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NCCI: Vibrations
SN036a-EN-EU
NCCI: Vibrations
This NCCI gives rules for the consideration of vibrations by simple (and thus conservative)
approaches for verification.
Contents
1. Introduction 2
2. Eigenfrequencies 3
3. Modal Mass 5
4. Damping 7
6. Acceptable accelerations 10
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7. References 16
Created on Wednesday, August 18, 2010
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NCCI: Vibrations
NCCI: Vibrations
SN036a-EN-EU
1. Introduction
The verification of serviceability limit states should include taking account of criteria
concerning vibrations (EN 1990 §3.4(3)). Additional provisions are given in the relevant
material ENs. Requirements for modelling to determine dynamic actions are given in
EN 1990 § 5.1.3 and reference is made to EN 1990 §A.1.4.4 for guidance on assessing the
limits. That clause in turn refers to ISO 10137 for further guidance. The clause is also
referred to by EN 1993-1-1 § 7.2.3 and EN 1994-1-1 § 7.3.2 but it is noted that the National
Annex may specify limits.
The procedure presented below is based on the recommendations and requirements given by
ISO 10137 and ISO 2631. For cases where the guidance in these Standards is unavailable, or
incomplete, recommendations that have been developed in the ECSC project entitled
“Vibration of Floors” (Project reference: 7210-PR/314) are presented.
Determine Eigenfrequencies
By computer calculation
By hand (see Section 2)
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Determine Acceleration
By computer calculation
By hand (see Section 5)
(See Section 6)
The most realistic assessment will be obtained by applying the procedure with measured
values of the Eigenfrequencies, modal mass and damping.
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For design purposes, the procedure may be applied to computer or simple hand calculations.
An approach for calculating the Eigenfrequencies of the floor, which is amenable to hand
calculations, is given in Section 2. Values of the modal mass and the damping are given in
Section 3 and Section 4 respectively. An approach for predicting the acceleration from
walking activities is presented in Section 5, which can be compared with recommended levels
of acceptable accelerations in Section 6.
The limits given in Section 6 may be used where the National Annex does not give specific
limits or where it gives limits different from those derived from ISO 10137.
2. Eigenfrequencies
In conventional composite floor systems, the first Eigenfrequency of a floor may be estimated
by using engineering judgement on the likely mode shape and the support, or boundary
conditions, this will impose on the individual structural components. For example, on a
simple composite floor comprising a slab continuous over a number of secondary beams,
which in turn, are supported by stiff primary beams, there are two possible mode shapes that
may be sensibly considered:
The primary beams form nodal lines (i.e. they have zero deflection) about which, the
secondary beams vibrate as simply-supported members (see Figure 2.1(a)). In this case, the
slab flexibility is affected by the approximately equal deflections of the supports. As a result
of this, the slab frequency is assessed on the basis that fixed-ended boundary conditions exist.
(a) (b)
Created on Wednesday, August 18, 2010
Figure 2.1 Typical fundamental mode shapes for composite floor systems (a) governed by
secondary beam flexibility (b) governed by primary beam flexibility
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Table 2.1 Total deflection of a floor panel for a variety of framing arrangements
Framing Secondary beam mode of Condition when Primary beam mode of vibration
arrangement vibration mode shape is
governed by the
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motion of the
primary beams
ωb ⎛ 5L4 b3 ⎞
δ= ⎜⎜ + ⎟
384E ⎝ I b I slab ⎟⎠
- -
b L
16b 3 ωb ⎛⎜ 64b 3 L L4 b 3 ⎞⎟
As above Ip ≤ 3 Ib δ= + +
L 384 E ⎜⎝ Ip I b I slab ⎟⎠
L
b
ωb ⎛⎜ 368b3 L L4 b 3 ⎞⎟
92b 3 δ= + +
As above Ip ≤ 3 Ib 384 E ⎜⎝ Ip I b I slab ⎟⎠
L
L
b
Notes: ω is the load per unit area, E is the Young’s modulus for steel, b is the spacing of the secondary beams, L is the span of
the secondary beams, Ib and Ip is the dynamic second gross second moment of area of the composite secondary beam and
primary beam respectively (which may conservatively taken as that used in the static design and increased by 10%) and Islab is
the second moment of area of the composite slab in steel units (which may be determined from Table 2.2).
Table 2.2 Dynamic second moment of area for composite slabs with different deck types
3.7 3.5
Trapezoidal deck hp = 60 mm 0.23 h 0.40 h
Trapezoidal deck hp = 80 mm 0.19 h3.7 0.37 h3.5
3.7 3.5
Trapezoidal deck hp = 225 mm 0.05 h 0.12 h
Notes: NWC normal weight concrete, LWC lightweight concrete and h is the overall slab depth.
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3. Modal Mass
The effective vibrating mass M may be taken as equal to mSLeff / 4, where m is mass per unit
area (kg/m²) of the floor plus any loading that is considered to be permanent. The values of S
and Leff should be taken from Table 3.1, where:
L* is the effective span of the secondary beam participating in the vibration, calculated
from effective composite beam stiffness, given by:
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1/ 4
⎛ EI b ⎞
L = 3,8⎜⎜
* ⎟ (m)
2⎟
⎝ mbf 0 ⎠
where EI b is the dynamic flexural rigidity of the composite secondary beam (Nm²)
and b is the secondary beam spacing (m)
W is the width of the floor plate under consideration (m)
Lm is the span of the primary beam (m)
L max is the total length of the secondary beam when considered to act continuously (m)
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Table 3.1 Values for dimensions Leff and S used in determining the effective mass of the floor
Lm
*
secondary beams
Greater of S or
RFp > 0,2 L
S*
w
L Lm but ≤ W
Case 2
L=L 2L
Case 3
RFp < 0,6 2L
Mode shape governed by motion of
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W
primary beams
w
L
RFp > 0,6 L* but ≤ Lmax
L
Case 4
W2 = W1 2 W1
As for
W2 > 0,8 W1 Case (3) above 1,7 W1
w1
L
w
w2 L W2 < 0,8 W1 W1
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4. Damping
For calculations, assumptions on the magnitude of the damping values have to be made. As
damping depends on different boundary conditions, which cannot be defined in general for all
buildings, Table 4.1 gives components for damping values for different types of structures,
furniture and finishes.
Type Damping
(% of critical damping)
Structural damping of bare floors
Wood joist floors 2%
Reinforced concrete, monolithic 1,5%
Prestressed concrete, precast 1,3%
Steel 1,3%
Steel-concrete composite beams with shear connectors 1,8%
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where
Once the predicted rms acceleration has been calculated, the acceptability of a floor may
assessed by:
1. comparing the calculated rms acceleration with the appropriate frequency-weighted base
curve given in Figure 6.3, Figure 6.4 and Figure 6.5; or
2. filtering, or frequency-weighting, the calculated rms acceleration and comparing this with
the base values in Table 6.1.
The appropriate frequency-weighting factors for different vibration directions are as follows
(N.B. the base curves given in Figure 6.3 and Figure 6.4 have been derived from dividing the
base values in Table 6.1 by the frequency-weighting factors given below):
z-axis vibrations
Weighted arms = arms × 0.5 f o for 3 Hz < f0 < 4 Hz
or
Weighted arms = arms for 4 Hz ≤ f0 ≤ 8 Hz
or
8
Weighted arms = arms × for f0 > 8 Hz
f0
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α n P0 1
apeak =
M 2ζ
where
αn is the Fourier coefficient of the nth harmonic. Owing to the fact that the largest
accelerations are generated when the first Eigenfrequency of a floor is an integer
multiple (harmonic) of the pacing frequency, the appropriate Fourier coefficient may
be taken from in Table 5.1 by equating the first Eigenfrequency of the floor to the
common range of the forcing frequency (for walking activities, it may be assumed
that the floor is effectively tuned out of the range of the first harmonic component
provided that the first Eigenfrequency of the floor, f0 > 3,55 Hz).
P0 is the static force exerted by an ‘average person’ (normally taken as 76 kg × 9,81 =
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746N)
M is the modal mass (kg) taken from Section 3.
ζ is the damping ratio, which may be taken from Table 4.1.
The forces produced by a person walking or running depend mainly on the physique of the
person and on the rate of walking or running, and to a lesser degree on the type of shoes and
floor construction. Examples of the Fourier coefficients, αn for a continuous series of steps
for various ranges of walking or running rates are given in Table 5.1.
Table 5.1 Examples of design parameters for moving forces due to one person
For floor structures where the first Eigenfrequency is greater than approximately 10 Hz, the
floor is described as ‘high frequency’. In this case, the response is dominated by a train of
impulses, which correspond to the heel impacts made by the walker. The peak acceleration
on floors of this type may be calculated from:
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I
apeak = 2πf 0
M
where:
I is the impulsive force from the person in Newton-seconds (Ns).
From Young[8], it is recommended that the following equation may be used to establish the
effective impulsive force from walking activities:
1.43
fp
I = 0.06 P0 1.3
fm
where:
fp is the pace frequency (taken as 1,5 to 2,5 Hz)
fm is the Eigenfrequency of the first mode of vibration
P0 is the static force exerted by an ‘average person’ (normally taken as 76 kg ×
9,81 m/s² = 746 N).
6. Acceptable accelerations
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NOTE: The limits given below may be used where the National Annex does not give specific
limits or where it gives limits different from those derived from ISO 10137.
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z
z
x
1
1
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z
1
y
Figure 6.2 Directions of basicentric coordinate systems for vibrations influencing humans
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Table 6.2 Multiplying factors used in several countries to specify satisfactory magnitudes of
building vibration with respect to human response
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1.000
0.100
rms acceleration (m/s²)
0.010
0.001
1.0 10.0 100.0
Frequency (Hz)
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Figure 6.3 Building vibration z-axis base curve for acceleration (foot-to-head vibration
direction) [Taken from ISO 10137]
1.000
0.100
rms acceleration (m/s²)
0.010
0.001
1 10 100
Created on Wednesday, August 18, 2010
Frequency (Hz)
Figure 6.4 Building vibration x- and y-axis base curve for acceleration (side-to-side and back-to-
chest vibration direction) [Taken from ISO 10137]
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1.000
0.100
rms acceleration (m/s²)
0.010
0.001
1 10 100
Frequency (Hz)
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Figure 6.5 Building vibration combined direction (x-, y-, z- axis) acceleration base curve
[Taken from ISO 10137]
From a recent study of steel-framed floors, Ellis showed that VDVs can be estimated from the
following equation:
where:
arms is the weighted root-mean-square (rms) acceleration
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Table 6.3 Vibration dose values below which there is a low probability of adverse comment
For cases when the designer wishes to take advantage of the fact that floor vibrations
occasioned by walking activities are intermittent, the graphs shown in Figure 6.6 may be
used. In Figure 6.6 the time taken for a walker to walk from one end of a corridor to another
is maximized by considering the slowest pace frequency that may be practically achieved
(1,5 Hz). Based on multiplying factors that exceed the requirements for continuous vibrations
in Table 6.2, the number of crossings per hour have been calculated which, according to
Table 6.3, would provide VDVs consistent with a low probability of adverse comment.
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8 8
7 7 Corridor length
Corridor length
=5m
=5m
Multiplying factor
Multiplying factor
6 6 Corridor length
Corridor length
= 10 m
= 10 m
5 Corridor length
5 Corridor length
= 20 m
= 20 m
4 Corridor length 4 Corridor length
= 40 m
= 40 m
3 3
2 2
1 1
10 100 1000 10000 1 100 10000 1000000
Crossings per hour Crossings per hour
(a) (b)
Figure 6.6 Maximum number of walking crossings per hour for various multiplying factors and
corridor lengths for: (a) z-axis vibrations in office, residential and general laboratory
environments during a 16-hour day (VDV = 0,4 m/s1.75); and (b) x- and y-axis
vibrations in residential and hospital ward environments during an 8-hour night
(VDV = 0,09 m/s1.75)
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7. References
1 Ellis, B.R. Serviceability evaluation of floor vibration induced by walking loads. The
Structural Engineer, 79(21), 2001, pp 30-36
2 EN 1990, Basis of structural design, §5.1.3, Structural analysis and design assisted by
testing, Dynamic actions
3 EN 1990, Basis of structural design, Annex 1.4.4, Application for Buildings, Vibrations
4 EN 1993-1-1, Design of steel structures – General rules and rules for buildings, §7.2.3,
Serviceability limit states for buildings, Dynamic effects
5 ISO 2631-1: Mechanical vibration and shock – Evaluation of human exposure to whole-
body vibration: Part 1: General requirements, 1997 International Organisation for
Standardization, Geneva.
6 ISO 2631-2: Mechanical vibration and shock – Evaluation of human exposure to whole-
body vibration: Part 2: Vibration in buildings (1 Hz to 80 Hz), 2003 International
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7 ISO/CD 10137, Bases for design of structures - Serviceability of buildings and pedestrian
walkways against vibration
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