The Reason Behind

1 Bucket full of water feels lighter

when it's immersed in water.
When objects are placed in water they weigh less because of
buoyancy. Buoyancy is the upward force all liquids and gases
exert on any object immersed in them in the presence of gravity.
Archimedes’ principle states that the force pushing an object
under the water, is equal to the mass of the water the object is
pushing out of the way. So objects seem lighter because the
water is actually pushing the object up.

Weight Weight

Float
Sink

Buoyanct
Force Buoyanct
Force

1
 The Reason Behind

2 Mango tree is more complex organism

than bacteria and mushroom.
A mango tree is more complex and evolved than a bacteria and a
mushroom. It is a eukaryotic, autotrophic, terrestrial sporophyte
with covered seeds. The bacteria is unicellular prokaryote and fungi
are the heterotrophic, simple Thallophyta with no tissue systems.

3 Snake and turtle are in the same class.

Turtle and snake, both belong to the same class because both
are cold-blooded, have scales, breathe through lungs, have
three-chambered heart and they lay eggs with tough covering.

2
 The Reason Behind

4 Gold foil was selected by Rutherford

in alpha-particle scattering.
Gold is a highly malleable metal which means it can be hammered and
converted into very thin sheets. As the thickness of the sheet
decreases, the possibility of the correctness of the experiment
increases. If the foil were too thick, there would be no transmission
of particles at all. Rutherford wanted to study the interaction of alpha
particles with the atoms so it was important for alpha particles to
come very close to the atoms and hence a very thin sheet of gold was
required.

3
 The Reason Behind

5 Protozoans are called early animals.

Protozoans are regarded as early or primitive animals because
they exhibit a cellular level of organization, they live as parasites
and move with the help of flagella or cilia, they are microscopic
and exhibit a primitive mode of reproduction (fission, budding or
conjugation).

4
 Statistically!!
Solve the following questions
01. The mean of 38 observations is 12. While calculating the same,
one observation, 57 was misread as 75. Find the correct mean.
a. 11.85 b. 11.48
c. 11.01 d. 11.52

02. The scores of 7 students in a class test are given below:

70, 66, 72, 96, 46, 90, 50
Find the following:
a. the mean
b. the sample standard deviation

03. Look at the chart below which shows the number of ice cream
cones sold at Morty’s Ice Cream Parlor from Monday through
Friday and answer the following questions,

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

Vanilla 15 19 16 18 17
Strawberry 12 15 13 14 14
Chocolate 22 23 24 18 22

a. What is the mean sale for vanilla?

b. What is the mean sale for all flavors on Monday?

5
 Statistically!!

04. The daily wages of 50 workers in a factory are given below:

Daily Wages 140 - 180 180 - 220 220 - 260 260 - 300 300 - 340 340 - 380
(Rupees)
No. of 16 9 12 2 7 4
Workers

Construct a histogram to represent the above frequency distribution.

05. In a survey, the number of diabetic patients in a village with

respect to their ages were noted as:

Age in Years 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

No. of Patients 2 5 12 19 9 4

Represent the above data by a frequency polygon.

6
 Statistically!!

06. In an office, 40 engineers are put to work for the following

number of hours in a week as shown below,

6 3 10 20 25 11 13 7 12 32
18 10 12 18 17 11 32 17 16 2
9 8 7 9 2 5 12 15 18 4
11 13 6 8 7 15 16 7 6 13

Construct a grouped frequency distribution table with class

size 5 for the data given above taking the first interval as 0-5
(5 not included). Also, determine the class interval(s) which
have same frequencies.

07. Given the data set

62, 65, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 96, 101.
Find the following:
a. the median b. the first quartile
c. the third quartile d. the interquartile range (IQR).

7
 Problems Abound
Solve the following questions
01. In figure, ∠B = ∠E, BD = CE and ∠1 = ∠2. Show that ΔABC ≅ ΔAED.

02. In ΔABC, the medians CD and BE are produced respectively to P and T

such that CD = DP and BE = ET. Show that the points P, A, T are collinear
and that A is the mid-point of PT.

03. Prove that the quadrilateral formed by the bisectors of the four
angles of a parallelogram is a rectangle.

04. If (4x - y) is a multiple of 3, show that 4x2 + 7xy - 2y2 is divisible by 3.

05. If a + b + c = 11 and ab + bc + ac = 25, then find the value of

a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc.

8
 Problems Abound

06. The points (0, 0), (0, 5), (4, 8), (4, 3) are joined to form a
quadrilateral. Find the type of quadrilateral.

07. AB is a line segment and P is its mid-point. D and E are points on

the same side of AB such that ∠BAD = ∠ABE and ∠EPA = ∠DPB.
Show that ΔDAP ≅ ΔEBP

9
 Gravitation

1 A man is whirling a stone tied with a string in a horizontal

circular path. If the string breaks, the stone

A. will continue to move in the circular path

B. will move along a straight line towards the center of the
circular path
C. will move along a straight line tangential to the circular path
D. will move along a straight line perpendicular to the circular
path away from the man

M,m
2 In the relation F = G d2 , the quantity G

A. depends on the value of g at the place of observation

B. is used only when the earth is one of the two masses
C. is greatest at the surface of the earth
D. is universal constant of nature

10
 Gravitation

3 Two particles are placed at some distance. If the mass of each of

the two particles is doubled, keeping the distance between them
unchanged, the value of gravitational force between them will be

A. 1 times
4
B. 4 times F1 F2
M1 M2
1
C. 2 times
D. remains unchanged r

4 The weight of an object at the center of the earth is:

(R=radius of earth)

A. zero
B. infinite
C. R times the weight at the surface of the earth
D. 1/R2 times the weight at surface of the earth

11
 Gravitation

5 An object weighs 10 N in air. When immersed fully in water, it weighs

only 8 N. The weight of the water displaced by the object is

A. 2N
B. 8N
C. 10 N
D. 12 N

6 An apple falls from a tree because of gravitational attraction

between the earth and apple. If F1 is the magnitude of force exerted
by the earth on the apple and F2 is the magnitude of force exerted by
apple on earth, then

A. F1 is very much greater than F2

B. F2 is very much greater than F1
C. F1 is only a little greater than F2

12
 Gravitation

7 An object is put one by one in three liquids having different

densities. The object floats with 91 , 211 , 73 and parts of their
volumes outside the liquid surface in liquids of densities d1, d2
and d3 respectively. Which of the following statement is correct?

A. d1 > d 2 > d 3
B. d1 > d 2 < d 3
C. d1 < d 2 > d 3
D. d1 < d 2 < d 3

13
 Physics Refresher

1 If the average velocity of a body is equal to the mean of its

initial and final velocities then acceleration of the body is:

A. uniform B. variable
C. uniformly variable D. zero

2 A car travels half the distance with speed of 20 m/s and the
other half with speed of 30 m/s. The average speed of the car
during the whole journey is:

A. 0 m/s B. 24 m/s
C. 23 m/s D. 22 m/s

3 A body is moving on a square track of side 1 m. It completes one

revolution in 40 seconds. Calculate its displacement in 4 minutes:

A. √2 m B. √3 m
C. 0m D. 24 m

14
 Physics Refresher

4 An athlete runs over a certain distance before taking a long jump,

because due to this:

A. his mass gets decreased, so he can jump over a long distance.

B. he gains inertia of motion so he can take a longer jump.
C. he gets the power from his shoes so he can take a longer jump.
D. he follows law of conservation of linear momentum.

5 Due to the rotation of earth, acceleration due to gravity at poles:

A. increases B. decreases
C. remains constant D. may increase or decrease

15
 Physics Refresher

6 If earth shrinks slightly then the value of acceleration due to gravity

at the surface will:

A. increase B. decrease
C. remains unchanged D. may increase or decrease

7 If the density of earth increases by 20% and radius decreases by 20%

then the new value of “g” on the surface of earth will be:

A. 0.80 g B. 0.90 g
C. 0.96 g D. g

16
 Inside an Atom

1) Label the parts a, b, and c on the diagram given below:

-
-

-
-
+ c.
+
++
+

a. b.

2) If an atom has 35 protons in the nucleus, how many

electrons will it have orbiting the nucleus?

3) Complete the table given below:

Particle Charge on Mass of Symbol Location in

the Particle the particle the atom
1. Electron ______ ______ -10e outside the
nucleus
2. Proton ______ 1.673 × 10-27 kg +1p1 ______
1u
3. Neutron No charge ______ ______ in the nucleus

17
 Inside an Atom

4) Which among the following isotopes is used as nuclear

fuel?

207
A. Pb B. 235U
179
C. Hf D. 167Er

5) What do you call the atoms of different elements having

different atomic number but same mass number?
Give examples.

6) Why are Bohr’s orbits called stationary states?

7) A sodium atom has one valence electron. Do you think it

is more likely for a sodium atom to lose one electron or
gain 7 electrons to attain an octet outer shell electronic
configuration?

18
 Diversity in Living Organisms

1. The mode of nutrition in fungi is:

A. Only Saprotrophic B. Saprotrophic or parasitic
C. Only Parasitic D. None of the above
2. In which of the following, the reproductive organs are hidden
A. Cryptogamae B. Phanerogamae
C. Gymnosperms D. Angiosperms
3. Which sub group in plant kingdom produces flowers
A. Angiosperms B. Gymnosperms
C. Ferns D. Mosses
4. What is the mode of nutrition in bacteria?
A. Autotroph B. Heterotroph
C. Autotroph and heterotroph D. Saprotroph
5. Which organisms belong to the kingdom Monera?
6. Why are thallophytes called non-embryonic plants?
7. Why are lichens called dual organisms?

19
 A Little Bit About Cells

1. Name the two types of cells given above.

2. Name the labelled organelles in both the cells and write the
functions of each organelle.
3. What are the three different organelles in the second image.
Write their functions.
4. What is the difference between X and A.
5. Protoplasm found inside the nucleus is known as______.
6. Which one of the following organelles digests the old
organelles that are no longer useful to the cells?
7. Plasmodesmata are located in narrow areas of _______.

20
 Visualizing the Basics

1 1. According to the diagram, what were the conclusions from the

observations of Rutherford’s gold foil experiment?
� - Rays Electron

+
Small Deflection

No Deflection
Large Deflection
Back Deflection

+ -

i. Name the two atoms in the image given above.

ii. What does the positive and negative sign imply?
iii. What is the final product?

21
 Visualizing the Basics

i. Label A and B in the given diagram.

ii. Identify the organism and its kingdom.
iii. Name two other organisms belonging to this kingdom.

4 Draw a frequency polygon from the following data, giving the

age of doctors working at City Hospital.

Age (in years) 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-20

No. of doctors 40 60 50 35 20

22
 Statistically!!
Answers
01. Option (d) is correct
Mean of 38 observations = 12
Total of 38 observations = 38 x 12 = 456
Correct sum of 38 observations = 456 - 75 + 57 = 438
Therefore, correct mean of 38 observations = 438
38
= 11.52

02. a. mean = 70
b. sample standard deviation = 18.6 (rounded to 1 decimal place)

03. a. 17
1
b. 16 3

04. To draw the required histogram, take the class intervals, i.e. daily
wages (in ₹) along x-axis and frequencies i.e. no. of workers along
the y-axis and draw rectangles. So, we get the required histogram.
Since the scale on x-axis starts at 140, a break is indicated near the
origin to show that the graph is drawn to scale beginning at 140.
18
16
14
No. of workers

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0-140 140-180 180-220 220-260 260-300 300-340 340-380
Daily wages(₹)

23
 Statistically!!

05. In order to draw, frequency polygon, we need class marks.

The class mark of a class interval is:
upper limit + lower limit
2
The frequency distribution table with class marks is given below:
Class Interval Class Marks Frequency
0 - 10 5 0
10 - 20 15 2
20 - 30 25 5
30 - 40 35 12
40 - 50 45 19
50 - 60 55 9
60 - 70 65 4
70 - 80 75 0
In the above table, we have taken imaginary class intervals 0 -10 at beginning
and 70 - 80 at the end, each with frequency zero. Now take class marks
along x-axis and the corresponding frequencies along y-axis.
Plot points (5, 0), (15, 2), (25, 5), (35, 12), (45, 19), (55, 9), (65, 4)
and (75, 0) and draw line segments.

30
25
(45,19)
No.of patients

20
15 (35,12) (55,9)
10 (25,5)
(15,2) (65,4)
5
(5,0) (75,0)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
Age in Years

24
 Statistically!!

06. Let’s construct a tabular representation of the data

Number of hours Tally Marks No. of Engineers (Frequency)

0-5 llll 4
525x 12- 10 llll llll ll 12
13
10 - 15 llll llll l 11
15 - 20 llll llll 9
20 - 25 l 1
25 - 30 l 1
30 - 35 ll 2
Total 40
The frequencies of class intervals (20 - 25) and (25 - 30) are same.

07. a. median = 75
b. first quartile = 69
c. third quartile = 81
d. interquartile
52 x 12
range = 81 - 69 = 12
13

25
 Problems Abound
Answers
01. Given: ∠B = ∠E ----(1)
BD = CE
and ∠1 = ∠2 ----(2)
Let us add ∠DAC on both sides in equation (2)
⇒ ∠1 + ∠DAC = ∠DAC + ∠2
⇒ ∠BAC = ∠EAD ----(3)
∵ BD = CE [Adding the line segment DC both sides]
⇒ BD + DC = DC + CE
∴ BC = ED ----(4)
∠B = ∠E (given)
From (1), (3), (4)
ΔABC ≅ ΔAED [AAS congruence rule]

02. In ΔABC by hypothesis BE is the median which bisects AC

⇒ AE = EC and BE = ET
In quad. ABCT, the diagonals AC and BT bisect each other
∴ ABCT is a parallelogram
∴ AT ll BC
Similarly, APBC is a parallelogram
∴ AP ll BC
Now, AP and AT are parallel to the same line BC and pass through
the same point A.
Hence, AP and AT must lie on the same straight line
i.e., the points P, A, T are collinear.

26
 Problems Abound

03. A X D
P

Q
S

R
B
Y C

In ΔABQ
∠BAQ + ∠ABQ = 12 ∠BAD + 1
2 ∠ABC
= 12 (∠BAD + ∠ABC)
= 12 (180o) = 90o
∴ ∠AQB = 90o
∴ Vertically opposite ∠PQR = 90o
Similarly in ΔCDS,∠CSD = 90o
∴ Vertically opposite, ∠PSR = 90o
In the same way, ∠BPC of ΔBPCis 90o and ∠ARD of ΔARDis 90o
So, PQRS is rectangle (since, each of the 4 angles is 90o)

27
 Problems Abound

04. Since, 4x - y is a multiple of 3

∴ 4x - y = 3m
∴ y = 4x -3m
Substituting
52 x 12 the value of y in the given expression
13
= 4x2 + 7x(4x - 3m) - 2 (4x - 3m)2
= 4x2 + 28x2 - 21mx - 32x2 - 18m2 + 48mx
= 27mx - 18m2
= 9m (3x - 2m)
∴ 4x2 + 7xy - 2y2 is divisible by 3

05. Given: a + b + c = ll ---(1)

and ab + bc + ac = 25 ---(2)
Squaring on both sides in equation (1)
(a +52bx 12+ c)2 = (11)2
⇒ a2 + b132 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ac) = 121
⇒ a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 x 25 = 121
⇒ a2 + b2 + c2 = 71
Now, we have
a2 + b2 + c2 - 3abc = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ac)
= (a + b + c)[a2 + b2 + c2 - (ab + bc + ac)]
= 11 x (71 - 25)
= 11 x 46
= 506

28
 Problems Abound

06. Let the points A (0, 0), B (0, 5), C (4, 8), D (4, 3)
Here,
AB = √02+ 52 = 5
BC = √4 2
12 3 = √25 = 5
52 x +
2
13
CD = √02+ (-5)2 = √25 = 5
DA = √42+ 32 = √25 = 5
Again diagonal AC = √42+ 82 = √80
and diagonal BD = √42+ (-2)2 = √20
As we have seen, all the sides of the quadrilateral are equal
but the diagonals are not equal.
So, the quadrilateral is a rhombus.

07. Given: AB is a line segment and P is its mid-point.

D and E are points on the same side of AB such that
∠BAD = ∠ABE and ∠EPA = ∠DPB
Now, in ΔDAP and ΔEBP
AP = BP [since, P is the mid-point of AB]
∠DAP = ∠EBP (given)
∠EPA = ∠DPB (given)
Adding ∠EPD on both sides in the equation above
⇒ ∠EPA + ∠EPD = ∠DPB + ∠EPD
⇒ ∠APD = ∠BPE
∴ ΔDAP ≅ ΔEBP [ASA rule]

29
 Gravitation

1 Option (C) is correct.

In circular motion, the direction of velocity at a
point is always along the tangent at that point.
If string breaks, then the centripetal force acting Centre
on the stone becomes zero and it will move along a
straight line tangential to the circular path.

2 Option (D) is correct.

The quantity G is universal constant of nature. It is applied to all the bodies
present in universe. It is constant of proportionality in Newton’s universal law
of gravitation. The accepted value of G is 6.67259 x 10-11 N m2/kg2

3 Option (B) is correct.

Let the two masses be m1 and m2,
m1 . m2
We know that, gravitational force F = G r2
According to the question,
2m1 . 2m2
∴F=G r2
m .m
or, F =4 G 1r2 2

30
 Gravitation

4 Option (A) is correct.

The weight of an object, w = mg
At the centre of the earth, acceleration due to gravity g is zero.
It is given by g’ = g (1 - h )
R
where h = distance from surface of the earth to centre of the earth
and at centre (h = R) i.e., g’ = 0.
So, w = (m x 0) = 0

5 Option (A) is correct.

Given, weight of the object in air = 10 N
weight of the object in water = 8 N
So, the weight of the liquid displaced by the object, F = 10 - 8 = 2 N
We know that according to Archimedes’ Principle,
buoyant force = weight of the liquid displaced by the body

10 N

8N 2N
Water displaced

31
 Gravitation

6 Option (D) is correct.

According to Newton’s universal law of gravitation, force exerted
by the one body to other body is equal in magnitude and opposite
in direction. It is given by
m1 . m2
F= G r2

7 Option (D) is correct.

As buoyant force is directly proportional to density of the liquid
hence more buoyant force means more floating.

32
 Physics Refresher

1 Option (A) is correct.

Final Velocity + Initial Velocity
Average velocity = {where a = constant}
Time Taken

2 Option (B) is correct.

Total distance
Average Speed =
Total time
d
= 0.5d 0.5d
+
20 30
= 24 m/s

3 Option (C) is correct.

Given: side of square track = 1 m
The body is covering 1m in 10 seconds
∴ It completes 1 revolution of the square track in 40 seconds
So, in 4 minutes it covers a distance of 24 meters and comes back to its initial position
Since initial position is equal to the final position its displacement is zero or 0 meter.

33
 Physics Refresher

4 Option (B) is correct.

He gains inertia of motion so he can take a longer jump.

5 Option (C) is correct.

Gravity is not affected at poles due to rotation of earth.

6 Option (A) is correct.

Value of g will increase as R decreases.

7 Option (C) is correct.

g’= 1.2 x 0.8 g = 0.96 g

34
 Inside an Atom

1. a. Protons
b. Neutrons
c. Electrons

2. An atom is electrically neutral as it has the same number of electrons and

protons. So, if an atom has 35 protons in its nucleus, then it will have 35
electrons revolving around the nucleus so that the atom remains neutral.

3.
Particle Charge on Mass of Symbol Location in
the Particle the particle the atom
1. Electron -1 unit 9.11×10-31 kg -10e
(-1.602 × 10-19 C) 1 u outside the
1840 nucleus
2. Proton +1 unit 1.673 × 10-27 kg p1 in the nucleus
(+1.602×10-19 C) 1u
+1

3. Neutron No charge 1.675×10-27 kg n in the nucleus

1u

4. Option (B) is correct.

Uranium-235 is used as nuclear fuel.

35
 Inside an Atom

5. Isobars are the atoms of different elements having different atomic

number but same mass number. Isobars have different number of protons
but the total number of nucleons (protons + neutrons) is same.

For example, Argon (Ar) and Calcium (Ca)

Isobars Number of protons Number of neutrons Mass number

Ar40
18
18 22 18 + 22 = 40

20
Ca40 20 20 20 + 20 = 40

6. According to Bohr’s theory, electrons revolve around the nucleus and they
have fixed amount of energy. Thus, they are called stationary states.

7. A sodium atom is more likely to lose its single valence electron as against
gaining 7 more electrons to attain octet electronic configuration. This is
because the energy required to add 7 electrons will be very high and
adding 7 electrons to sodium atom will make it electrically unstable as there
will be 18 electrons and just 11 protons.

36
 Diversity in Living Organisms

1. Option B
Mode of nutrition in fungi is both saprophytic and parasitic.
2. Option A
Cryptogams are seedless plants. The reproductive organs of
members of cryptogams are inconspicuous or hidden.
3. Option A
Angiosperms in plant kingdom produces flowers.
This word is made from two Greek words: angio meaning covered and
sperma meaning seed. The seeds develop inside an organ which is
modified to become a fruit. These are also called flowering plants.
4. Option C
Mode of nutrition in bacteria are both autotrophic and heterotrophic.
Autotrophic and Heterotrophic are the main mode of nutrition in
bacteria. The autotrophic bacteria make their own food from
outside sources of energy. They are further divided into chemo
and photoautotrophs. While heterotrophs do not make their own food
and they depend on readymade food from outside for their survival.
Saprotrophic, symbiotic and parasitic are their sub types.
5. Monera is a kingdom that contains unicellular organisms with
a prokaryotic cell organization (having no nuclear membrane),
such as bacteria. They are single-celled organisms with no
true nuclear membrane (prokaryotic organisms).

37
 How do Organisms Reproduce?

6. Thallophytes have simple body (thallus) and their gametes are

unicellular. After fertilization, the zygote does not form embryo.
Therefore, these plants are called non-embryonic plants.

Spirogyra Ulothrix Chladophora Chara

7. Lichens are called dual

organisms because they
are formed by permanent
symbiotic association between
an algae and a fungus.

38
 A Little Bit About Cells

1. The first cell is an animal cell whereas the second cell is a plant cell.

2. The organelles in the given images are:

A - Cell Membrane: Cell boundary (made of lipids), controls
movement of materials in and out of the cell. (proteins),
recognizes signals.
B - Nucleus: Control center of the cell. Protects the DNA.
C - Nuclear Membrane: Membrane that surrounds and protects nucleus
D - Cytoplasm: Jelly-like material holding organelles in place.
(Mostly made of water).
E - Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Makes proteins.
F - Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Transports ribosomes.
Produces Lipids.
G - Golgi apparatus: Finishes, sorts, labels, and ships proteins. Ships
proteins in vesicles.
H - Ribosomes: Protein factories (makes proteins) , builds proteins
from DNA. Location: Some free in cytoplasm. Some attached to
rough ER.
I - Mitochondria: Makes ATP energy from cellular respiration.
Double membrane cristae.
J - Lysosome: Digest foods, clean up and recycle, digest broken organelles
K - Centrioles: Replicates, reproduces. (Cell division)

39
 A Little Bit About Cells

3. The three extra organelles in the second image are:

X - Cell Wall: Protects, structurally supports cells
Y - Chloroplast: Specializes in photosynthesis
Z - Central Vacuole: Increases cell surface area, stores metabolic wastes

4. Cell wall is found in plant cell and cell membrane is found in animal cells.
Cell membrane is covered by the cell wall which forms the outermost
covering. Cell wall is completely permeable whereas cell membrane is
semi-permeable.

5. Nucleoplasm

6. Lysosomes

7. Cell walls

40
 Visualizing the Basics

1. Following are the observations and the conclusions drawn from

Ruther ford's gold foil experiment:
Observations:
Most of the fast moving α-particles passed straight through the
gold foil without any deflection. - most space in an atom is
empty.
1 in 10000 α-particles were deflected by 180o. only when theyhad
a head on collision with the much heavier, positively chargedgold
nucleus - the nucleus is positively charged and very small
compared to the overall size of an atom.
2. i. In the given image, the atom with red electrons is sodium atom
as it has 11 electrons. The atom with green electrons is chlorine
atom as it has 17 electrons.
ii. The positive sign of sodium atom implies that it donates 1
electron to the chlorine. As the chlorine accepts one electron
from the sodium atom it attains a negative charge.
iii. The name of the final product is sodium chloride.

41
 Visualizing the Basics

3. i. A - Resting pore
B - Heterocyst
ii. The name of the organism is Anabaena Resting
spore
and it belongs to the kingdom Monera.
iii. Two other examples of kingdom Monera Anabaeba
are - cyanobacteria and mycoplasma.
Heterocyst

4. Draw a histogram for the given data

a. Mark the midpoint at the top of each rectangle of histogram drawn.
b. Also, mark the midpoint of immediately lower class interval (in the
given question, the immediately lower class-interval is 20-25) and the
midpoint of the immediately higher class interval (in this question, the
immediate upper interval is 50-55).
c. Join the consecutive midpoints marked by straight lines to obtain the
required frequency polygon.

60
50
40
NO.OF DOCTORS

30
20
10
0
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
AGE (IN YEARS)

42