector in the direction of z – axis

k
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Q. Find unit vector of
Q. Find unit vector of

Solution:
Vector-Introduction

VECTOR

POSITION VECTOR OF A POINT

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Vector-Introduction

Position vector of a point

VECTOR
A vector formed by joining origin to the point P is called position vector of point P.
y ^k
z
^j + P(x, y, z)
^i +y
x

z x
p= x ^i + y ^j + z ^k

Initially we represented a point by triplet

(x, y, z). But from now on a point will be
MATHEMATIC
represented by position vector
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Vector-Introduction
Vector formed by two position vectors
VECTOR

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Vector-Introduction
Vector formed by two position vectors
A ( a )AB = b – a
VECTOR B(b )
Two position vectors A (a) and B(b) gives one free vector AB

AB = Position vector of B – position vector of A

AB = b – a O

Similarly, DC = Position vector of C – Position vector of D

C( c ) DC = c – d D ( d )
DC = c – d

MATHEMATIC
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Vector-Introduction

Example Let there be three points A (1, 2, 3), B(1, –2, 4) and C (0, –1, 2), then find
VECTOR
(i) Position vector of A, B, C
(ii) AB , BA , CB , AC

MATHEMATIC
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Vector-Introduction

Example Let there be three points A (1, 2, 3), B(1, –2, 4) and C (0, –1, 2), then find
VECTOR
(i) Position vector of A, B, C
(ii) AB , BA , CB , AC
^
Solution (i) Position vector of A = ^i + 2j^ + 3k
Position vector of B = ^
^i – 2j^ + 4k
^ ^
Position vector of C = – j + 2k

(ii) AB = Position vector of B – Position vector of A

^ – (i^ + ^ + ^
= ^i – 2j^ + 4k 2j 3k)

^ ^
AB = – 4j + k MATHEMATIC
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Vector-Introduction

Now, BA = Position vector of A – Position vector of B

= ^i + 2j^ + 3k VECTOR
^ – (i^ – ^ + ^
2j 4k)

BA = 4j^ – ^k As you can notice BA = – AB

AC = Position vector of C – Position vector of A

^ – (i^ + ^ + ^
= –^j + 2k 2j 3k)
^ ^ ^
AC = – i – 3j – k

CB = Position vector of B – Position vector of C

^ ^+ ^ ^
= ^i – 2j + 4k – (– j + 2k)
MATHEMATIC
CB = ^i – ^j + 2k
^
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Vector-Introduction

ADDITION OF VECTORS
VECTOR
Triangle law of addition

MATHEMATIC
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Vector-Introduction

Addition of vectors
VECTOR
Triangle law of addition
If two vectors are represented in magnitude and direction by two sides of a
triangle taken in same order, then their sum is represented by third side
taken in reverse order..

c b c = a+b

Sum of vectors a and b is denoted by a + b and

a MATHEMATIC
is also called as resultant of a and b
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Vector-Introduction

Parallelogram law of addition

VECTOR

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Vector-Introduction

Parallelogram law of addition

VECTOR
If two vectors are represented in magnitude and direction by two adjacent sides of
a parallelogram then their sum is represented by the diagonal of the parallelogram
which is co initial with the given vectors.

a c =a + b

b c
b
b

a MATHEMATIC
a
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Vector-Introduction

Polygon law of addition

VECTOR

MATHEMATIC
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Vector-Introduction

Polygon law of addition

VECTOR
If vectors are represented in magnitude and direction by the sides of a
polygon taken in same order, then their sum is represented by the side
closing them in reverse order.
d
c These laws gives the direction in
e
which the resultant will be present
b
a
These laws aren’t used while doing simple vector addition like
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
MATHEMATIC
∧
i + 2j + 3k + (2i – j – 2k) = 3i +j+k
∧ ∧ ∧

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Vector-Introduction

VECTOR
PROPERTIES OF ADDITION OF VECTORS

MATHEMATIC
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Vector-Introduction

Example If ABCD is a rhombus whose diagonals cut at the origin O,

VECTOR
then find the value of OA + OB + OC + OD

MATHEMATIC
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Vector-Introduction

Example If ABCD is a rhombus whose diagonals cut at the origin O,

VECTOR
D then find the value of OA + OB + OC + OD

A C
O

B
Since diagonals of rhombus bisect each other
∴ OA = –OC and OB = –OD

OA + OB + OC + OD MATHEMATIC
= 0
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Vector-Introduction

Example If C is mid point of AB and P is any point outside AB then

VECTOR
find the value of PA + PB in terms of PC

MATHEMATIC
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Vector-Introduction

Example If C is mid point of AB and P is any point outside AB then

VECTOR
find the value of PA + PB in terms of PC
P
By triangle law, PA + AC = PC
and PB + BC = PC
PA + PB + AC + BC = 2PC
A C B
Since C is the mid point AC = –BC
PA + PB – BC + BC = 2PC

PA + PB = 2PC
MATHEMATIC
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Vector-Introduction
Q. If a & b are the vectors determined by 2 adjacent sides of regular
VECTOR
hexagon. Then find the vectors determined by other sides taken
in order.

MATHEMATIC
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Vector-Introduction
Q. If a & b are the vectors determined by 2 adjacent sides of regular
VECTOR
hexagon. Then find the vectors determined by other sides taken
in order.
E
D
Solution
: O
F
C Angle AOB = 60°

A B
∴ AO=OB=AB
∴ AO + OD = AD = 2BC
MATHEMATIC
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Vector-Introduction
Q. If a & b are the vectors determined by 2 adjacent sides of regular
VECTOR
hexagon. Then find the vectors determined by other sides taken
in order. E –a D
Solution –b DE is equal to AB
: F but direction is
2b
b C
a+ Opposite. DE = –AB
b
A a B

DE = – a and EF = – b
Similarly EF = –BC
By using Triangle law, AC = a + b
In Regular Hexagon, AD = 2BC and in the
same direction ∴ AD = MATHEMATIC
2b
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Vector-Introduction

Now, in ΔACD a + b + x = 2b
VECTOR
E –a D x = b – a
–b x
F CD = b – a
2b

b C
–x a+
A B b As F = – CD
a
A
F = a –b
A

MATHEMATIC
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Vector-Introduction

VECTOR

DIRECTION AND MAGNITUDE OF

RESULTANT VECTOR

MATHEMATIC
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Vector-Introduction

Angle which resultant make with a.

VECTOR
| b | sin θ b
tan β = = a+
c b |b|sinθ
| a | + | b | cos θ
β θ

a | b |cosθ

Complete the right angled

triangle find the sides using trigonometry
MATHEMATIC
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Vector-Introduction

b
VECTOR
Magnitude of resultant of addition of two vectors
= a+ |b|sinθ
c b
β θ
|a+b| = √| a |2 +| b |2 + 2| a || b |cosθ
a | b |cosθ

Magnitude of resultant of subtraction of two vectors

b
a θ

|a – b| = √ | a |2 + | b |2 – 2| a || b |cosθ

b sinθ
a– –b
b
MATHEMATIC
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Vector-Introduction

VECTOR

PROBLEMS ON ADDITION OF VECTORS

MATHEMATIC
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Vector-Introduction
Q. If the sum of 2 unit vectors is a unit vector, then prove that the
VECTOR
magnitude of their difference is√3

MATHEMATIC
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Vector-Introduction
Q. If the sum of 2 unit vectors is a unit vector, then prove that the
VECTOR
magnitude of their difference is√3

Solution | a |2 = | b |2 = |a + b|2 =1
:
|a + b|2 = |a|2 + |b|2 + 2|a||b|cosθ
1 = 1 + 1 + 2 cosθ
cosθ = –1
2
θ = 1200

MATHEMATIC
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Vector-Introduction

|a – b| = √ |a|2 + VECTOR
|b|2 – 2|a| |b|cosθ

–1
= √ 1 + 1 – 2(1)(1)
2

=
√1+1+1
|a – b|=√ 3 Proved !!

MATHEMATIC
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