UCSP  With the coming of the Spaniards and the introduction of Catholicism, Under this category are people
Catholicism, Under this category are people who identify themselves as transsexual. These
PREPARED BY: ZYMONETTE BUENAFLOR; XI-TITAN
Module 1
Diversity is not about how we differ. Diversity is about embracing one
other's uniqueness
How are they different?
 Environment and history are two of the primary factors that shape the
behavior of human groups.
 This behavior, which serves as an adaptive tool for the varied stimuli
projected by the environment, is influenced by beliefs, practices, and
material possessions
 Through constant practice, these sets of behavior form human traditions,
which are passed on from one generation to the other
 As each human group experiences differing environmental conditions,
cultural variations are established.
 Cultural variations refer to the rich diversity in social practices that
different cultures exhibit around the world
 Aside from the varying cultural backgrounds, human populations also
experience social differences, which include categories on gender,
socioeconomic class, political identity, and religion.
Cultural Variations And Social Differences
1. GENDER AND GENDER ROLES
Gender
- refers to social, cultural, and psychological characteristics or traits
related to males and females based on certain social contexts.
- gender makes a person masculine or feminine.
Gender roles
- refer to attitudes and behaviors that the society expects a person to
exhibit based on his or her sex.
For example, in traditional Philippine society, women are expected to be plain
housewives and take care of their children, while men are expected to be
professionals and provide the needs of their family.
Gender Roles in Pre-colonial Philippine Society
In pre-colonial Philippines, males and females enjoyed the same rights and
privileges. Different social functions were assigned to different members of
society. There were functions that were specifically given to males, females,
or both.
Gender Roles in Philippine Society During the Colonial Period
 Women were restrained from other activities outside their homes,
while men were given more social functions. These roles also changed
as the Philippines was occupied by new colonizers.
the babaylan lost their role in the religious life of the community. This
role was taken over by Catholic priests. Women were relegated to doing
household chores and taking care of children. More often than not,
young women were not sent to school but instead trained to be good
wives and mothers for their future families. Some women were also
forced to marry for economic and political gain.
 During the American period, women had more freedom in society. They
were allowed to study and work in any field they wanted. They also
adopted American values. Men and women became equal in the sense
that it became acceptable for both genders to have jobs and be
educated.
 Although men and women were able to maintain their status in society
during the Japanese period, women were usually kept inside their
houses to protect them from abusive Japanese soldiers. Men also
became busy defending the country, with most of them serving as
soldiers.
 In some societies, gender becomes a basis of one’s identity, as social
norms allow for their acceptance or neglect by the majority of the
population.
There are several types of gender based on a person’s orientation. Depending
on the community, these gender identities can be further subdivided into more
specific category.
Heterosexual
- A person with this gender is inclined to be sexually attracted to a
person of the opposite sex.
Homosexual
- A person is sexually attracted to a person of the same sex.
- A male who is romantically and sexually attracted to another male
is called gay in popular culture. A female who is romantically and
sexually attracted to another female is considered lesbian.
Bisexual
- These are some individuals who are attracted to both sexes. There
are some individuals who are totally incapable of being attracted to
any sex, thus making them asexual.
Polysexual
- Individuals who are attracted to multiple types of gender identify
with the polysexual orientation, which is different from pansexual
who accommodate all types of gender.
Transgender
- There are people whose gender identities do not match their
biological identity as male or female. Their sexual orientation is not
related to their genitalia, which allow them to identify with any
other type of gender such as heterosexual, homosexual, pansexual,
bisexual, and asexual.
individuals believe that the discord between their internal gender and the
gender role that they have to perform can be addressed through medical
sexual reassignment.
2. NATIONALITY AND ETHNICITY
Ethnicity and Race
- Every society consists of people from different families, ethnic
groups, and races. This makes society very diverse and unique.
Nationality
- The identity that is tied to being part of nation or country– a “group
of people who share the same history, traditions, and language”
and who inhabits a particular territory delineated by a political
border and controlled by a government.
Naturalization
Nationality can be acquired by being born in a country or by the process of
legal applications called naturalization.
Ethnicity
 refers to a group of people, also called the ethnic group, who have
a common or shared culture, language, history, religion, and
tradition.
Race
 Race refers to a group of people that shares the same physical
attributes, such as skin color, height, and facial features.
 Human beings are classified into three major races Caucasoid,
Mongoloid, and Negroid.
 These classifications are based on the color of the skin, the shape of the
face and eyes, texture of the hair, and other prominent physical
features.
Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Philippines
There are more than 180 ethnic or ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines,
which are based on the language each group uses.
There are eight major ethnolinguistic groups in the country:
Ilokano
Bikolano
Kapampangan Ilonggo
Pangasinense Cebuano
Tagalog Waray
3. SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS
Philippine society can be categorized into various socioeconomic classes.
During prehistoric times, our ancestors developed a society where people
were assigned with different social functions. However, as society changed,
differences in societal functions became wider and more diverse.
At present, a person’s position in society is based mainly on his or her family’s
economic status. Social stratification or the division of society based on
occupation, income, wealth, or power is simpler at present than in the past.
High-income Class
 people earning an average of PhP 200,000 per month
 the “rich” class that accounts for merely one percent of the country’s
total population
Middle-income Class
 people earning an average of PhP 36,000 per month
 consists of professionals and small-scale entrepreneurs
Low-income Class
 people earning less than PhP 10,000 per month
 consists of laborers and minimum wage earners
Social Mobility
Unlike in other societies where persons born into a specific class have no
choice but to die as part of the same class, people in the Philippines usually
have the opportunity to transfer from a lower socioeconomic class to a higher
one.
- the movement of people or families within or between different levels
in society, and
- the opportunity to transfer from a lower socioeconomic class to a higher
one possibly through education or marriage.
5. EXCEPTIONALITY/NON-EXCEPTIONALITY
Exceptionality and the Exceptional People
People have different characteristics, needs, desires, lifestyles, and
challenges. However, there are people who, from one reason or another, are
described or categorized by the society as exceptional.
What do the words "gifted," "disabled," "challenged," or "different" mean to
you? How does society influence your knowledge and attitudes toward
people with such labels and differences?
Exceptionality
- a quality or a characteristic of a person that makes him or her
different from an established norm in a society
- various physical and mental interference or problems that affect a
person and which makes it difficult for him or her to function
properly in society
Exceptional People
- differ from societal and community standards of normalcy
- have learning or behavioral problems and physical and sensory
disabilities
- are intellectually gifted
- The characteristics that make a person exceptional may have been
acquired from birth, through a medical condition, or through an
accident.

4. RELIGION PERFORMANCE TASK

A. Gender And Gender Roles
 The belief in the supernatural has been one of the universal B. Nationality And Ethnicity
preoccupations of humans as early as 60,000 years ago. C. Socioeconomic Class
 The earliest forms of religion revolved around making sense of natural D. Religion
occurrences such as extreme weather conditions, natural and man- E. Exceptionality/Non-exceptionality
made calamities, sickness, and even death.
 Early human art exuded ancient forms of superstitions that included
beliefs in the afterlife and that of superhuman capabilities.
 The Sorcerer of Les Gabillou is an example of Paleolithic artwork
 This artwork depicts the supernatural ability of a religious practitioner
to become half-man and half-animal.
 Today, religion has evolved to promote far complex forms of
understanding human nature, the afterlife, and natural events.
 Some are monotheistic, believing in the existence of one god
 Believing in the existence of multiple gods is called polytheistic
 Among the major religions in the world are Christianity, Islam,
Hinduism, Taoism, and Buddhism.
 Each of these religions has its own set of beliefs and practices that
must be followed by its believers.