Leishmaniasis is caused by parasitic protozoa of the genus Leishmania.

Humans
are infected via the bite of phlebotomine sand flies, which breed in forest areas, caves
and adobe brick houses where most of the transmission to humans takes place.

There are different forms of leishmaniasis.

• Cutaneous leishmaniasis affects the skin and mucus membranes. Skin sores
usually start at the site of the sandfly bite. They can last for months or years
before healing on their own. In a few people, sores may develop on mucus
membranes.
• Systemic, or visceral leishmaniasis affects the entire body. This form occurs 2
- 8 months after a person is bitten by the sandfly. Most people do not
remember having a skin sore. This form can lead to deadly complications. The
parasites damage the immune system by decreasing the numbers of disease-
fighting cells.

Symptoms

Cutaneous leishmaniasis affects the skin and sometimes the mucus membranes.
Symptoms may include:

• Skin sores, which may become a skin ulcer that heals very slowly
• Ulcers and wearing away (erosion) in the mouth, tongue, gums, lips, nose, and
inner nose
• Stuffy nose, runny nose, and nosebleeds
• Breathing difficulty
• Swallowing difficulty

Systemic visceral infection in children usually begins suddenly with vomiting,

diarrhea, fever, and cough. Adults usually have a fever for 2 weeks to 2 months, along
with symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and appetite loss. Weakness increases as
the disease gets worse.

Other symptoms of systemic visceral leishmaniasis may include:

• Belly area (abdominal) discomfort

• Cough (children)
• Diarrhea (children)
• Fever that lasts for weeks; may come and go in cycles
• Night sweats
• Scaly, Gray, dark, ashen skin
• Thinning hair
• Vomiting (children)
• Weight loss
Preventing sandfly bites is the most immediate form of protection. You can prevent a
bite by:

• Wearing insect repellent

• Wearing protective clothing
• Screening windows
• Putting fine mesh netting around the bed (in areas where the disease occurs)

Pneumocystis: Pneumocystis jiroveci (previously classified as Pneumocystis carinii),

the fungus that causes pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). Pneumocystis jiroveci is
found worldwide, in humans and animals. Serologic evidence indicates that most
healthy children have been exposed to it by age 3 to 4. Pneumocystis pneumonia
(PCP) occurs in immunosuppressed individuals and in premature, malnourished
infants.

The symptoms of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) include dyspnea (difficulty

breathing), non-productive cough, and fever. Chest X-rays show infiltrates in both
lungs. Typically, in untreated PCP, increasing pulmonary involvement leads to death.
The diagnosis is confirmed by the identification of Pneumocystis jiroveci in induced
sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) material (washings of the respiratory tree).
In situations where these two techniques cannot be used, transbronchial biopsy or
open lung biopsy may prove necessary. In addition, immunofluorescence microscopy
using monoclonal antibodies can identify the organisms with higher sensitivity than
conventional microscopy.

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is the drug of choice. Recommended alternative

drugs include pentamidine; trimethoprim + dapsone; atovaquone; and primaquine +
clindamycin.
Cer vical Cancer
The cervix is the lower part of the uterus, the place where a baby grows
during pregnancy. Cervical cancer is caused by several types of a virus
called human papillomaviruses (HPV). The virus spreads through sexual
contact. Most women's bodies are able to fight HPV infection. But
sometimes the virus leads to cancer. You're at higher risk if you smoke,
have many children, use birth control pills for a long time, or have HIV
infection.

Cervical cancer may not cause any symptoms at first, but later, you may
have pelvic pain or bleeding from the vagina. It usually takes several
years for normal cells in the cervix to turn into cancer cells. Your health
care provider can find abnormal cells by doing a Pap test - examining
cells from the cervix under a microscope. By getting regular Pap tests and
pelvic exams you can find and treat changing cells before they turn into
cancer.

Cervical Cancer Symptoms

• Abnormal bleeding. Women with cervical cancer may experience abnormal

vaginal bleeding. This can be heavy or light bleeding during the month.

• Unusual heavy discharge. An increased vaginal discharge is also a symptom

of cervical cancer. It may be foul smelling, watery, thick, or contain mucus. It
varies from woman to woman. It is important to report any unusual vaginal
discharge to your doctor.

• Pelvic pain. Pelvic pain that is not related to the normal menstrual cycle can
be a cervical cancer symptom. Many women describe them ranging from a
dull ache to sharp pains that can last hours. It can be mild or severe.
 • Pain during urination. Bladder pain or pain during urination can be a
symptom of advanced cervical cancer. This cervical cancer symptom usually
occurs when cancer has spread to the bladder.

• Bleeding between regular menstrual periods, after sexual intercourse,

douching, or pelvic exam. Bleeding after sexual intercourse, douching, or
pelvic exam can be cervical cancer symptoms. This is due to the irritation of
the cervix during these activities. While a healthy cervix may have a very
small amount of bleeding, many conditions may cause bleeding after activities
like sex.

Prevention
Nutrition

Fruits and vegetables

Higher levels of vegetable consumption were associated with a 54% decrease risk of
HPV persistence.Consumption of papaya at least once a week was inversely
associated with persistent HPV infection.

Vitamin A

There is weak evidence to suggest a significant deficiency of retinol can increase

chances of cervical dysplasia, independently of HPV infection. A small (n~=500)
case-control study of a narrow ethnic group (native Americans in New Mexico)
assessed serum micro-nutrients as risk factors for cervical dysplasia. Subjects in the
lowest serum retinol quartile were at increased risk of CIN I compared with women in
the highest quartile.

Vitamin C

Risk of type-specific, persistent HPV infection was lower among women reporting
intake values of vitamin C in the upper quartile compared with those reporting intake
in the lowest quartile.

Vitamin E

HPV clearance time was significantly shorter among women with the highest
compared with the lowest serum levels of tocopherols, but significant trends in these
associations were limited to infections lasting </=120 days. Clearance of persistent
HPV infection (lasting >120 days) was not significantly associated with circulating
levels of tocopherols. Results from this investigation support an association of
micronutrients with the rapid clearance of incident oncogenic HPV infection of the
uterine cervix.
A statistically significantly lower level of alpha-tocopherol was observed in the blood
serum of HPV-positive patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. The risk of
dysplasia was four times higher for an alpha-tocopherol level < 7.95 mumol/l.

Folic acid

Higher folate status was inversely associated with becoming HPV test-positive.
Women with higher folate status were significantly less likely to be repeatedly HPV
test-positive and more likely to become test-negative. Studies have shown that lower
levels of antioxidants coexisting with low levels of folic acid increases the risk of CIN
development. Improving folate status in subjects at risk of getting infected or already
infected with high-risk HPV may have a beneficial impact in the prevention of
cervical cancer.

Carotenoids

Higher circulating levels of carotenoids were associated with a significant decrease in

the clearance time of type-specific HPV infection, particularly during the early stages
of infection (</=120 days). Clearance of persistent HPV infection (lasting >120 days)
was not significantly associated with circulating levels of carotenoids.

Cervical Cancer
Reaction

The above health conditions caused by

fungus,protozoa and toxins show signs and symptoms
that some are similar and common with each other.
Weakened immune system is the most likely common
sign present in these conditions. Medical treatment
and approach with each other greatly differ. The
wilder condition might be avoided through
prevention and healthy life style but severe condtions
should be closely monitor from laboratory test,
medication down to treatment protocol. The right
approach and immediate response to these condition
might lead to earlier recovery of the patient.