Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Transmission Lines
1
Geometric Mean Distance
Typical three-phase line configurations
D 12 D 23
D 31
D 12
D 12 D 23
D 31
Dm = 3 D12D23D31
D s = Dsc d
D s = 1 .09 4 D scd3
Note: Dsc=GMR of a single conductor
2
Aluminum Conductors
Aluminum is preferred over copper as a material
for transmission lines due to:
• lower cost
• lighter weight
• larger diameter for the same resistance*
Stranded Conductors
Alternate layers of wire of a Steel
stranded conductor are
spiraled in opposite directions
to prevent unwinding and
make the outer radius of one
layer coincide with the inner Aluminum
radius of the next.
3
Example: Each conductor of the 345 kV bundled
three-phase line shown is 1272 MCM ACSR 54/19
Pheasant. Assuming complete transposition and a
total length of 80 miles, determine the positive-
sequence impedance of the line. Assume d=45 cm
and D=8 meters.
d
We get
Dm = 3 8(8)(16) = 10 .08 m
Ds = 0.0142(0 .45) = 0 .08 m
The total resistance per phase
4
Transmission Line Inductance
The total self-inductance of a cylindrical conductor
consists of an internal inductance and an external
inductance.
Internal Inductance:
µc
L int = Henry/meter
8π
External Inductance:
The external inductance may be approximated by
µm 2s
L ext = (ln − 1) Henry/meter
2π r
where
µm = permeability of the medium surrounding
the conductor
r = radius of the conductor
5
Self Inductance:
µ c µm 2s
L = + (ln − 1) Henry/meter
8π 2π r
For a non-ferrous conductor in air, we get
2s
L = 2 x 10 -7 (ln − 1) Henry/meter
Ds
Mutual Inductance:
The mutual inductance between two conductors is
2s
M = 2 x 10-7 (ln − 1) Henry/meter
Dm
where Dm is the geometric mean distance
between the conductors
Note: For any unit of length,
2s
L = k (ln − 1) Henry/unit length
Ds
2s
M = k (ln − 1) Henry/unit length
Dm
6
Carson’s Line
Carson examined a single overhead conductor
whose remote end is connected to earth.
z aa
a a’
+
Local r r Remote
Earth Va Ia zad Earth
-
r Fictitious
R EF Vd = 0 Return
d r d’ C onductor
Id zdd
The current returns through a fictitious earth
conductor whose GMR is assumed to be 1 foot (or
1 meter and is located a distance Dad from the
overhead conductor.
7
Primitive Impedances:
2s
zaa = ra + jω L a = ra + jωk(ln − 1)
Dsa
2s
zdd = rd + jω k(ln − 1)
Dsd
2s
zad = jωM = jω k(ln − 1)
Dad
ra, rd = resistances of overhead conductor and
fictitious ground wire, respectively
Dsa, Dsd = GMRs of overhead conductor and
fictitious ground wire, respectively
Note: Dsd is arbitrarily set to 1 unit length
Earth Resistance:
Carson derived an empirical formula for the earth
resistance.
Note : At 60 Hz,
rd = 0. 09528 Ω/mile
8
Equivalent Impedance:
Substitute the primitive impedances into
zaa = zaa + zdd − 2 zad
We get 2
D
zaa = (ra + rd ) + jωk ln ad
DsaD sd
Note: 1. Dsd=1 unit length
2
D
2. Define D e = ad
D sd
We get
De
zaa = (ra + rd ) + jω k ln Ω/unit length
D sa
9
Three-Phase Line Impedances
Extend Carson’s
r analysis to a three-phase line
I z aa
a ra a’
b
Ib z bb z ab z ca b’
+r r
c Ic
+ z cc z bc
Va r c’
All wire s
- Vb + r z ad grounded
- Vc z bd he re
- z cd
r
R EF Vd = 0
d r d’
Id z dd
1 unit length
10
The voltage equation for the fictitious ground
conductor is
r r r r r r
Vd − Vd ' = zadIa + zbdIb + zcd Ic + zdd Id
which can be re-written as
r r r r r r r
− Vd' = zadIa + zbdIb + zcd Ic − zdd( Ia + Ib + Ic )
Combining terms, we get
r r r r
− Vd' = (zad − zdd )Ia + (zbd − zdd)Ib + (zcd − zdd)Ic
Following a similar procedure, the voltage
equation
r forr phase a can ber shown to be r
Va − Va' = (zaa − zad )Ia r+ (zab − zad)Ib
+ (zac − zad)Ic
11
We can also subtract the voltage equation of the
ground conductor from the equations of phases b
and c. The resulting matrix equation is
r r
Va zaa zab zac Ia
r r
Vb = zab zbb zbc Ib V/unit length
r r
Vc zac zbc zcc Ic
Self Impedances:
zaa = zaa − 2zad + zdd Ω/unit length
Mutual Impedances:
12
Assumptions:
1. Identical phase conductors
Dsc=0.01668 ft @ 60 Hz a b c
De
z aa = z bb = z cc = (ra + rd ) + jωk ln
Ds
= (0 .278 + 0 .095) + j0 .121 ln 0.01668
2790
13
z ab = zbc = 0.095 + j0 .121 ln 2790
10
= 0.095 + j0 .683 Ω/mile
Z ab = 3 .81 + j27. 33 Ω
Line Transposition
Line transposition is used to make the mutual
impedances identical.
r
Ia Phase c
Pos.1 r
Ib
r Phase a
Pos.2
Ic
Phase b
Pos.3
s1 s2 s3
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3
14
Voltage equation for Section 1
r r
Va Z11−1 Z12− 1 Z13− 1 Ia
r r
Vb = Z21− 1 Z22 −1 Z23 −1 Ib volts
r r
Vc Z31− 1 Z32 −1 Z33 −1 Ic
15
r r
ΣVa = (Z 11− 1 + Z22 −2 + Z33 − 3 ) Ia r
+ (Z12 − 1 + Z 23 − 2 + Z31 − 3 )Ib
r
+ (Z13 − 1 + Z 21 − 2 + Z32 − 3 ) Ic
By a similar procedure, we get for phases b and c
r r
ΣVb = (Z21 − 1 + Z 32 − 2 + Z13 −3 )Ia r
+ (Z 22 −1 + Z 33 − 2 + Z11 − 3 )Ib
r
+ (Z 23 −1 + Z 31 − 2 + Z12 − 3 ) Ic
r r
ΣVc = (Z31 −1 + Z12 − 2 + Z23 − 3 )Ia r
+ (Z32 −1 + Z13 − 2 + Z21 − 3 )Ib
r
+ (Z33 −1 + Z11 − 2 + Z22 − 3 ) Ic
16
Define f1, f2 and f3 as as the ratios of s 1, s 2 and s 3
to the total length s, respectively. We get
r r
ΣVa = (f1Z 11 + f2Z 22 + f3Z 33 )Ia r
+ (f1Z12 + f2Z 23 + f3Z 31 )Ib
r
+ (f1Z13 + f2Z 21 + f3Z32 )Ic
r r
ΣVb = (f1Z21 + f2Z 32 + f3Z13 )Ia r
+ (f1Z 22 + f2Z33 + f3Z 11 )Ib
r
+ (f1Z23 + f2Z31 + f3Z12 )Ic
r r
ΣVc = ( f1Z 31 + f2 Z12 + f3Z23 )Ia r
+ (f1Z 32 + f2Z13 + f3Z 21 )Ib
r
+ (f1Z 33 + f2Z11 + f3Z22 )Ic
Define:
17
It can be shown that
De
Zs = (ra + rd )s + jωks ln
Ds
D D D
Zk1 = rds + jωks f1ln e + f2 ln e + f3 ln e
D12 D23 D31
D D D
Zk 2 = rds + jωks f1ln e + f2 ln e + f3 ln e
D31 D12 D23
D D D
Zk 3 = rds + jωks f1ln e + f2 ln e + f3 ln e
D23 D31 D12
18
Solving for the mutual impedances, we get
Similarly, we get
19
Example: For the same line assume the
following transposition cycle:
s 1=16 miles s 2=24 miles s 3=0
20
Example: For the same line assume a complete
transposition cycle.
10’ 10’
The GMD is
a b c
Dm = 3 10(10)(20) = 12.6 feet
We get the average of the mutual impedances.
Z m = 3.81 + j26.21 Ω
The impedance of the transposed line is
Phase- to Sequence-Impedances
Consider a transmission line that is described by
the following voltage equation:
r r
Va Zaa Zab Zac Ia
r r
Vb = Z ab Zbb Zbc Ib volts
r r
Vc Zac Zbc Z cc Ic
or r r
Vabc = Zabc Iabc
From symmetrical components, we have
r r r r
Vabc = AV012 and Iabc = A I012
21
Substitution gives
r r
A V012 = Zabc A I012
or r −1
r
V012 = A Z abc A I012
which implies that
Z 012 = A −1 Z abc A
Performing the multiplication, we get
Z0 Zs0 + 2Zm0 Zs2 − Zm2 Zs1 − Zm1
Z1 = Zs1 − Zm1 Zs0 − Zm0 Zs2 + 2Zm2
Z2 Zs2 − Zm2 Zs1 + 2Zm1 Zs0 − Zm0
Note: Z012 is not symmetric.
Z s0 = 1
3 ( Z aa + Z bb + Z cc )
Z s1 = 1
3 ( Z aa + aZ bb + a 2Z cc )
Z s2 = 1
3 (Z aa + a2 Z bb + aZ cc )
Z m0 = 1
3 ( Z ab + Z bc + Z ca )
Zm 1 = 1
3
(a2 Z ab + Zbc + aZca )
Zm 2 = 1
3
(aZ ab + Z bc + a2 Z ca )
22
If the line is completely transposed,
Z s0 = Z s Z m 0 = Zm
Z s1 = Z s 2 = 0 Z m1 = Z m 2 = 0
The sequence impedance matrix reduces to
Z0 Zs + 2Zm 0 0
Z1 = 0 Zs − Zm 0
Z2 0 0 Zs − Zm
23
Example: For the same line and assuming a
complete transposition cycle, find the sequence
impedances of the line.
10’ 10’
24
Incomplete Transposition
The resulting circuit unbalance due to incomplete
transposition is measured in terms of the zero-
and negative-sequence line currents that arise
when positive-sequence voltages are applied at
the sending end.
For a partially-transposed transmission line,
r r
Va zs zk1 zk 2 Ia
r r
Vb = zk1 zs zk 3 Ib V/unit length
r r
Vc zk 2 zk 3 zs Ic
or r r
Vabc = zabc Iabc
where
De
zs = (ra + rd ) + jωk ln
Ds
D D D
zk1 = rd + jωk f1ln e + f2 ln e + f3 ln e
D12 D23 D31
D D D
zk2 = rd + jωk f1ln e + f2 ln e + f3 ln e
D31 D12 D23
D D D
zk3 = rd + jωk f1ln e + f2 ln e + f3 ln e
D23 D31 D12
25
Transform the phase impedances into sequence
impedances.
z 012 = A −1 z abc A
which gives
z0 zs + 2zm0 − zm2 − zm1
z1 = − zm1 zs − zm0 2zm2
z2 − zm2 2zm1 zs − zm0
where
zm 0 = 1
3 (zk 1 + zk 2 + z k 3 )
zm 1 = 1
3 (a2 zk 1 + az k 2 + zk 3 )
zm 2 = 1
3
(azk 1 + a2 zk 2 + zk 3 )
z10 = z02
z11 = z s − 13 (zk1 + z k2 + zk 3 )
z 12 = −2 z 01
z20 = z 01
z21 = −2 z02
z22 = z11
26
Assume that balanced voltages are applied at the
sending end; that is
r r
Va0 = 0 and Va2 = 0
We can re-write the voltage equation
r r
Va0 z00 z01 z02 Ia 0
r r
Va1 = z10 z11 z12 Ia 1
r r
Va2 z20 z21 z22 Ia 2
into r r r
0 = z00 Ia0 + z01 Ia1 + z02 Ia2
r r r r
Va1 = z10 Ia0 + z11 Ia1 + z12 Ia2
r r r
0 = z20 Ia0 + z21 Ia1 + z22 Ia2
The unbalanced
r factor are definedr as:
I I
m0 = ra0 and m2 = ra2
Ia1 Ia1
It can be shown that
z02 z21 − z01z 22
m0 =
z 00z 22 − z20z 02
z 20z 01 − z 00z 21
m2 =
z 00z22 − z 20z 02
Note: For the untransposed 40-mile line,
m0 = 1.054∠72.68o %
m 2 = 6.624 ∠139 .14 o %
27
Lines withr Overhead Ground Wire
a
Ia zaa
r a’
b Ib zbb z ab z ca
r b’
+ Ic zcc z bc
r c
r c’
Va r
+
I
- Vb +r w w zww zad w’
-
Vc +r z bd All wire s
- Vw grounded
zcd he re
-
r
R EF Vd = 0
d’
d r
Id z dd
1 unit length
28
The last equation may be written as
r r r r r
− Vd' = zda Ia + zdb Ib + zdc Ic + zdw Iw
r r r r
− zdd (Ia + Ib + Ic + Iw )
or r r r
− Vd' = ( zda − zdd )Ia + (zdb − zdd )Ib
r r
+ ( zdc − zdd )Ic + (zdw − zdd )Iw
Following the same procedure, the equation for
phase a can be expressed as
r r r r
Va − Va' = (zaa − zad)Ia + (zab − zad)Ib
r r
+ (zac − zad )Ic + (zaw − zad)Iw
29
We get
r r
Va z aa zab z ac zaw Ia
r r
Vb zba zbb zbc zbw Ib
r = r
Vc zca z cb zcc z cw I
r rc
Vw zwa z wb zwc zww Iw
r
where Vw =0 and
De
zxx = (rx + rd ) + jωk ln x=a,b,c,w
Dsx
De
zxy = rd + jω k ln xy=ab,ac,aw,
D xy bc,bw,cw
Kron’s Reduction
Consider the matrix equation
V1 Z1 Z2 I1
=
0 Z3 Z4 I2
Expanding, we get
V1 = Z1I1 + Z2 I2 (1)
30
From eq. 2, we get
−1
I2 = −Z4 Z3I1
which is substituted in eq. 1 to get
−1
V1 = Z1I1 + Z2 (−Z4 Z3I1 )
or
−1
V1 = (Z1 − Z2Z4 Z3 )I1
Go back to the voltage equation of the line.
r r
Va z aa zab zac zaw Ia
r r
Vb zba zbb zbc zbw Ib
r = r
Vc zca zcb zcc zcw I
rc
0 zwa zwb zwc zww Iw
r
We wish to eliminate Iw , where
zaa zab zac zaw
T
Z1 = zba zbb zbc Z2 = zbw = Z3
zca z cb zcc zcw
Z4 = zww
We get
zawzwa zawzwb zawzwc
zaa − zab − zac −
zww zww zww
z z z z z z
zabc = zba − bw wa zbb − bw wb zbc − bw wc
zww zww zww
z z z z z z
zca − cw wa z cb − cw wb zcc − cw wc
zww z ww zww
31
Example: Find the equivalent impedance of the
69-kV line shown. The phase conductors are the
same as in the previous examples. The overhead
ground wires have the following characteristics:
rw =4.0 Ω/mile @ 25oC w
Dsw =0.001 ft @ 60 Hz
For the ground wire, we get 15’
D
z ww = (rw + rd ) + jωk ln e 10’ 10’
Dsw a b c
= (4 .0 + 0.095) + j0 .121 ln 2790
0.001
= 4 .095 + j1 .8 Ω/mile
Z ww = 163 .8 + j72 Ω
De
z aw = z cw = rd + jωk ln
Daw
= 0.095 + j0 .121 ln 18.03
2790
Ω/mile
Z aw = Zcw = 3 .81 + j24.47 Ω
zbw = 0.095 + j0 .121 ln 2790
15
Ω/mile
Zbw = 3.81 + j25 .36 Ω
From a previous example, we got
32
Using the ground wire impedances, we also get
3 .81 + j24 .47
Z2 = 3 .81 + j25.36 = Z3 T
3 .81 + j24 .47 Z4 = 163.8 + j72 Ω
Current Division
How much current is flowing in the overhead
ground wire? Under zero-sequence condition,
r r r r
Ia = Ib = Ic = Ia0
The primitive voltage equation reduces to
r r r
Va − Va' zaa zab zac zaw zad Ia0
r r r
Vb − Vb' zba zbb zbc zbw zbd I
r r ra0 V/unit
Vc − Vc ' = zca zcb zcc zcw zcd Ia0 length
r r
0 − Vw ' zwa zwb zwc zww zwd Iw
r r
0 − Vd' zda zdb zdc zdw zdd Id
33
From KCL, we get
r r r
Id + Iw = −3Ia0
The last equation may be written as
r r r r
− Vd' = ( z da + z db + z dc )Ia0 + z dw Iw + z dd Id
Similarly, for the overhead ground wire
r r r r
− Vw' = ( z wa + z wb + z wc ) Ia0 + z ww Iw + z wd Id
Subtracting the two equations, we get
r
0 = [(zwa + zwb + zwc ) − ( zda + zdb + zdc )]Ia0
r r
+ ( zww − z dw ) Iw + ( z wd − z dd ) Id
r r r
Since Id = −(3Ia0 + Iw ) , we get
r
0 = [(zwa + zwb + zwc ) − ( zda + zdb + zdc )]Ia0
r r r
+ ( zww − z dw ) Iw − ( z wd − z dd )(3 Ia0 + Iw )
r
Combine
r common terms and get the ratio of Iw to
3 Ia0. We get
r
− Iw ( zwa + zwb + zwc ) − (zda + zdb + zdc ) + 3(zdd − zwd)
r =
3Ia0 3( zww − zwd − zdw + zdd)
Recall that
zwx = zwx − zwd − zdx + zdd x=a,b,c,w
34
Substitution gives
r
− Iw zwa + zwb + zwc
(a) r =
3Ia0 3zww
r r r
From Id + Iw = − 3Ia0, we get
r r
− Id I
r = 1 + rw
3 Ia0 3 Ia 0
Substitute eq. (a) to get
r
− Id z + zwb + z wc
(b) r = 1 − wa
3Ia0 3zww
35
Line Transposition
Consider a transmission line with one overhead
ground wire. Assume that the line is transposed.
Ground wire
r
Ia Phase c
Pos. α r
Ib Phase a
Pos. β r
Ic Phase b
Pos. γ
s1 s2 s3
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3
The impedance matrix for each section can be
found using Kron’s reduction.
36
Similarly, for Sections 3, we get
z γwz wγ z γw zwα z γwz wβ
z γγ − z γα − z γβ −
z ww z ww z ww
z α wz wγ z z z z
z f 3 = z αγ − z αα − αw wα z αβ − αw wβ
z ww z ww z ww
z βw z wγ z βwz wα z βw z wβ
z βγ − z βα − zββ −
z ww z ww z ww
It can be shown that
r r
ΣVa I
r ra
ΣVb = s(f1Z f 1 + f2Z f 2 + f3 Z f 3 ) Ib
r r
ΣVc Ic
zs zm zm
zabc = zm zs zm Ω/unit length
zm zm zs
z z z z z z
− 13 αw wα + βw wβ + γ w wγ
zww zww zww
37
The off-diagonal elements are
zm = 13 (z αβ + zβγ + zγα )
z z z z z z
− 13 αw wβ + βw wγ + γw wα
zww zww zww
The sequence impedance matrix will be diagonal.
z00 0 0
z012 = 0 z11 0 Ω/unit length
0 0 z22
where
z00 = zs + 2zm and z11 = z22 = zs − zm
38
The last two terms can be shown to be equal to
(ωk)2 M
−1
3
zww
where
De 2 D D
M = (ln ) + (ln e )2 + (ln e )2
Dαw Dβw Dγw
De D D D
− (ln )(ln e ) − (ln e )(ln e )
Dαw Dβ w Dβ w Dγw
De D
− (ln )(ln e )
Dγw Dαw
Likewise,
De
zww = (rw + rd ) + jωk ln
Dww
For most transmission line configurations,
Dm
z11 = ra + jωk ln Ω/unit length
Ds
Note: This is the formula for the positive sequence
impedance of a transposed line without ground
wires.
39
The zero-sequence impedance can be shown to be
2
z0(m)
z00 = z 0(a) − Ω/unit length
z0(g)
where
3
D
z0 (a) = (ra + 3rd ) + jωk ln e 2
DsDm
De
z0 (m) = 3rd + j3ωk ln
3 DαwDβ wD γw
z0(g) = 3zww
40
Zm = 13 [2(6.48 + j25.0) + 6.38 + j21.7]
= 6.45 + j23.9 Ω
17.57+ j56.06 6.45 + j23.9 6.45+ j23.9
Zabc= 6.45 + j23.9 17.57+ j56.06 6.45+ j23.9 Ω
6.45 + j23.9 6.45 + j23.9 17.57+ j56.06
For comparison, Zabc below is for a completely
transposed line without the overhead ground wire.
Z00 = Zs + 2Zm
= 30.47 + j103.86 Ω
Z11 = Z22 = Zs − Zm
= 11.12 + j32.17 Ω
Note: When the effect of the ground wire was not
taken into account, we got
Z0 = 22.55 + j110.8 Ω
Z1 = 11.12 + j32.17 Ω
41
Steel Ground Wires
Grade E.B.B. 7 Strands
The overhead
3/8 inch Diameter
ground wires are 10-3 15
Resistance (Ω/mile)
strength steel or
10-7 11
some alloy of GMR
steel. This poses a 10-9 9
problem since the 10-11 7
resistance and
10-13 5
GMR of these R e sistance
10-15 3
conductors vary
with current. 10-17 1
10-19
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Amperes per Cable
42
The zero-sequence impedance of the ground wire
De
z0(g) = 3zww = 3(rw + rd) + j3ωk ln
Dww
The resistance and GMR of the ground wire is a
function of the current. For 1A, 30A and 60A, we
get for E.B.B.
rw = 3.5 Ω/mile at 1A
= 7.8 Ω/mile at 30A
= 6.0 Ω/mile at 60A
Dsw = 10 -3 ft at 1A
= 5 x 10-12 ft at 30A
= 1.5 x 10-10 ft at 60A
43
The zero-sequence mutual impedance is
De
z0(m) = 3rd + j3ω k ln
Dag
2790
= 3(0.095) + j3(0.121) ln
16.96
= 0.29 + j1.86 Ω/mile
Z0(m) = 11.43 + j74.28 Ω
Substitution gives
Z00 = 31.0 + j102.65 Ω at 1A
Z 00 = 18.86 + j107.06 Ω at 30A
Z 00 = 27 .21 + j105.89 Ω at 60A
Note: For comparison, we got the following zero-
sequence impedances from previous examples:
No overhead ground wire:
Z 00 = 22 .55 + j110.8 Ω
Non-ferrous overhead ground wire:
Z 00 = 30 .47 + j103.86 Ω
44
Parallel Multicircuit Lines
Consider the double-circuit transmission line
shown. One circuit is designated abc and the
other a’b’c’. Each circuit may be untransposed or
partially transposed.
r
m Iabc n
Zabc
r
Ia'b' c'
Z a'b'c'
45
Using matrix notation, we get
r r
ΣVabc Zaa Zaa' Iabc
r = r
ΣVa'b 'c ' Za'a Za' a' Ia'b 'c '
46
Performing the transformation, we get
r r
I012 A −1 YaaA A −1 Yaa' A ΣV012
r = r
I0 '1' 2 ' A −1 Ya' aA A −1 Ya' a' A ΣV0 '1'2'
Assume that the voltages at both ends of the line
contain positive sequence components only. We
get
0 0
r
r ΣVa1 1
ΣV012 0 0 r
r = = ΣVa1
ΣV0'1'2 ' 0
r
0
ΣVa'1 1
0 0
r r
Note that Va1 = Va'1 since the lines are bused at
both ends. Substitution gives
r
Ia 0 Y00 Y01 Y02 Y00' Y01' Y02' 0
r
Ia1 Y10 Y11 Y12 Y10' Y11' Y12' 1
r
I Y Y21 Y22 Y20' Y21' Y22' 0 r
ra 2 = 20 ΣVa1
Ia'0 Y0'0 Y0'1 Y0'2 Y0'0' Y0'1' Y0'2' 0
r
I Y1'0 Y1'1 Y1'2 Y1'0' Y1'1' Y1'2' 1
ra'1
Ia'2 Y2'0 Y2'1 Y2'2 Y2'0' Y2'1' Z2'2' 0
Solving for the sequence currents, we get
r r
Ia0 = (Y01 + Y01' )(ΣVa1 )r r
r r Ia2 = (Y21 + Y21')(ΣVa1 )
Ia1 = (Y11 + Y11' )(ΣVa1)
47
r r
Ia' 0 = (Y0'1 + Y0'1' )(ΣVa1) r r
r r Ia'2 = (Y2'1 + Y2 '1' )(ΣVa1 )
Ia'1 = (Y1'1 + Y1'1' )(ΣVa1 )
Define the net through unbalance factors as
r r
Ia0 + Ia'0
m0t = r r per unit
Ia1 + Ia'1
r r
Ia2 + Ia'2
m2t = r r per unit
Ia1 + Ia'1
Define the net circulating current unbalance factors
as
r r
Ia0 − Ia'0
m0c = r r per unit
Ia1 + Ia'1
r r
Ia2 − Ia'2
m2c = r r per unit
Ia1 + Ia'1
Solving for the unbalance factors, we get
m0t = ( Y01 + Y01' + Y0'1 + Y0'1' ) / Y1
m2t = ( Y21 + Y21' + Y2'1 + Y2'1' ) / Y1
m0c = (Y01 + Y01' − Y0'1 − Y0'1' ) / Y1
m2c = (Y21 + Y21' − Y2'1 − Y2'1' ) / Y1
where
Y1 = Y11 + Y11' − Y1'1 − Y1'1'
48