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LIGHT enables us to
see Objects. The sun,
a lighted candle and
electric bulb give out
the light. They are
called luminous What is Light?
bodies.
or
Waves? Particles?
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In the17th century, two scientists had different views
about the nature of light ……
Light is
particles
No! Light
is waves
He showed that light rays interfere with each other; such behavior
could not be explained by particles.
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WAVE or PARTICLES?
In the 1860’s, Maxwell developed a mathematical model of
electromagnetism.
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Double Slit
Experiment for
Particles
If each electron passes individually through one slit, with what does it
"interfere?" Although each electron arrives at the target at a single
place and time, it seems that each has passed through.
Thus, the electron is understood in terms of a wave-particle duality
(Quantum-Mechanic Theory)
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On macroscopic scales, we can treat a large number of photons
as a wave.
When dealing with subatomic phenomenon, we are often dealing
with a single photon, or a few.
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As a conclusion, the scientists have observed that light
energy can behave;
• Either like a wave as it moves through space, OR
• It can behave like a discrete particles with a discrete
amount of energy(quantum) that can be absorbed and
emitted.
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Therefore, there are two THEORY OF LIGHT which explain
the nature of light:
1) Wave Theory – Light as a wave
2) Particle Theory – Light as a particle (photon)
Theory of Light
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Supported by;
1 cycle
1 wavelength
1 period
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PROPERTIES OF LIGHT WAVES
4. Period (T) - the duration of one cycle . It is reciprocal of
frequency. (Unit: second, s) 1
T
f
5. Wave Number ( ⱱ ) - the number of waves spread in a
length of one meter . It is reciprocal of wavelength.
(unit: m-1) 1
v
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHT WAVES
Light wave could diffract and interfere as shown in
Thomas Young’s Double-Slit Experiment.
Diffraction Interference
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHT WAVES
The propagation of light through space can be
described in term of a traveling wave motion.
Elliptical
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Supported by;
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Particle Theory explain that the particle PHOTON as a
nature of light.
Photon = Packet of
Energy = Wave Packet
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHT PHOTON
Photon has no mass and electrical charge.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHT PHOTON
Photon has a wavelike character that determines its
localization properties in space and time, and the rules
by which it interferes and diffracts.
Photon are always in motion.
Photons can produces :-
Infrared Light
Visible Light (e.g: sunlight)
Ultraviolet (UV) Light - UVa & UVb rays that give you
sunburns
X – rays
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHT PHOTON
According to quantum theory, a photon has an energy, E
given by;
E = hf = hc/λ (unit: Joule,J)
Where, h = Planck’s Constant = 6.625 x 10-34 J/s
c = velocity of light = 3 x 108 m/s
λ = wavelength of light (in meter)
Question 2
Find the energy of a photon travelling with 200 THz frequency
and its momentum.
(answ: E = 1.325 x 10-19 J , p = 4.42 x 10-28
Js/m)
Question 3
Given the momentum of photon is 6.84 x 10-28. Find the
frequency of photon.
(answ: f = 309.7 THz)
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHT PHOTON
The Energy (E) of the light photon is proportional to the
frequency (f) and inversely proportional to the wavelength (λ).
For example, BLUE ray has more energy than RED ray
because BLUE ray has higher frequency and shorter
wavelength. (please refer to Table 1.1)
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHT PHOTON
Photon can interacts with other particles such as electrons,
protons, neutrons etc.
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Figure 1.3: Photoelectric Effect
The increasing of frequency will increase the energy of photon.
Therefore, the photons of BLUE light could eject the electrons
compare to RED light because the BLUE light has higher frequency.
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The range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation is
called the Electromagnetic Spectrum.
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Visible light is a small part of the energy range of
Electromagnetic waves.
The whole range is called the Electromagnetic
spectrum and visible light is in the middle of it.
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E = hf = hc/
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The higher the frequency of the light, the higher the energy
of the wave.
Since color is related to frequency and wavelength, there is
also a direct relation between color and energy.
Shorter
Wavelength
Higher
Frequency
Increasing
Energy
Increasing
Frequency
Increasing
Energy
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Definition: LIGHT is a special kind of
electromagnetic energy with a wavelength
range from 380nm to 740nm (visible light).
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1. Light travels in a straight line.
For example, the light from candle through pin hole lies in a
straight line.
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6. Light has different phenomena when it interact with other
objects such as;
Energy from
outside
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We model the energy of an atom with the electrons.
A nucleus of an atom is surrounded by electrons that in
their orbits/shells.
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When all the electrons are in “unexcited” or ground
state, the atom is assumed at the lowest energy level
(atom is stable).
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The term "black body" was introduced by Gustav
Kirchhoff in 1860. Then, have been analyzed by Max Planck
(1900) he came out his Planck’s Quantum Theory.
Definition: Blackbody is an idealized physical body which
absorbs and emits the radiation of energy completely.
No electromagnetic radiation passes through it and none
is reflected.
Question 2
Calculate the power radiated by a blackbody at room
temperature of 82°F, emissivity = 0.7 and surface area is
1m2.
(answer: WG = 325.494 Watts)
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There are two types of System International (SI) unit of light;
• Radiometry
• Photometry
Radiometry
• Radiometry is a field of detection and measurement of light
energy.
• It uses a standardized system for characterizing the radiant
energy.
Photometry
• Photometry is the astronomical measurement of brightness or
intensity and colour.
• It measured as the amount of light energy that strikes a certain
surface area on the earth over a certain period of time.
Below Table 1.2 shows the differences between unit of Radiometry
and Photometry.
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Radiometric term Photometric term
Symbol (SI units) Definition
and units and units
Luminous Energy
Q Radiant Energy (J)
(talbot)
Quantity of energy
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Illuminance I(E)
• Illuminance is the total luminous power incident on a
surface, per unit area
• It is a measure of the intensity of the incident light.
• Unit SI : Lux (lx) OR lm/m2
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Luminance (L)
• Luminance is a measure of the luminous intensity per unit
area of light travelling in a given direction.
• It describes the amount of light is emitted from a particular
area, and falls within a given solid angle.
• Unit SI : cd/m2 or lm/sr.m2
• Luminance is often used to characterize reflection of light
from flat or diffuse surfaces.
• The luminance indicates how much luminous power will be
perceived by an eye looking at the surface from a particular
angle of view.
• Luminance is an indicator of how bright the surface will
appear (the measurement of Brightness).
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