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TRADITIONAL

UNDERSTANDING OF YOGA
(PYS I & II)
Prayer

Om saha navavatu,
Saha nau bhunaktu,
Saha viryam Karavavahai,
Tejasvina vadhi tmastu
Ma vidvisavahai.

Om Shanti, Shanti, Shanti…..


Why Yoga?
Traditional purpose of Yoga Practice:
• To understand the life and phenomenon
associated with it
• To overcome the three-fold suffering completely.
• To achieve Total Integration that leads to
Liberation.

Modern purpose of Yoga Practice :


• A method of overcoming certain diseases.
• A preventive method of Health and Healing.
• A way of life.
Who is the expounder of Yoga?
• Hiranyagarbha - An ancient expounder of
Yoga. (Mahabharata 12/340, 69)
• Lord Krishna himself says that this yogic
knowledge was handed over to Vivasvana
(Sun) in the beginning thereafter Sun to
Manu and Manu to Ikshvaku etc. This
Knowledge was lost in between and this is
being retold to you (Arjuna) (Gita IV/1-3)
• Indus Civilization (3000 B.C.) ´The Cultural
Heritage Of India VI/66-67 by John Marshal
plate no. XII.17, XCVIII, CXVI.29, CXIII.11
Who is the expounder of Yoga?
• Indus
Civilization
(3000 B.C.)
Pashupati
seal
Synonyms of Yoga
• Yoga
• Samhanana (Armored),
• Upaya (Means),
• Dhyana (Meditation),
• Sangati (Harmony) and
• Yukti (Technique)
(Amara Kosha III/3/22)
What is Yoga?
Yoga – an ancient holistic wisdom
of India – is a Practical,
Methodical & systematic discipline
for unfolding the unlimited
potentialities of mankind, handed
down in the form of Living
Tradition which has been
systematized around 200 BC by
the Sage Patanjali in the form of
Yoga Sutras commonly known as
ASHTANGA YOGA.
Definitions of Yoga -Yoge or samyoge

• “Samyoga yoga ityukto jivatmana


parmatmanoh” i.e. Unification of
individual self with the Higher Self is
Yoga.
Here the term yoga indicates the
ultimate union and thus stands for the
END aspect of Yoga.
Definitions of Yoga - Samadhau

1. Yogah samadhih” (Vyasa on P.Y.S. I/1)


2. “Samatvam yoga ucyate” (Gita II/48)
Integration or balance is yoga which stands for
Total integration of human potential. These
definitions are also conveying the END aspect of
yoga.
3. “Yoga is integration and harmony between
thoughts, words and deeds or integration
between head, heart and hands” - Swami
Satyananda (Yoga & Kriyas page 101).
Definitions of Yoga - Samyamane
1. Tam yogamiti manyate sthiramindriyadharanam
(Katha.U 2.6.11). Stability of senses is considered to
be Yoga.
2. Controlling the senses, concentrating the mind
(Sveta. U. 2.8)
3. Yogascittavrtti Nirodhah (PYS I/2) Cessation of all
mental modifications is Yoga.
4. Manah prasamanopayah yoga ityabhidhiyate (Yoga
Vasistha). Yoga is a mean for quietening the mind.
5. Tam vidyadduhkhasamyoga viyoga yoga samjnitam
(Gita 6.23). Yoga is that which disassociate from
pain or suffering.
Definitions of Yoga - Samyamane
6. Yogah yuktih (Gita 10.7). Yoga is a Method

7. Yogah karmasu kausalam (Gita 2.50) Perfection in


action is Yoga.

8. Yogah bhavati duhkhaha (Gita 6.17) Yoga is a


method through which one overcomes all suffering.

9. Means to develop balance in body, mind and senses


(Caraka)

10. Yoga is that method through which mind gets


stabilized (Shankaracarya)
Definitions of Yoga - Samyamane
11. Yoga is nothing but a process of purification of body and soul
(Radhakrishnan)

12. “Yoga has complete message for humanity it has a message


for the human body. It has a message for the human mind.
And it has also a message for the human spirit” (Swami
Kuvalayanandaji)

13. “Yoga is the cessation of modifications of the Mind (Citta)


which is the outcome of the movement of Prana into Susumna
preceded by the purification of the Nadis” (Swami Digambarji)
Above highlight the MEANS aspect of Yoga which consist of
Practical and Methodical aspect of Yoga in the form of various
techniques/ methods/ procedures etc. leading towards the
accomplishment of either a.(Unification) or b.(Integration) i.e.
the END aspect of Yoga.
Deductions
• In accordance with the Indian Traditions, Yoga is the
‘END’ as well as the ‘MEANS’.

• Throughout the history various names of Yogas such


as Hatha Yoga, Laya Yoga, Mantra Yoga, Jnana
Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Karma Yoga etc were practiced
according to ones own temperament.

• However, the Astanga Yoga of Patanjali encompasses


almost all the procedures available in different Yogas
and can be practiced by a person of any faith and thus
seems very much relevant to the modern society.
Components of Yoga - Traditional Texts
Group of Texts Component Ref.
1.Patanjala Yoga Sutra 8 PYSII/29
Trishikhbrahmanopanishad8 TSB p.128
Darshnopanishad 8 DU p.153,
Yogataitariopanishad 8 YTU p.368,
Varahopanishad 8 VU p.503
i. Yama ii. Niyama iii. Asana iv. Pranayama v. Pratyahara vi. Dharana vii.
Dhyana viii. Samadhi

2. Hathapradipika of Svartmarama 4 H.P.I/56


i. Asana ii. Kumbhaka iii. Mudra iv. Nadanusandhana

3. Gheranda Samhita 7 G.S.I/9-11


i. Kriya, ii. Asana, iii. Mudra, iv. Pratyahara, v. Pranayama, vi.
Dhyana, vii. Samadhi
Components of Yoga - Traditional Texts
Group of Texts Component Ref.

4. Amrta Nadopanisad 6 ANU p.14


i. Pratyahara, ii. Dhyana, iii. Pranayama, iv. Dharana, v. Tarka,vi. Dhyana, vii
Samadhi
Kshurikopanisad 6 KU p.37-40
i..Asana, ii. Pranayama iii. Pratyahara iv. Dharana, v. Dhyana, vi Samadhi

Dhyanabindupanishad 6 DBU p.196


Mandalabrahmanopanishad 6 MBU p.275
Yogachudamanyupanishad 6 YCU p.337
i. Asana, ii. Pranayama, iii. Pratyahara, iv. Dharana, v. Dhyana, vi. Samadhi

Tejobindupanisad 15 TBU p.51


i. Yama ii. Niyama iii. Tyaga iv. Mauna v. Desa vi. Kala vii. Asana viii.
Mulabandha ix. Dehasamyam x. Drksthiti xi. Pranasamyamana xii. Pratyahara
xiii. Dharana xiv. Atmadhyana xv. Samadhi.
Ashtanga Yoga of Patanjali
• Ashtanga Yoga of Patanjali is one of the Six Systems of
Indian Thought -
Sankhya -Yoga, Nyaya - vaisheshika, Purva Mimamsa - Vedanta

• The Sutra Treatise of Astangayoga, divided in four


chapters, is a psychological exposition of yoga as its field
of action is to refine the activities of citta along with its all
vehicles and thereby getting absolute mastery over it
which in turn leads the drasta (the seer principle) to
svarupavastha (P.Y.S. I/3) i.e. the seer gets established in
its original nature.
• Contrary to this, If citta remains agitated or disturbed the
seer principle identifies itself with the limitations of body -
mind complex (वत्तृ िसारूप्यमितरत्र vrttisarupyamitaratra PYS
I/4) & thus remains subjected to pain and suffering.
• Keeping this Central Theme in mind Patanjali describes
various practices/ techniques/methods etc.
CHITTA – The Mind Stuff
Chit is Consciousness. Chitta is Individual
Consciousness consisting of conscious,
subconscious & unconscious state of mind.
Mind is group of thoughts called as
➢Mana – Desires and Drives the five senses
towards sense objects
➢Buddhi - Analysis, Imagination, Contemplation
➢Ahankara – Doer-ship, Ownership
➢Avchetana – Subconscious & Unconscious
Effect of Prakriti
In BODY the imbalance of kapha ‘mucus’, pitta ‘acid’ &
vata ‘wind’ causes disease.
MIND - three faults –
mala ‘impurity,’ vikshepa ‘distraction’ & avarna
‘ignorance’.
When visions float across mind & is not steady
because it keeps oscillating, that is vikshepa.
When the mind is unable to understand itself, that is
called avarna.
Five impurities manifest during meditation –
kama ‘sensual desire’, krodha ‘anger’, moha
‘infatuation’, mada ‘arrogance/ pride’, matsarya ‘envy’.
Vritti – Whirlpool
Vritta – Circle, Round, never ending
Vritti–Circular. Never ending cyclic
tendency.
Chitta Vritti – The attitude of Chitta & its
inability to breakaway from the cyclic
tendencies.
Consciousness + Prakriti = Stages of Chitta
Five stages of Chitta are known as
Chittabhumi.
Five stages of Chitta - Chittabhumi

Kshipta – Disturbed, dissipated, loiters after


worldly objects - Rajas
Mudha – Dullness, over powered by sleep - Tamas
Vikshipta – Oscillating between steadiness &
distraction, Chitta of gods & beginners in yoga due
to Sattwa.
Ekagra – Fixed on one subject, due to Sattwa.
Niruddha – Only impressions remain in chitta, a
stage of Yoga.

First three are obstacles in yoga practice and last


two are helpful in Yoga.
KLESHA CHITTA
ENVIRONMENT
(POISON) VRITTI
FIVE CLASSES OF CHITTA VRITTI
klista – with attachment, to understand
wrongly, without awareness. PYS I/5
Aklista – without attachment, to
understand rightly, with full awareness.
PYS I/6
➢PRAMANA (Sources of right Knowledge)
➢VIPARYAYA (Wrong Knowledge, )
➢VIKALPA (Imagination or Fancy)
➢NIDRA (Absence of cognition or Sleep)
➢SMRITI (Memory)
Vrittis Klesha Klishta

Vrittis Klesha Aklishta


FIVE CLASSES OF CHITTA VRITTI
➢PRAMANA (Sources of knowledge) PYS I/7
➢प्रत्यष, अनुिान & अगि – Right knowledge
➢VIPARYAYA (Misconception) PYS I/8
➢Snake & Rope - Wrong Knowledge
➢VIKALPA (Fancy) PYS I/9
➢Darkness & Ghost - Imaginary Knowledge
➢NIDRA (Sleep) PYS I/10
➢ Dullness - No awareness - No Knowledge
➢SMRITI (MEMORY) PYS I/11
➢Covers conscious mind - Past Knowledge
➢+ve recall – Aklishta
➢-ve recall - Klishta
Panch Klesha - Five Root Causes of
Chitta Vritti (PYS II/3)
➢Avidya (Ignorance or Nescience) PYS II/4-5
-Prasupta – Dormant or sleeping
-Tanu – Miniscule or thin
-Vicchinna – Scattered or Conflicting in nature
-Udaara – Expanded or exhibiting in nature

➢Asmita (Feeling of Individuality or Egotism) PYS II/6


false conception of identity
➢Raga (Attachment/ Indulgence or Passion) PYS II/7
acute thirst for worldy pleasures
➢Dvesha (Aversion/ Antipathy or Revulsion) PYS II/8
anger in suffering
➢Abhinivesa (Fear of Death/ Insecurity) PYS II/8
(These are like Icebergs barely showing their Heads in Polar Sea)
ASHTANGA YOGA OF PATANJALI
for restraining/ refining the citta

CITTA VRTTI NIRODHA

ABHYASA VAIRAGYA
(PYS I/12-14) (PYS I/15-16)

Leads to

Comprehensive Comprehensive
Awareness Freedom
Restraining/ Refining the Citta
1. KriyaYoga (PYS II/1-2) Tapas, Svadhyaya,
Isvarapranidhana

2. Cittaprasadana (PYS I/33)

3. Pratipaksa Bhavna (PYS II/33-34)

4. Ashtanga Yoga (PYS II/29 & III/1-3)

a. Bahiranga - Yama, Niyama, Asana, Pranayama,


Pratyahara

b. Antaranga - Dharna - Dhyana - Samadhi


Yama - Self restrains PYS II/30
• Ahimsa (Non violence) - Removal of enmity,
feeling of wellbeing. Brings abandonment to
hostility in vicinity. (PYS II/35) Jains are
famous for ahimsa.
In Mahabharata
अह स िं ा पर्मो धर्ममः Non-violence is the ultimate dharma.
So too is violence in the service of
धर्मम ह स िं ा तथैव च Dharma.
It is moral duty to practice violence to stop greater violence/ evil.
धिम एव हतो हं ती, धर्मो रक्षतत रक्षक्षताः। तस्िा धिो न हन्तभ्यो, िा नो धिाम
हतोवधीत ॥
Yama - Self restrains PYS II/30
• Satya (Truthfulness) When established in
truth, whatever he says becomes true and
results of action follow his will. (PYS II/36)
• Asteya (Honesty) Firmly established in
virtues of honesty, all gems present
themselves. (PYS II/37)
Yama - Self restrains PYS II/30
• Brahmacharya (sensual abstinence) When
established attains vitality. (PYS II/38)
Overcomes abhinivesha. Bhishma – great
warrior – death only at his will.
• Aparigraha (Non-possessiveness) Essential
for living, Contentment. When established,
there arises the knowledge of previous births.
HP, Vasishtha, Charanadasa etc describe 10
yamas
Niyamas – Rules PYS II/31
• Saucha (purity)
• Cleanliness. When established develops
indifference towards own body and non
attachment towards others. (PYS II/40)
• Practice of mental purity gives
cheerfulness, one-pointedness, sense
control and vision of the self. (PYS II/41)
Niyamas – Fixed Rules PYS II/31
• Santosha (Contentment) – Unexcelled
or matchless happiness comes. (PYS
II/42).Else impossible to achieve higher
aspects of Yoga.
• Tapas (austerity) – Impurities are
destroyed bringing perfection in body
and sense organ. (PYS II/43)
Niyamas – Fixed Rules PYS II/31
• Tapas (austerity) – (PYS II/43)
• Five types of Tapas –
– Exposing body to Sun (skin hard)
– Heat of fire (slim & brown)
– Pranayama (heat)
– Fire of one point concentration
– Fire of fasting
These five remove toxins and harden the body –
fit for meditation.
Niyamas – Fixed Rules PYS II/31
• Svadhyaya (Study of Self) – By self
observation, union with the deity is
gained. (PYS II/44) Observing one’s own self
– antar mouna, Om chanting. It gives ability to
concentrate.
• Ishwar Pranidhana – Success in
trance comes by complete surrender
to God. (PYS II/45)
HP, Vasishtha, Charanadasa etc describe 10 Niyama
Asana
asanani ca tavanto yavanto jivajatayah
In Hatha yogic lit. 84 lacs Asanas (the
postural substrate of different
species). Out of 84 lacs 84 asanas
are to be practiced for removing
various disorders related to Body-
Mind complex.
H.P. describes 16, G.S. 32, S.S 4, V.S 10.
Charanadasa considers only two asanas
very important i.e Padmasana &
Siddhasana
Asana
What is Asana?
SthiraSukhamAsanam (PYS II/46)
Steady and Comfortable should be the posture.
How to master Asana?
Prayatna Saithilya Ananta Samapattibhyam
(PYS II/47)
effortlessness & merging with ananta – Infinite.
• Stability of Body & Mind which can be achieved
through Prayatna Shaithilya - effortlessness
• It removes conflicts at Physical, mental and
emotional level
Pranayama
PRANA + AYAMA
1. As PAUSE in the movement of breathing activity (PYS II/49)
2. As subtle psychic energy, to control/ to tackle the prana life force, cosmic
energy (Hatha tradition)

PHASE OF PRANAYAMA – Puraka-Kumbhaka-Rechaka


Patanjali (PYS II/49-53) has given emphasis on silencing the activities of citta by
way of prolonging and silencing the process of breathing activities to stand
still.
• Extension of Prana through slowing down the three phases of respiration
• Made prolonged and gentle
• Attenuation of Rajas & Tamas
• removes the covering of light (Knowledge)
• Develops mind for Concentration

In Hatha yoga, to tackle the energy, there is description of 8 kumbhakas and


many other associated concepts/ practices.
Pratyahara (PYS II/54-55)
• Withdrawal of senses from their
respective external objects
• Senses turn inward refine human
instincts
• Mind gains control of senses and not
vice versa
• Senses follow the mind
• Mastery over the Sense Organs
AntarangaYoga (PYS III/7)
• Dharana (Concentration)- Binding the mind
at one place (object) (PYS III/1)
• Dhyana (Contemplation)- Uninterrupted flow
of consciousness at one object (PYS III/2)
• Samadhi - Total integration of triputi i.e
meditator, meditation & object. When only the
object appears without the consciousness of
own self (PYS III/3)
These trio is called samyama सिंयमर्मः (PYS III/4) that leads to
balance-harmony-peaceful state of mind & infinite serenity
9 Obstacles in Yoga (PYS I/30-31)
• Disease o Other Obstructions
• Dullness o The symptoms of
• Doubt mental distraction
• Procrastination – Pain
• Laziness – Depression
• Craving – Shaking of the body
• Erroneous perception – Unrhythmic breathing
• Inability to achieve finer
stages
• Absence of concentration
Removal of Obstacles
• One pointedness. Practice concentration on one
principle PYS I/32
• Chitta prasadam PYS I/33
• Or by controlling prana PYS 1/34
• Or by activity of sense experience Mantra japa PYS 1/35
• Or the luminous state beyond sorrow can control the
mind PYS 1/36
• Or by making passionless person object of
concentration PYS 1/37
• Or by knowledge of dream & sleep PYS 1/38
• Or by meditation PYS 1/39-40
Any Questions
Om
Shanti
Shanti
Shanti

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