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GOVERNANCE
LOCAL AUTONOMY
It refers to “self-governing”. It is the granting of more powers, authority,
responsibilities and resources by the national government to local government
units in order to be self-reliant and active partners.
DECENTRALIZATION
It is the transfer of power and authority from central institution to lower or local
levels of a government system.
***FORMS OF DECENTRALIZATION***
1. DEVOLUTION-It is the transfer of power and authority from the
national government to local government units. (LGUs)
2. DECONCENTRATION-It is the transfer of power, authority or
responsibility or the discretion to plan, decide and manage from
central to local levels; administrative and sectoral.
3. DEBUREAUCRATIZATION-It is the transfer of some public
functions and responsibilities, which government may perform, to
private entities or non-government organizations (NGOs)
BARANGAY SITIOS
PUROKS
All of these, with the exception of sitios and puroks, elect their
own executives and legislatures. Sitios and puroks are often led by
elected barangay councilors.
Provinces and independent cities are organized into national government
regions but those are administrative regions and not separately governed
areas with their own elected governments.
According to the Constitution of the Philippines, the local governments
"shall enjoy local autonomy", and in which the Philippine
president exercises "general supervision". Congress enacted the Local
Government Code of the Philippines in 1991 to "provide for a more
responsive and accountable local government structure instituted
through a system of decentralization with effective mechanisms
of recall, initiative, and referendum, allocate among the different local
government units their powers, responsibilities, and resources, and
provide for the qualifications, election, appointment and removal, term,
salaries, powers and functions and duties of local officials, and all other
matters relating to the organization and operation of local unit
LEVELS of LOCAL GOVERNMENT
AUTONOMOUS REGIONS
Autonomous regions have more powers than other local governments. The
constitution limits the creation of autonomous regions to Muslim
Mindanao and the Cordilleras but only one autonomous region exists:
the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). In 2001, a plebiscite in
the ARMM confirmed the previous composition of the autonomous region and
added Basilan (except for the city of Isabela) and Marawi City in Lanao del Sur.
Isabela City remains a part of the province of Basilan despite rejecting inclusion in
the ARMM. A Cordillera Autonomous Region has never been formed because
no plebiscite has received the required support.
An autonomous region is governed by the regional governor and a legislature such
as the ARMM Regional Legislative Assembly.
PROVINCES
Outside the lone autonomous region, the provinces are the highest-level local
government. The provinces are organized into component cities and municipalities.
A province is governed by the governor and a legislature known as
the Sangguniang Panlalawigan.
Cities and municipalities are governed by mayors and legislatures, which are called
the Sangguniang Panlungsod in cities and the Sangguniang Bayan in
municipalities.
BARANGAYS
Every city and municipality in the Philippines is divided into barangays, the
smallest of the Local Government Units. Barangays can be further divided
into sitios and puroks but those divisions do not have leaders elected in formal
elections supervised by the national government.
A barangay's executive is the Punong Barangay or barangay captain and its legislature is
the Sangguniang Barangay, composed of barangay captain, the Barangay
Kagawads(barangay councilors) and the SK chairman. The SK chairman also leads
a separate assembly for youth, the Sangguniang Kabataan or SK.
OFFICES
Local governments have two branches: executive and legislative. All courts in the
Philippines are under the Supreme Court of the Philippines local-government and
therefore there are no controlled judicial branches. Nor do local governments have
any prosecutors or public defenders, as those are under the jurisdiction of the
national government.
The executive branch is composed of the regional governor for the Autonomous
Region in Muslim Mindanao, governor for the provinces, mayor for the cities and
municipalities, and the barangay captain for the barangays.
ELECTED OFFICIALS
All elected officials have 3-year terms, and can only serve a maximum of three
consecutive terms before being ineligible for reelection.
Regional legislative
21 years old on election day
assembly member
Sangguniang
Same as governor
Panlalawigan member
Sangguniang
Panlungsod member Same as governor
(Councilor)
Independent component
and component cities Same as independent
Vice mayor component and component
city mayor[5]
Sangguniang Same as independent
Panlungsod member component and component
(Councilor) city mayor
Same as independent
Mayor component and component
city mayor
Same as independent
Municipalities Vice mayor component and component
city mayor
Same as independent
Sangguniang Bayan
component and component
member (Councilor)
city mayor
Secretary to
Office of the Secretary to
the √ √ √
the Sanggunian
Sanggunian
Office of Agricultural
Services/Office of the Agriculturist ? ? √
Agriculturist
Social Welfare
(Office of) Social Welfare and
√ √ √
and Development Office Development
Officer
Environment
(Office of) Environment and and Natural
? ? ?
Natural Resources Office Resources
Officer
Office of Architectural
Architect ? ? ?
Planning and Design
Information
Office of Public Information ? ? ?
Officer
Population
Population Office ? ? ?
Officer
Veterinary Office/Office of
Veterinarian X √ √
Veterinary Services
General
(Office of) General Services
Services X √ √
Office
Officer
Legend:
√ - Mandatory
? - Optional
X - Not Applicable
Source: Local Government Code of 1991
Legislative bodies
that can create,
Local merge, abolish or
Area Population Income
government substantially alter
the boundaries of the
LGU
P20 million
for the last
two (2)
2,000
consecutive
Province square 250,000* Congress^
years based
kilometers*
on 1991
constant
prices
P100 million
for the last
100 square
City 150,000* two (2) Congress^
kilometers*
consecutive
years based
on 2000
constant
prices
P2.5 million
for the last
two (2) Congress
50 square consecutive
Municipality 25,000 ARMM Regional
kilometers years based
Assembly
on 1991
constant
prices
Congress
ARMM Regional
5,000 Assembly
(Metro
Sangguniang
Manila and
Panlalawigan, with
highly
recommendation
Barangay None urbanized None
from the
cities)
concerned
2,000 (rest
Sangguniang
of the
Bayan(s) required
country)
Sangguniang
Panlungsod