We are living in the winter of the World

[Through conscious efforts at the global level, the world can witness a flourishing
spring after overcoming the present dreary winter. Indeed, mankind needs an
unprecedented warmth and love to counter and then come out of this time of winter
and bring about a spring of love and prosperity for people.]
1. Introduction
2. Unprecedented crises faced by humanity
a. Economic Woes
b. Social crises
c. Geopolitical tensions
d. Environmental threats
3. Reasons of this winter
a. Cold-bloodedness
b. Nature being harsh
c. Lack of justice
d. Lack of religious and cultural harmony
e. Ineffectiveness of UN
f. Spirit of man is dying
g. Population explosion and scarcity of resources
4. If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
5. World needs exhibition of warmth, compassion and love
a. Promoting compassion to restore peace in the world
b. Love for humanity
c. Love for nature
6. Conclusion
There is nothing permanent in this universe except change. Human history reveals that
mankind has never experienced the same circumstances for long. It has always gone
through good and bad times. But where the ebb and flow of life on Earth is fascinating
to students of history, it also betrays the fact that what mankind is experiencing in a
contemporary era is 'the winter of the world'. Despite all the progress made in the
scientific and cultural fields, human beings continue to suffer like never before. In fact
most of this suffering has been a result of this very scientific progress that human
beings have been able to achieve.
Today, we face threats to our own existence like never before. We have been able to
gather enough weapons to ensure destruction of life on earth. We produce food
abundant enough to feed the entire population of earth twice but still millions of
people die of hunger each year. Mankind has never before experienced sufferings like
these at such a scale and the time we are living in seems the worst of all times. The
miseries and sufferings endured by mankind are so overwhelming that chances of a
way-out seem very bleak. There seems a little ray of hope to end this winter as human
beings are the ones responsible for it. But if we analyze the present scene from a
positive angle, the very process of nature presents a way-out for human beings.
Through conscious efforts at the global level, the world can witness a flourishing
spring after overcoming the present dreary winter. Indeed, mankind needs an
unprecedented warmth and love to counter and then come out of this time of winter
and bring about a spring of love and prosperity for people.
Times have never remained the same. History of mankind is replete with tales of rise
and fall of great civilizations. Greeks, Romans, Egyptians, Arabs, and Indians, to
name a few, prospered and reached the zenith of growth and progress. History also
makes mention of great wars, famines, epidemics and natural disasters that wreaked
havoc in the world. However, one hallmark of human history is that each time
mankind has been able to regenerate after every calamity. But human race in the
contemporary era is facing problems of such a scale as never witnessed before.
The greatest problem today relates to the economic woes of people. In spite of
enormous growth of economies and unprecedented development in various sectors,
what we observe is the gravest of all the problems -- poverty and hunger. Capitalism
which is hailed as the best system to achieve maximum production and growth has
also contributed to maximum poverty. What we witness today is the dangerously-
sustained high level of unemployment due to chronic labour market imbalances in
capitalist markets.
There is a fast widening gap between haves and have-nots, which not only produces
chronic poverty and hunger but also provokes widespread public protests. This in turn
stalls whatever economic activity is going on in the local markets and further
aggravates the situation.
Globalization and a revolution in information and communication fields were hailed
as significant measures in maximizing the trade and business activities throughout the
world. The World Trade Organization came as an international institution to ensure
free trade and provision of cheap goods for all markets. However, it has received a
severe backlash from societies all over the world.
A serious problem - termed by anthropologists as 'the mother of all problems' - is the
exorbitant rise in world population. Human population which numbered less than one
billion for nearly six millennia of civilized history has now jumped to more than seven
billion in just three centuries. This rapid rise in growth rate has created problems of all
sorts. The explosive population has probably reached the ceiling limit of world's
capacity where more people die of hunger than from natural diseases. Social problems
like unemployment, poverty and slums, insecurity and decay of social values and
ethics are the problems that ensue from population explosion. The growing population
explosion is a great challenge as well as a matter of great concern for world leaders.
This population explosion is also causing political tensions at regional as well as
international level. Birth rates, unfortunately, are higher in those countries where there
are not enough economic opportunities to absorb this additional number of people.
Resultantly, hundreds of thousands of people each year try to migrate to areas where
there are perceived economic opportunities. This uncontrolled migration causes
problems for the source as well as destination societies.
Materialism and individualism have eroded the basic social fabric of society and
virtues like compassion, and spiritual and intellectual values have vanished from
world.
Despite all the progress in medical science and technological advance in diagnostic
and curative fields, human beings continue to suffer from communicable and chronic
diseases. Diseases, epidemics and pandemics take a heavy toll on human lives each
year. Much of this failure is due to misdirected medical system with more focus on
curative side and ignoring the preventive side.
The tale of human suffering does not end here. Mankind today is faced with
geopolitical tensions across the world. Very often we see international disputes leading
to armed conflicts inflicting losses on humanity reflecting failure of our diplomatic
means. We have succeeded in inventing weapons of mass-destruction - nuclear,
chemical, biological and radiological - with an unprecedented scale of destruction.
There are fragile states that threaten to destabilize regions as well as the world due to
their own instability. Terrorism has emerged as the greatest threat of new millennium.
This new and vague phenomenon has multiple dimensions and continues to divide the
world into perpetrators and victims. So far, we have not been able to define this
phenomenon.
Water crisis is another great trouble bothering the human beings in the contemporary
world. The fast depleting sources of fresh water have not only brought a question
mark to the existence of many great societies, it has also become a source of regional
and international conflicts over rights of its usage.
Moreover, various environmental threats have also created troubles for humanity. The
world of today is confronted with a unique threat which had never before existed.
Climate change due to rising greenhouse gas emissions is one such phenomenon. It
reflects a danger for existence of life on Earth and also is a result of our failure to
adapt our lifestyles to the need of time. We continue to spread pollution in this
beautiful creation of God. Air, water, land - nothing has been spared from this
excessive and irresponsible use of resources of earth. Furthermore, population
explosion and rapid, uncontrolled urbanization have given rise to urban sprawl leading
to problems in provision of civic facilities to citizens.
Nature has also been harsh as we see an unprecedented rise in frequency as well as
intensity of extreme weather events like earthquakes, hurricanes, and floods. These
natural calamities pose a great challenge to the modern world as well as human
intellect.
Climate change due to rising greenhouse gas emissions is one such phenomenon.
The reasons of this 'winter of the world' are not unknown. It is the cold-bloodedness of
human beings themselves that is largely responsible for such a state of affairs. We no
more have any regard for fellow Homo sapiens or nature. We continue to exploit
mother earth as well as other men ruthlessly for our benefits.
Lack of justice is the chief reason behind the sorrows and worries in this world. Our
societies are being managed on the principle of 'might is right'. Whoever is powerful
or wealthy becomes one of the 'more equals'.
Lack of religious and cultural harmony is another major reason of today's problems of
the world. Mankind has seen bloody wars fought on religious questions but the
intolerance and extremism on the question of religion or ethnicity that exists in our
societies today is unmatched in history. Belonging to one religion or sect makes you
an alien for those belonging to others. This intolerance is a major source of trouble for
peace in the world.
Despite material progress and prosperity, the spirit of man is dying. Man's spirit
endures his suffering but when the spirit is suffering, there seems little cure. Mankind
is devoid of compassion and love for fellow-humans. Materialism and individualism
have eroded the basic social fabric of society and virtues like compassion, and
spiritual and intellectual values have vanished from world.
The population explosion and the resultant scarcity of resources is another reason for
'winter of the world'. The population growth to levels unimaginable few centuries
back is largely responsible for poverty and hunger as well as pollution. The world
population has crossed all ceilings that were estimated to be beyond the capacity
threshold of the Earth and it continues to grow at alarming pace threatening the
existence of life on earth.
Despite all odds, there is always a ray of hope for humanity as there is always a dawn
to every night. A white tremendous daybreak waits behind every night. The
responsibility lies with the intellectuals and leaders of the world to get together and
chalk out a strategy to protect the world from growing violence, aggression and other
problems.
We need to promote love for humanity as we no longer can afford the barbarism of
hatred and disgust. Hatred breeds hatred and love begets love. We need to promote
virtues of peaceful coexistence and love for humanity in order to defeat the evil forces
of hatred and divide.
To conclude, the problems faced by mankind are tremendous and unmatched in
history. Ironically, we are the ones responsible for most of the troubles confronting us
today. But the magnitude of these crises is of such great scale that it is threatening the
existence of life on earth. Mankind needs to respond to these challenges with
unprecedented warmth and love for fellow-humans and nature as well as for future
generations so we may pass them on to a world featuring spring of prosperity and
love.

Pakistan is Rich in Natural Resources but Poor in their Management.

"Life without conservation of natural resources would be like a deaf listening to music or a
blind enjoying dance performance.

Natural resources affect the life of a modern man, directly or indirectly. The impact is
quite visible at consumer level, industry level a. means of transportation a. so on. No
one can deny the fact that natural resources in its different manifestations are the
ultimate driving force. Consumer using it to run their daily life, industry needs it to
maintain its production line while transport industry is using it to serve the
commuters. As a result, this heavy dependence gave birth to the problem of resource
management in itself and today a resource rich country lay exposed to the problems at
social, economic, political fronts." There is no denying the fact that Pakistan is one of
the richest countries in terms of natural resources and its immense geo-strategic
potential. But sadly, it is one of the poorest countries in terms of management also.
The country's abundant wealth of resources including that of energy, agriculture,
minerals, population, and geography needs no explanation, but unlike the developed
countries, these have not been properly utilized due to poor management. This dismal
situation is caused due to several flaws which have led to poor governance of country
since its inception except some brief periods of economic prosperity. Prevalent
political rivalry a. instability, worsening law a. order situation a. rampant corruption
have led to resource development impasse. A broader overview of geographic position
of Pakistan reveals that it is located in South Asia and has 650 miles of coastline on
the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman. The west is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran.
India is to the east and China in the far northeast. The country is strategically located
between South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East. Our country is bestowed with
some of the best soil resources, for instance, natural gas, oil, hydro power potential,
coal, iron, copper, salt, and limestone and so on. Our farmers produce wheat, cotton,
rice, sugarcane, eggs, fruit and vegetables. We have large cattle farms which produce
meat and milk in abundance. Primary industry includes textiles, food processing,
pharmaceuticals, construction materials, fertilizer, and paper products. Major exports
comprise textile products, rice, leather goods, sports goods, carpets, rugs, and
chemicals. Pakistan imports petroleum, machinery, plastic, edible oil, iron, steel, tea,
and paper. Coal reserves are estimated at 175 billion tons. This would equate to 618
billion barrels of crude oil. When compared to oil reserves this is more than twice the
amount of the top four countries. Natural gas production is at a high level in Pakistan.
Estimated reserves are 885.3 billion cubic meters (as of January 2009). Gas fields are
expected to last for another 20 years. The Sui gas field is the largest, accounting for
26% of Pakistan's gas production. Daily production is 19 million cubic meters a day.
Under the barren mountains of Balochistan and hot sands of Sindh, there is unlimited
amount of oil and gas reserves not touched yet. And still further, we have fertile lands
of Punjab, ready to feed a population twice as big as we are now, the best irrigation
system (waiting for more water reservoirs to enrich ft), and the best quality cotton and
rice. Balochistan is to mountainous desert area, consisting of 3.5 lakh sq. kms. It
borders Iran, Afghanistan and its Southern Boundary is the Arabian Sea with
strategically important port of Gwadar on the Makran Coast commanding approach to
the Strait of Hormuz.
Its total population is 7.5 million. Balochistan occupies 43.6 percent of
Pakistan's total area and is least populated. Gwadar is an important district of
Balochistan, having 600 Kilometres long border. Until 1958, it had been a part of the
State of Oman. On December 1958, Pakistan bought it with an amount of 550 million
Rupees. It was suggested as a suitable site for port in 1964 and thus in 2002, the
construction of the port was initiated with the help of China. The Gwadar Port, being
the third largest port of the world, is situated at the doorway of the Persian Gulf (180
nautical miles from the Strait of Hormuz through which 40% of World's Oil passes)
and at the largest trade route of the world. It is due to this fact that makes it geo-
strategically more important to the world powers.
Rickodek, the part of Chagi (Tehsil of Balochistan), means "Hillock of Gold. Pakistan
and International media has highlighted a new discussion on 'Rickodek'. It is the
world's 4th largest deposit of gold and copper. It has been discovered that the
mountains of Balochistan are filled up with much costly reservoirs of mineral.
Nevertheless, it has also been proved that the gold and copper reserves of about $260
billion are buried under the Rickodek. But it is very unfortunate that Pakistan is
dependent upon foreign companies for exploring, mining, surveying and refining of
our natural wealth. Balochistan has been divided among Pakistan, Iran and
Afghanistan. It has been overlooked since the times of the British Rulers. It is that part
of Pakistan that consists of different linguistic and ethnic groups Pakistani leadership
must focus on exploration of natural resources and their scientific management.
Properly managed natural resources can play a vital role in national growth. Extensive
geological survey is required to discover the resource potential. Planning and vision is
needed to explore the untapped resources and effective strategy is essential to .1Iy
exploit the resources under use.
"Nature has given you everything: you have got unlimited resources. The foundations
of your State have been laid, and it is now for you to build, and build as quickly and as
well as you can. So go ahead and I wish you God speed." Quaid-e-Azam, Muhammad
Ali 3innah (Message to the Nation on the occasion of the first Anniversary of Pakistan
on 14th August, 1948)
Pakistan, despite its 8081 08026108, is still a problem ridden, poverty prone,
underdeveloped and third world country. Economy of Pakistan is in shambles. All our
important industries that once served as important contributor to the national GDP
have been closed down. Sugar, cement and shoe industry is on its downfall while
textile industry is on the verge of disaster. Foreign investors are not ready to set up
their businesses in Pakistan. They have their own set of problems which include
painful and lengthy procedure of getting licenses and work permits in Pakistan, power
crises, terrorism aggravate the crisis. Multinational Companies are reluctant to open
their offices and franchises in Pakistan. More than 70 MNCs have already packed up
their business in Pakistan. Economic prosperity, however, serves as a backbone for the
overall progress of a nation. One thing is common in all developed nations, — they
are economically sound. When citizens of a country are freed from the worries of
earning a livelihood to sustain their lives, they divert their attention to more useful
things. They focus on education, manage healthcare, develop technologies that make
life easy and much more. Poor economic condition is the root cause of so many
problems that exist in a society. Unfortunately Pakistan's economic condition is
pathetic. As if power crises, lack of foreign investment for the development of
industrial zones, backward and out-dated technology were not enough, Pakistan's
indulgence in war on terrorism served as a fatal blow to the already crumbling
economic state.
Moreover, Northern areas of Pakistan have been a place of great tourist attraction. The
beautiful hills, the lush green valleys, shimmering lakes and flowing waterfalls
brought many a tourist from all over the world to Pakistan. This contributed to foreign
exchange. Tourism Industry was one of the booming industries of Pakistan. Besides
attracting foreign exchange, it also provided employment to local people. In addition
to that, tourist industry was a source of friendly relations with other countries.
Nevertheless, war on terrorism has served as a serious blow to the tourism industry of
Pakistan. Due to war on terror, local people of war-ridden areas are migrating to other
areas of Pakistan. Country has seen the largest migration since its independence in
1947. These people have left their homes, businesses, possessions and property back
home. This large influx of people and their rehabilitation is an economic burden on
Pakistan. Unemployment was an ongoing problem for us and now the issue of
providing employment to these migrants has become a matter of serious concern. This
portion of population is contributing nothing worthwhile to the national exchequer, yet
they have to be benefited from it. This unproductive lot of people is a growing
economic burden for Pakistan.
 70% population of Pakistan lives in villages. Most of them don't have access to
adequate basic needs of life. They are struggling to make both ends meet. A large
chunk of population lives below poverty line. They live in miserable conditions. Lack
of proper food, clothing and shelter, poor sanitation, unsafe and sometimes
contaminated drinking water are some of their many problems. Poverty itself gives
rise to various other social problems. It deprives children of poor people to access
education and healthcare. A sense of deprivation manifests itself in form of various
crimes. That is why every now and then, we read crime stories in newspapers that are
characterized by lower orders of society who adopt illegal means to get the financial
prosperity which they cannot achieve otherwise.
In order to take maximum benefits from natural resources there is a need of technical
education of people involved in resource exploitation and management. The technical
education ensures that there is minimum wastage of the resources. Hence, such
education should be made compulsory for the people in concerned areas of activity.
On the other hand, the politicians, policy makers and all the stake holders must adopt
a rational approach not to politicize natural resources. It should be prioritized as the
vital national interest and dealt with as such.
It needs not to be emphasized that Pakistan is not poor but poor management of its
natural resources has made it so. The enormous natural resources of all kinds like
energy, minerals, agriculture, and manpower could have made this country a wealthy
economy. Thus, the daunting challenge of poor management of natural resources
direly needs to be addressed not only to overcome the perils caused due to it but also
to achieve economic self-sufficiency and prosperity of the nation. By surpassing this
challenge, Pakistan is destined to have prominent place in the world as a stable,
growing and prosperous nation.
"We should have a State in which we could live and breathe as free men and which we
could develop according to our own lights and culture and where principles of Islamic
social justice could find free play." Quaid-e-Azam, Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

CORRUPTION: A CONUNDRUM BUT CURABLE!

Corruption, a word having diverse meanings, is defined as dishonesty, misconduct,

malversation, fraud, and is a vice-ridden and wicked act certainly an immoral and
irreligious action, unethical and unlawful move, and so on. However, the basic sense
remains the same — it is a despicable act in every sense.
Though numerous problems are being faced by the humans across the globe,
corruption is a major conundrum among them. It has severely adverse effects on a
country's system. In Pakistan, this issue has not only tarnished the country's credibility
and image but has jeopardized its stability too. No department is absolutely free of
corruption may it be education or business sector. Corruption is rampant among law-
enforcement agencies, courts, sports, taxation department and there may be hardly any
place to be called corruption-free in truest sense of the word.
Corruption is at the root of these abounding problems. Take any matter, may it be the
energy crisis or faltering economy, worsened law and order or heinous acts of
terrorism, declination of education or ever-rising inflation, the main cause behind
would be corruption. In other words, corruption is the mother of all ills. Lack of
proper and effective mechanism to eradicate corruption has further aggravated this
problem. This issue direly and urgently wants a befitting solution.
First, it is the duty of country's political leadership to formulate laws so as to
reinvigorate—rather resurrect—the National Accountability Bureau, along with
evolving a comprehensive, practical mechanism that may ebb away corruption.
Moreover, it must be ensured that the wrongdoers and the corrupt people face the
music for all their wrongdoings and are awarded befitting punishments.
Second, the public officials should perform their duties honestly, and denounce any
exhortation which may incite them to resort to corrupt practices. Hence, eradicating
corruption means a boost to the economy of the country. So, eliminating corruption is
direly needed for the development and sustained stability in Pakistan.
Every year, a number of people join Civil Services of Pakistan while countless
personnel are also employed to do the auxiliary jobs in lower ranks. What prompts
them to be involved in corruption is a mystery solved and exposed to everyone. The
first and foremost motivation behind being involved in corrupt practices is the
cupidity of easy-money. The menace of bribery in Pakistan ensues in various
malpractices and today, there is hardly any government department where one can get
required services, that is his basic constitutional right, without bribing the officials.
Even the freshly-appointed people frequently indulge in this unfair practice. Apart
from this filthy greed for money, nepotism, cronyism, impatience, and sufferings are
also counted in as major inducements to corruption.
At higher echelons of government or where there are positions of power, nepotism is
the order of the day. Those who have common ethnicity or clan or biradri may get
their work done within no time. Those at the helm of affairs are usually more inclined
towards their blood relations. Besides this, many instances are seen where people are
involved in corrupt practices just as a show of their power.
Another inducement i.e. impatience, among general public is an everyday observation.
People tend to bribe just to get their piece of work done before others. Taking a real-
life example, a friend of mine went to Board office to get his Marks Certificate. At the
gate, a low cadre employee met him. He said, "Deposit the prescribed fee in the bank
and give me Rs. 150 to me—as bribe—and you will get your certificate today.
Otherwise, officially, you will have to come tomorrow, as per the rules, this delineates
the fact that most people agree to do the former, just to save their time, though the
laws and morality principles are violated. This impatience and "I always first"
syndrome adds to corruption and even provides the employees with opportunities to
carry on with malpractices.
Third motivator roots out of 'perceived' suffering. For instance, a traffic constable
apprehends a person who had violated the traffic rules, the nabbed person will try to
avert the penalty by bribing the policeman. So just to avoid the agony of standing in
queues, he explicitly promotes corruption. These low-level practices would ultimately
give rise to corruption at the higher levels. If corruption is curbed at the lower levels,
it would automatically be rooted out from the higher levels.
Corruption is a curse and it is so rampant in Pakistan that four federal governments
were dissolved in the 1990's on charges of corruption. Consequently, when the world
was entering into the 21st century with much fanfare, Pakistan had not much to
celebrate. Pakistan was again in the claws of military rule and country's ratings in
various indicators were steeply declining particularly in the Transparency
International's Corruption Perception Index (CPI). This is evident from the fact that in
2012, Pakistan was the 34th most corrupt country in the world whereas in 2011 and
2010, it stood at 43rd and 34th position respectively. TI's CPI further showed that
during PM Gilani's tenure, the corruption touched the new heights and crossed $94
billion mark. Furthermore, figures of corruption in individual departments are quite
perplexing.
A 2010 survey on corruption showed that 69% of the respondents affirmed that at least
one member from their respective families had to experience corruption in judicial
system. 42% people reported that they were given government hospital utilities only
after they bribed the hospital staff. A survey conducted in 2002 suggested that 99%
people had to face corruption in taxation department and 96% people reported
corruption when they had to utilize the services of WAPDA. In addition, special cases
such as Rs. 26 Billion Scam in Pakistan Steel Mills, $500 million loss incurred by
PIA, Hajj corruption scandal and last but not least the Rental Power Projects scandal,
are much more devastating and horrifying. All these have contributed to destabilizing
Pakistan.
A person who has not done corruption is like an angel in the present-day Pakistan
where ministers like Abdul Qayyum latoi in the Gilani cabinet, publically say that
corruption is his right and on who is not corrupt is a fool. Most of the Pakistanis —
leaders and public alike — have been involved in such corrupt practices.
The consequential fiascos and debacles are imminent. The criminals go scot free,
economy falters, illiteracy surges, inflation rises, and law and order situation becomes
aggravated which gives rise to many other conundrums.
A renowned scholar C.S Lewis opines that people are never too old to set another goal
or to dream a new dream. This is very true in case of Pakistan as we still have time
and chance to chalk out a plan to eradicate corruption. The question arises then,
'How'? The answer is by learning and analyzing and then working out a plan and
enacting laws immediately which ensure elimination of corruption. India's Right to
Information Act (2005) is an example worth following. India introduced this Act to
provide citizens with any information they may ask about the use of public money
issued by the government for development and other utilities. Though, it wasn't an
absolute solution because the citizens on many occasions were harassed, attacked and
even killed when they asked for information. Nevertheless, it is the duty of the
government to ensure protection of its citizens simultaneously to strive for so that the
ones who violated the act get due punishments.
The corruption control agenda adopted by Singapore needs special mention here.
Singapore founded Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) in 1952 solely to
combat corruption that was rampant there. First, there was a strong political will to
fight against corruption. Then, a "corruption control" framework, having four pillars,
was introduced.
First; effective anticorruption acts or laws authorized the CPIB to investigate
corruption in both public and private sectors. Additionally, it allowed CPIB to punish
Singaporeans involved in corruption in other countries rather than their own country.
Second; Effective Enforcement Agency enforces the laws on corruption. Its main
characteristic is independence of action. It may investigate any person or corporation
in government or private sector irrespective of their power or position. CPIB reports
directly to Prime Minister to thwart any influence from any quarter. The Bureau's
slogan is "Swift and Sure", and it does maintain the soul of this slogan in its practices.
Third; Effective Adjudication Department was to act in order to punish those found
guilty of corruption. Fourth; the Effective Government Administration makes
altogether the anticorruption mechanism stronger enough to produce fruitful results.
At this critical juncture in its history, Pakistan needs immediate yet radical steps to get
rid of this issue once and for all. This is the only path treading on which will end
energy and other multifaceted crises faced by Pakistan in short time while
simultaneously improving law and order situation. Eduard Shevardnadze realistically
suggested that corruption has its own motivations, and one has to thoroughly study
that phenomenon and eliminate the foundations that allow corruption to exist.
If Pakistan adopts Singapore model there is a greater probability that Pakistan will be
less corrupt in future. But, if mechanism is not devised and effectively implemented,
the words of David Hume are quite enough to predict our doom.

Corruption in Pakistan-Mother of all ills

[Pakistan is lagging behind in all spheres of life. This is the outcome of corruption. It
has brought Pakistan to the point where it has lost its identity and failed to establish its
credibility among the other nations of the world.]
Introduction:
Definition of corruption
Root cause of all ills in Pakistan
Socio-economic backwardness....an outcome of corruption
Thesis statement leading to conclusion
Causes of corruption:
Political causes:
Absence of culture of accountability
Incompetent judiciary
Highly centralized economic system
Absence of rule of law
Punctuated constitutional supremacy
Socio- economic causes:
High inflation and food prices
Meager salaries of government servants
Class conflict due to capitalism
Evasion of ethical and religious values
Nepotism and favoritism
Feudalism
Impacts of corruption:
Pakistan ranked 139th by transparency international
Increased crime rates
Tarnished image of society and state
Discouraging FDI
Nepotism.... Order of the day NRO
Pragmatic ways to curb corruption:
Emancipating accountability
Need for ethical counselling through education
Ensuring meritocracy instead of red-tapism
Enhancing transparency
Increase in salaries of govt. servants
Implementing law in its true letter and spirit.
Conclusion.
Power tends to corrupt and absolute power tends to corrupt absolutely.
 One thing must be given preference that it is not the severity of punishment but
the certainty of punishment that matters.

Corruption is a method and a technique adopted just to bypass the rule of law and
engulfing the whole system into socio-economic turmoil. Furthermore, corruption,
being the mother of all ills, gives birth to multifarious problems including nepotism,
favoritism a. negating meritocracy, transparency and accountability. It is an
established fact that the cruelty shows influence as the rule of law is abrogated.
Banking scams, industrialist's monopoly to create baseless crises, bypassing the
constitutional supremacy, lavish living styles of the ruling class, foreign tours under
the head of national exchequer, general apathy, neglect, carelessness and an attitude of
indifference towards national issues are all the outcomes of corruption which is root
cause of all evils in the motherland. The poor are sidelined, the rich are bestowed, the
needy are ignored and the affluent are delivered. However, the story does not end
here. The socio economic situation is much more dubious and gloomy than as
expected.
Lack of accountability is an outcome of nepotism a. favoritism. How can a corrupt
person be held accountable by a corrupt authority? All in all the entire unfortunate
system is prone to the monster of corruption. In such dismal state of affairs, the
question of accountability does not arise. Only lucrative and emotionally charged
speeches and pledges can never come up to the expectations of the people. Rule of law
is the only option that can pave way for accountability.
Moreover, the crippled and dwindling economy and ever-rising levels of inflation are
the major source of corruption. The more the prosperous a country, the more the rule
of law are followed. But it is quite unfortunate to mention that Pakistan is a country
rated in the third world where neither the rule of law prevails nor the economic system
is strengthened. The per capita income is significantly low that renders the lower strata
of society more prone towards corruption.
Incompetent judiciary in terms of not bringing the culprits in to the gallows of law and
absence of bringing the corrupt politicians and policy makers to the books is another
decisive factor in today's sorry state of affairs. In the same manner the unnecessary
delay in deciding the cases of corruption is a clear explanation of the adage: the justice
delayed is justice denied.
In much the similar fashion, highly centralized economy, breeds conflict amongst the
poor and the rich. The growing influence of the privileged class always uses the
influential authority to snub the poor people. In such a grim situation, the victims and
the upper both use their influence at their maximum extent to have maximum benefit
from the opportunity. Thus the capitalism is in the forefront in bringing and paving
ways for corruption.
Corruption evolves as a result of evasion of ethical and religious norms. Religion
always asks the believers to have a solid strive in bringing a moderate society. It
agrees in favor of decentralized economy. Regulation of wealth according to rule of
law is the motto of Islam.
All the above mentioned factors have brought Pakistan at number 139th among the
most corrupt countries of the world. According to CPI report, Pakistan has 2.3 score
out of 10 which shows its position very weak while on contrary, New Zealand showed
9.4 out of 10 in the race and toppled the entire scenario. Pakistan on the other hand, is
lagging behind in all spheres of life. This is the outcome of corruption that Pakistan
has lost its identity and failed to establish its credibility in the whole world.
All the above mentioned factors have brought Pakistan at number 139th among the
most corrupt countries of the world. According to CPI report, Pakistan has 2.3 score
out of 10 which shows its position very weak while on contrary, New Zealand showed
9.4 out of 10 in the race and toppled the entire scenario. Pakistan on the other hand, is
lagging behind in all spheres of life. This is the outcome of corruption that Pakistan
has lost its identity a. failed to establish its credibility in the whole world.
The discussion on corruption in Pakistan would never be complete without having a
glance on National Reconciliation Ordinance, a symbol of corruption in Pakistan. It
was promulgated by a military dictator to serve his own vested interests. It freed all
the politicians and civil servants until 1990, who were convicted on charges of
corruption. PPP and PML (N), the big political giants remained the beneficiaries of
this ordinance. Under the provisions of NRO, the civil servants, politicians and major
industrialists were given a safe passage to escape from all the charges of corruption
and made them free of any sin. NRO, most appropriately can be termed as the law that
legitimized corruption in Pakistan.
Given the dismal state of affairs, as is evident from all the above-explained short story,
there is a stringent need of implementing religious and ethical values, if the nation
wants to get out of the clutches of monster like corruption. The religious counseling
must be given at all levels so that ethics and values have a strong hold on the
characters and actions of the people. Educational reforms based on morality must be
given place in the social system.
Red tapism, nepotism, favoritism must be eradicated by grooming and nurturing a
culture of accountability based on trickledown effect that runs from top to bottom.
Independence of judiciary and rule of law can only bring in meritocracy so that
talented and high caliber people must be employed at the higher posts.
Another pragmatic solution is to increase the salaries of the government servants.
Financial satisfaction to all and sundry can bring in a positive change in the society. It
forces the workers to follow the principles of morality and honesty.
Moreover, the laws must be made strict and their implementation be ensured.
Unfortunately, Pakistan is a land of laws which are never implemented. One thing
must be given preference that it is not the severity of punishment but the certainty of
punishment that matters. Such practices put the things in order and in right directions.
Therefore, strict implementation of laws is the only way forward. China after the
empowerment of communist party, paved this way fora cause of change.
Moreover, the laws must be made strict and their implementation be ensured.
Unfortunately, Pakistan is a land of laws which are never implemented. One thing
must be given preference that it is not the severity of punishment but the certainty a
punishment that matters. Such practices put the things in order and in right directions.
Therefore, strict implementation of laws is the only w, forward. China after the
empowerment of communist party, paved this w, for a cause of change.
Corruption is social curse that must be ditched. The lawmakers in the parliament must
take stringent efforts and evolve practicable strategies to eradicate the mushrooming
menace. Rule of law, supremacy of the constitution and independence of judiciary and
off course a free and vibrant media being the fourth pillar of the state, must be
implemented in true letter and spirit. The accused must be given a cold fist. Time is
ripe that drastic measures be taken to get rid of this tsunami of corruption that
undoubtedly has torn and destructed our very social and economic fabric. Enough of
apathy and negligence, the need of the hour is to join hands on all fronts by all
members and areas of society to ouster this curse. If Pakistan wants to run in the race
of socio economic development, evils like corruption do not fit in the scenario.

March towards Independence

[How well have we managed Pakistan in the last 66 years? Our performance during
this period has been just dismal. We have forgotten that independence was just the
first step; we need to transform Pakistan into a model Muslim state.]
Every year, March 23 reminds us of the historic convention of the All-India Muslim
League held at Minto Park, Lahore, in 1940. This momentous event changed the
course of history. It was the occasion when Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah
crystallized the Muslim aspirations and presented the quintessence of the visions of
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal and other leaders, who struggled
for the rights of the Muslims of the subcontinent. In his presidential address on the
occasion he said, "The problem in India is not of an inter-communal but manifestly of
an international character, and it must be treated as such." He added: "The Hindus and
the Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs and
literature. They neither intermarry nor inter-dine and indeed they belong to two
different civilizations, which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions.
Their concepts on life and of life are different. It is quite clear that the Hindus and
Muslims derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different
epics, their heroes are different and they have different episodes. Very often the hero
of one is a foe of the other, and likewise, their victories and defeats overlap. To yoke
together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the
other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and the final destruction of any
fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state."
Based on the ideas of the Quaid, A K Fazlul Haq, and the then Chief Minister of
Bengal moved the historic Pakistan Resolution. It was seconded by Maulana Zafar Ali
Khan from Punjab, Sardar Aurangzeb from the then NWFP, Sir Abdullah Haroon from
Sindh and Qazi Esa from Balochistan.
We have got to understand that independence was not the goal; it was a means to
achieve the ultimate goal of social justice, human excellence and to shine in the
comity of nations.
A goal was set by the nation where it was decided that independence would be the
only way forward. Freedom was demanded for the Muslim majority areas located in
the north-westem a. eastern zones of India. The whole nation stood united behind the
Quaid-e-Azam and responded to his calls with utmost devotion. The journey towards
independence was not easy. It was the Quaid-e-Azam's political acumen, his foresight
and character that prevailed over the Hindu slyness and countered the cunning British.
Congress always propagated itself as the sole representative of the people of India and
believed that the struggle was between Congress and the British, and that anyone who
was pro-independence would support them. Their two-and-a-half years' rule exposed
their true face. During this period, Muslims were subjected to physical attacks,
discrimination, unemployment, strangulation of economic and educational
opportunities and other abuses. In the face of all these adversities, the Quaid-e-Azam
stood firm and continued, with great resolution, to propagate that Muslims were a
distinct nation having a separate culture, language, legal laws, moral code, history and
heroes. In 1945, the Muslim League won 100 per cent seats at the centre and stood as
the sole representative party of the Muslims that strengthened the hands of the Quaid-
e-Azam.
Today, we stand indebted to hundreds and thousands of those Muslims who lost their
lives, loved ones and properties for the sake of independence and the better future of
the next generation. We must also pay homage to Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Sir Allama
Muhammad Iqbal and other leaders for their struggle and wisdom that delivered us
from slavery. It is also time for self-appraisal. How well we have fared with Pakistan
in the last 66 years? Our performance during this period has been just dismal. We have
forgotten that independence was just the first step; we need to transform Pakistan into
a model Muslim state. It seems as if we have stopped dreaming, as if we do not have a
vision for the future and that we are exhausted and cannot struggle anymore. That may
be true to some extent. What we are weary of are self-serving and egoistic politicians,
corruption, nepotism and social degeneration. The terrorism unleashed against
Pakistan is all about breaking the will of the people. We have got to stand against all
odds as it is not possible for us to let the sacrifices of our forefathers go waste. We
have got to understand that independence was not the goal; it was a means to achieve
the ultimate goal of social justice, human excellence and to shine in the comity of
nations as a beacon of light truly reflecting a just Muslim society. The time is ripe to
achieve this objective; we need to revisit Iqbal and benefit from the vision he had set
forth for us. We might have to do it without a charismatic leader like the Quaid-e-
Azam. It is still possible, if we rise above our personal interests, to promulgate good
and eschew evil at the individual and national level.

Pakistan's Dangerous Pyramid

[An analysis of Pakistan's internal and external problems is in order here. At the risk
of sounding repetitive, it may be said that Pakistan is literally passing through the
most critical phase of its existence.]
Pakistan continues to lurch from one crisis to the other. Each day, the Sun dawns with
graver news for the people of Pakistan. It appears they have now become accustomed
to such saddening news, given the frequency of events which have been happening at
a massive speed. Television channels continue to broadcast such news and repeat them
on hourly basis. You can imagine the effect it has on the people who switch on their
TV sets to see what is happening around.
An analysis of Pakistan's internal and external problems is in order here. At the risk of
sounding repetitive, it may be said that Pakistan is literally passing through the most
critical phase of its existence. How Pakistan negotiates through this maize will
determine the direction the country is headed into. Years 2013 and 2014 are two most
important years for the country because people get ready to vote in the upcoming
general election.
This is for the first time in Pakistan's chequered political history that a civilian
government is going to complete its tenure and a smooth transition of power is in
sight. The second important aspect is the planned US withdrawal from Afghanistan by
the end of 2014. The post-withdrawal scenario presents both a set of opportunities as
well as challenges depending upon how Pakistani leadership, both civilian and
military, plays its cards.
More than anything else, Pakistan's external interests at eastern and western borders
largely hinge upon her ability to steer itself out of multiple internal conflicts. The
unending wave of terrorism, exploding economy and the prospect of a weak civilian
government and a hung parliament, following the 2013 election are some of Pakistan's
key internal problems.
The killing of 110 people of the Hazara community in Quetta in a span of 40 days
brings home the need of a clear and consensual anti-terror policy. The terrorist forces
seem to have launched a fresh and more determined offensive at places of their own
choosing. The entire country seems to be on fire with law-enforcement agencies
appearing helpless before the terrorist forces. Karachi, the provincial hub of Pakistan,
has come to be known for its bloodied history. It is a city where blood is cheaper than
water. Target killing, arson and violence have become order of the day. There is no
writ of the government. The city's captains of trade and industry are said to be
relocating their businesses in Dubai, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and other
countries.
As law and order deteriorates across the country, political parties appear more divided
than before on how to fight the menace of terrorism and extremism. The lack of
political consensus is driven by political considerations as they get ready to go to polls
later this year. Following 9/11, the world revisited its security doctrines and brought
about reforms in models of homeland security. Pakistan failed to evolve broad
contours of its anti-terrorism policy with the result that policy confusion is responsible
for systemic paralysis the country seems to suffer from. There has been marked lack
of comprehensive policy against terrorism for the last five years.
Pakistan needs fundamental reforms to fix its economy. Foreign reserves are depleting
with every passing day. The government has shied away from fixing structural issues
such as imposition of Reformed GST, or Value Added Tax, brining agriculture and
stock market under the tax net. Economic experts are of the view that given the
current state of national economy, the country would have to go to IMF for another
bailout package to prop up its depleting foreign reserves.
However, IMF wants 'deepest and broadest' consensus among political leadership for
meeting the conditionality of the Fund as well as tough reforms that the government
will need to implement. The caretaker setup would have hard time at the helms in this
regard.
This is for the first time in Pakistan's chequered political history that a civilian
government is going to complete its tenure and a smooth transition of power is in
sight. Political assessments predict that it is difficult for any single political party to
garner tangible support, sufficient for it to form a government at the centre.
International Republican Institute's recent survey has only confirmed the perceptions
that a hung parliament will come into being and a coalition government will be in
place at the federal level. In such a scenario, it will be difficult for the government to
bring about fundamental reforms in the economic sector.
Externally, those who believed that Pakistan and India had come a long way off and
were headed in the right direction so far as revival of a composite dialogue was
concerned will need to review their opinions. The recent exchange of gunfire between
Pakistan and India at the border is indicative to the fact that foundation of their
relations remains weak and fledgling. So much so that even a single incident or
unintended provocation has the potential to derail the peace process. The way India
leadership responded in the backdrop of the LoC incident did not help matters.
Indian Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh declared to call off his visit to Pakistan,
going to the extent of saying that it was difficult for India to have business as 'usual'
with Pakistan. Contrary to the Indian Leadership’s attitude, the conduct of Pakistani
military and civilian leadership has been quite composed and measured. Since General
Musharraf's times, Pakistan has been making unilateral concessions to India. The
trend did not stop when the democratic government was ushered in power. President
Zardari also made normalization of ties with India - the topmost point of his agenda
during five years in office. So much so the PPP-led government has almost granted
the 'Most-Favored Nation' status to India in spite of tough resistance from the rightist
lobbies. It now appears after the recent incident that Pakistan's peace overtures have
fallen on deaf ears without any reciprocity from the India side.
As Pakistan's internal problems multiply, there is a strong possibility that India would
like to fish in Pakistan's troubled waters in Balochistan. It would also increase its
efforts to undercut Pakistan's role in Afghanistan, which will hurt Pakistan's legitimate
interests grievously. The unending wave of terrorism, exploding economy and the
prospect of a weak civilian government and a hung parliament, following the 2013
election are some of Pakistan's key internal problems.
On the western border, Pakistan faces the toughest test. Its security and stability is
directly linked to peace and security in Afghanistan. The key question for Pakistan
relates to the political arrangement after the US drawdown from there. Islamabad
dreads the repeat of a scenario after the collapse of USSR when the US left
Afghanistan in the lurch to fend for itself. Pakistan had to face the blowback in terms
of massive migration of Afghan refugees as well as the mushroom growth of terrorism
in its tribal areas and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province.
However, much will depend on how Pakistan calibrates its Afghan policy. Will
Pakistan like to follow the old policy of having a friendly government' in Kabul or
support a broad-based government there?
The recent release of key Afghan leaders from captivity by Pakistan is an important
development. It reflects Pakistan's seriousness to encourage the intra-Afghan peace
and the reconciliation process enabling the Afghan parties to thrash out a power
sharing deal.
In the run-up to withdrawal of ISAF and NATO forces from Afghanistan, Pakistan
will have to deal at two fronts: the US and Afghan groups. Islamabad needs to align its
interests with those of other parties and secure a common ground. But for any effort to
be successful, Pakistan should first pay serious attention to its internal mess. The
country does not afford turmoil for an extended period of time. If it stabilizes its
domestic situation, it will have increased space at the external level to safeguard its
strategic interest vis-a-vis US, Afghanistan and India.
It is in this context that the 2013 election is of utmost importance and will be watched
with great interest both by the people of Pakistan and our 'friends'.

Social Challenges of Pakistan

[Pakistan did not adequately invest in its people. Such underinvestment is directly
responsible for the poor social and economic statistics. It has made limited progress on
poverty and health indicators. Similarly its education outcomes remain below those of
other countries at similar levels of development.]
Pakistan is a country of about 180 million people, full of natural resources and more
than 63 years of independence, but still not respected in the world community. In less
than 30 years of independence, its one wing got separated and emerged as Bangladesh
on the world map. Since its inception, Pakistan is dependent on World Bank, IMF and
foreign donations. Majority of the population is living in rural areas and is deprived of
the basic supplies of life. It is a country where financial gap between rich and poor is
widening day by day.
Despite being rich in natural resources, Pakistan is a developing country with very
limited development in every field due to a horde of problems being faced by it.
Almost every kind of problem exists in Pakistan ranging from deterioration of
economy, electricity load-shedding, inadequate educational facilities, insufficient
health facilities, sky-rocketing inflation, extremism, injustice, increasing crime rate
and non-provision of drinkable water in many parts of the country.
According to an analysis of the government of Pakistan, the poverty has increased
roughly from 30% to 40% during the past decade. According to the definition of
literacy i.e. persons aged 15 or above who can “read” and “write” Pakistan officially
reported to have 50 % literacy rate, which shows that half of its population is illiterate.
The point to be pondered here is that 40% of the total population of the country is
living below the poverty line which means that they are deprived of basic necessities
of life such as food, shelter, clothes, thus there is no question of education and
medication for them. Such families are fighting for their survival only. With such
family backgrounds in the country, the rate of inflation, poverty, crime and child
labour is expected to be increased in future.
Terrorism and extremism is increasing in Pakistan for the last 10 years. Therefore
whatever is happening in the world, it is considered even before investigations that it
might have been a link with Pakistan. The whole world looks at Pakistan as a land of
terrorists.
Further a Pakistani termed as “Literate” (only able to read and write), is still taken as
illiterate in today's technology-oriented world. It is general observation that majority
of top position holders are almost not comfortable with latest technologies and
technical mindset. Thus, causing the country to adopt the new technologies at a snail's
pace. Education is not treated as a priority and inevitably child exploitation continues
within our nation. Most people in the rural areas have no access to educational
institutions. Pakistan does not have sound educational system under which a child can
be adequately socialized into becoming a productive member of society.
Pakistan is also facing a health crisis due to insufficient health facilities with rising
rates of hepatitis, diabetes, heart disease, and other non-communicable diseases. This
situation worsens during natural calamity. The World Health Organization (WHO)
reported 4 million cases of diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and skin conditions that had
largely resulted from the flood conditions. Cholera outbreaks have also been reported
from flood-affected areas.
Electricity shortage is another major social problem Pakistan is facing today. There are
around 16 independent power producers that contribute significantly in electricity
generation in Pakistan. For many years, the issue of balancing Pakistan's supply
against the demand for electricity remained unresolved. Pakistan is facing a
considerable challenge in restoring its network responsible for the delivering of
electricity. In recent years Pakistan has shrunk by 50% in electricity generation.
Resultantly load-shedding (deliberate blackouts), and power blackouts have become
severe in the country. It is said that the main problem with Pakistan's poor power
generation is the non-existence of the political will.
Another social challenge and highly destructive phenomenon in Pakistan is of
terrorism. Terrorism and extremism is increasing in Pakistan for the last 10 years.
Therefore, whatever is happening in the world, it is considered even before
investigations that it might have been a link with Pakistan. The whole world looks at
Pakistan as a land of terrorists.
The Pakistani army in 2004 launched a pursuit of Al-Qaeda members in the
mountainous area of Waziristan on the Afghan border, although skeptics question the
sincerity of this pursuit. Clashes there erupted into a low-level conflict with Islamic
militants and local tribesmen, sparking a war in Waziristan. A short-lived truce, known
as the Waziristan accord, was brokered in September 2006, which indicated Pakistan's
reluctance to fight Islamic militia.
Terrorist attacks staged in Pakistan have killed over 35,000 people, 5,000 of which are
law enforcement personnel. On the other hand, the material damage caused to the
Pakistani economy is about $67 billion. Pakistan has an estimated 2 % growth rate
which for a country of official population of 180 million turns out to be roughly
around 3.2 million every year. This is a big dent to the economy of Pakistan and
hinders the progress of every field.
One of the biggest challenges to the country is the ever growing population and
absence of any focused measures to control it. It is predicted that by the year 2050,
Pakistan will be the third most populated nation in the world. This alarming growth
rate is causing immense pressure on head of the families who are to support them. As
it has been previously mentioned that about 40 % of the population is living below the
poverty line and 5.6 % (official figures) of the population is unemployed, the ever-
growing population of Pakistan is just adding to the problems of the already under
pressure nation.
At the time of partition, Pakistan had 30 million people with per capita income of
$100. Agriculture accounted for almost 50 of the economic output with hardly any
manufacturing, as all industries were located in India. Therefore, it was unable to feed
30 million people and the country has to depend on imports. This process carried on
and today out of every hundred rupees of our national income, we consume 85 rupees
and save only 15 rupees. Thus, a very small amount of money is available to invest for
economic growth and advancement. Further due to the instability of political system
and terrorism in the country foreign investment is also negligible.
In 1990, Pakistan's share in the world trade was 0.2% which has shrunk to 0.12%
within 20 years. On the other hand, world trade has been growing faster as compared
to the world output. Therefore, the Pakistan's exports/imports imbalance is increasing.
Another important reason for imbalance between import and export is that Pakistan is
focusing on limited commodities for export including rice, textiles, leather, sports and
the surgical goods only and paying attention to a few markets i.e. Middle East, EU,
USA and UK. The biggest challenge for the survival of the country in today's world is
to increase the investment amount, find new markets, improve the qualities of its
products and add new commodities in the list of export goods.
Half of government expenditures are dedicated to fulfill debt repayment compulsions.
In order to make these payments, every year additional loans and grants are
indispensable which amount to approximately 25 per cent of the revenues. Pakistan's
another extremely large dilemma is the ever-increasing debt. The debt is mounting up
mainly, due to the large spending on military and imbalance of import-export,
dependence on foreign oil and other imported fossil fuels, etc. These resources are
used primarily for the generation of power. Half of government expenditures are
dedicated to fulfill debt repayment compulsions. In order to make these payments,
every year additional loans and grants are indispensable which amount to
approximately 25 per cent of the revenues. This exercise averts Pakistan to allocate
considerable funds to economic development and social improvements.
One of the social concerns within Pakistan is child labour which is considered a
violation of human rights by the United Nations. In Pakistan a poor child, believed to
be an earning hand for the family is easily deprived of right of basic education. Child
labour is not practiced in Pakistan only but it exploits the children in all the third
world countries also, as they are a cheap source of labour. According to the Federal
Bureau of Statistics of Pakistan, 3.3 million out of 40 million children are working in
various industries, though child labour is strictly prohibited by law. Child Labour is a
serious social problem within Pakistan because the future and progress of any country
depends on an educated and enlightened youth and if a child is not properly socialized
then he/she will not be able to grow as confident and literate Pakistani citizen. Need of
the hour is that government, NGOs and civil society should come forward to deal with
the situation properly.
Pakistan did not adequately invest in its people. Such underinvestment is directly
responsible for the poor social and economic statistics. It has made limited progress on
poverty and health indicators. Similarly its education outcomes remain below those of
other countries at similar levels of development. Thus it can be concluded that
Pakistan's performance in achieving human development goals is uneven, therefore its
social challenges are increasing day by day.

Country with Vast Resources but Poor Economy

[Pakistan is, undoubtedly, a developing country but with a dwindling economy. We

have a large country and big population, fertile plains, rivers, abundant minerals and
natural resources, but still we lag far behind in every field. There are multifaceted
reasons behind the poor economy of our country.]
When Pakistan came into being on August 14, 1947, all the industries were located in
Indian Territory and Pakistan, in the early days, faced numerous problems. Quaid-e-
Azam started to cope with the challenges. He urged his countrymen to work for their
country. He dedicated all his efforts to uplift the economy of Pakistan that's why he
inaugurated the State Bank of Pakistan on 1st July 1948.
Sixty-seven years have passed since our independence but still we haven't been able to
get rid of the monster of "corruption.. It is indeed the greatest impediment in the way
of economic development and prosperity. Every one of us is aware of the corruption,
in every field may it be the military or the civilian governments. It is only the
corruption which has adversely affected our economy to the extent that we, despite
being rich in resources, are not at par with the developed nations.
The examples of Pakistan Steel Mills and PIA, once the backbone of our country's
economy, have turned into a tale of misery. All of our institutions now present a sorry
state of affairs and the major reason behind is 'corruption'. National Reconciliation
Ordinance (NRO) is a shameful event in the history of our country. This black
ordinance was promulgated to give the legal cover to the corruption made by the
bigwigs of our political elite and, how ironic is the fact that the major beneficiaries
were both civilians and army personnel. Thanks to the ever-vigilant Supreme Court of
Pakistan that NRO was never ratified by the parliament.
The incumbent government of Nawaz Sharif has come up with tall promises to
eradicate corruption and it is quite encouraging that steps have been taken in this
regard. The poor but patriot Pakistanis have attached great hopes and expectations
from Nawaz Sharif as they had given a huge mandate to PML (N) in May 11, 2013
elections.
A peep into our past history makes it vividly evident that the ruling elite have left no
stone unturned to loot and plunder the national exchequer especially the dictators.
Now it is high time for the government to rebuild the country's economy and that too
on strong footings now. There was never such pressing need that the elected
representatives take concrete steps and utilize their energies and skills to make the
impossible possible.
Another major cause of this debacle can be attributed to the chequered history of
democracy in Pakistan. Since independence, we as a nation have been deprived of the
democracy because the democratic process was intermittently intervened by the
military adventurers. Pakistan was still a nascent state when our beloved leader and
the founder of Pakistan Quaid-i-Azam went to the eternal abode. This was an
irreparable loss to the nation as it created a leadership vacuum that has not been filled
till today. Continuation of strong democracy promises the economic benefits. Political
instability is also responsible for our poor economy because the self-interested
dictators made such economic policies which favored them and prolonged their
regime. As a matter of fact, if we had been on the path of democracy since 1947, our
economic conditions, and political maturity would have been absolutely different.
Recently, for the first time in our history we have witnessed a smooth transition of
civilian government. Undoubtedly, Pakistan is a developing country. Although we
have abundant natural resources, we don't have modem technology to exploit them.
Foreign companies extract our natural resources just to benefit their own countries
while giving the locals minimum royalty. If our government sincerely starts to explore
the hidden wealth then our economic condition can substantially improve. By doing so
we can stand on our own feet and be in a position to grant loans to other countries but
who will dare take these steps? Pakistan is calling as it is the time to do something,
otherwise we will perish.
The security dilemma can also be termed a reason behind our economic woes. Our
eastern and western borders have always remained under threat. The security situation
at present is precarious because of extreme insurgency in FATA and Afghanistan. This
has hampered our economy besides a loss of around 50,000 civilian and security
personnel over the last decade. The heinous acts of terrorism have paralysed our
economy. There is no denying the fact that energy supply is indispensable in boosting
the economy but Pakistan is facing acute energy crisis mainly because during the last
twenty years, no government has paid proper heed to this sector as a result our
economy has been in limbo. How unfortunate is the fact that still we have not
developed any sound mechanism to collect taxes. Our tax machinery's lack luster and
apathetic attitude encourages tax evasion. The attitude of tax collectors must be hard
and for that purpose, proper attention of the government is essentially required.
Another cause is the neglect of agriculture sector by almost all governments. Pakistan
has a lot of potential in agriculture and our government must properly plan to build
dams and reservoirs without playing politics to bring more and more land under
cultivation to produce a lot and in turn multiply our exports.
It is a grim reality that in our country everyone has some vested interests. Hardly any
leader is sincere with the country in the truest sense of the world. Unfortunately,
personal interests are given preference over state interests. If we start giving
importance and preference to the state interest, then we will move forward in every
sphere otherwise it would all go up in smoke.
We don't have an Aladdin's lamp in our hands that may make our economy strong
enough to compete with the economy of developed countries immediately. However,
our government can take initiatives practically. Being an underdeveloped country, our
gravest problem and the biggest obstacle in our way to development is corruption. The
government must take harsh steps to eradicate this evil. If our leaders sincerely and
dedicatedly work for Pakistan then that day is not far when we would be called a
prosperous and developed nation. Many of our political leaders have their assets out of
Pakistan. The incumbent government must strive to bring them into our own country.
If the government successfully overcomes this problem then surely economic
prosperity and development will take roots.
For healthy economy, political stability and promotion of democracy are crucial. The
recent transition of democracy from one elected government to another is a good
omen. A true democracy enhances trade and investment in any country. As a matter of
fact, political stability, amicable relations with neighboring nations, ensuring proper
law and order within the boundaries, ensuring supremacy of constitution, systematic
and urgent end of energy crisis, emancipating meritocracy will certainly boost up the
economy of our country.
It is a matter of misfortune that we produce a lot of raw materials but don't have
industries to utilize them. European and other developed nations purchase cheap raw
material from us and sell the finished good at high prices in our own country.
Our newly-elected government must plan systematically and execute them nicely and,
if needed, ruthlessly. If our leaders do not take steps today then we will remain
entangled in the jaws of International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank
(WB). We have to rely on our own resources and must start to work from today to be
in a good position to assist and donate the developing countries within few years.

ARE FOUR PILLARS OF STATE RESPONSIBLE FOR WHAT

AILS PAKISTAN TODAY

The failure of a system definitely points towards the malfunctioning of some or all the
essential components of that system. Indeed the smooth running of a system is only
guaranteed if all major constituents of that system continue to work efficiently in
harmony with each other. A state's system which res. upon four fundamental pillars i.e.
legislature, executive, judiciary and media also .1fils this fundamental principle. The
present gloomy picture of ailing situation of Pakistan in almost all fields is surely
portrayed by dysfunctions of all these four pillars in different proportions. Therefore,
the declining economy, deteriorated law and order, unabated ethnicity, increasing
violence, marred international image, truncated national unity and absence of respect
for humanity and moral values surely enable one to hold these institutions responsible
that bear the responsibility a development a. smooth running of the society, a. whole
system of the country.
It is important to analyze the fundamental role of these institutions, the coordination
between their chain of command and execution of tasks in order to fix the
responsibility in the backdrop of current ailing situation of Pakistan. Legislature is like
the heart of the system which observes the society a. enacts laws for the progress and
development of the country which are enforced with the help of executive. Judiciary
plays the role of safeguarding the interests of people and state in the light of laws
enacted by the legislature. Media, owing to its power of reaching the minds of people,
performs the role of opinion maker and manages the general perception of masses. It
acts as a watchdog in the society, creates checks and balances on individuals and other
pillars of state and educates people on national and international issues. The
development and progress results in only when the policies and actions of these four
pillars of state work in coherence with each other and exist on same policy page. The
fundamental problem arises when there exists lack of coordination between these four
pillars of state which results in absence of uniformity in principles of policy. The first
outcome of such a situation is the conflict of interest which brings institutions in a
state of conflict with each other. Each institution works in complete isolation without
following a national agenda and thus results in chaos and anarchy in the whole
structure of governance and state's system. This situation not only hinders the
prosperity and development of a state but also proves fatal for its potential ability to
flourish by going to the length of devastating peace and progress of the state. This is
the scenario which Pakistan has been facing as a hurdle in the way of a prosperous
future. This is the whole picture which enables us to draw a conclusion about the role
of four pillars of state holding them responsible for current ailing situation of Pakistan.
The statement can be justified by applying this whole scenario to the most vital issue
Pakistan is facing today which is the menace of terrorism. The roots of all other
problems faced by Pakistan today originate from this single menace, some way or the
other. The way in which the issue of terrorism is handled to generate a counter
response is the perfect example which depicts that these four pillars of state share
equal proportion in aggravating the situation without anticipating and neutralizing the
threat. Despite unabated wave of terrorism, which has been hitting Pakistan for a long
time, legislature is unable to draft an effective law which can help other pillars to
combat with this menace of terrorism. Judicial system of Pakistan because of certain
difficulties, complexities and hindrances has been unable to award exemplary
punishment to a single terrorist. Inability of legislature in drafting an effective It
coupled with the inability of judicial system to award punishment to terrorists has
resulted in a severe setback to the performance of executive machinery rendering them
less effective to deal with the threat of advancement of militancy in the society.
Media's role should have been to unite the nation on this single issue, generate
national consensus on national peace and security, neutralize the ethnic a. violent
sentiments by presenting the true ideology of Islam a. Pakistan but unfortunately
media did not play its due role in this war and continued to travel in its own direction
without much contemplating about this grave national issue. In this way the four
pillars not only remained unsuccessful in discharging their individual duties but also
the coordination between them aimed at salvation of the nation and national
development ceased to exist. This situation hints at the complete failure of the state's
machinery and refers to the collapse of the system which is responsible for keeping
the state in line with the requirements of development and progress in this modern era.
This failure of these institutions resulted in increased militancy, violence, terrorism
and extremism in the society which critically ails Pakistan today and is proving a big
hurdle in the future course of social progress and national development. The response
and handling of one issue of terrorism by these four pillars of state, out of many
others, is just one example which depicts their ineffective, non-coordinated and non-
coherent response which portrays a dismal picture on the national front and holds
them responsible for what ails Pakistan today.
It has been substantiated by the logical reasoning aided with the facts on ground that
the current ailing situation of Pakistan is an outcome of dysfunctions of four pillars of
state; however, it is difficult to ascertain whether their unfortunate performance is the
sole result of circumstances that engulf them and in which they are to discharge their
duties.
Some inside faults and mistakes which hinder them in coming out successful from this
grim situation. A care.' exploration based upon rational analysis, balanced approach
and just attitude will give equal proportion to both the sides of the opinion. There are
some obvious difficulties in the ways of these institutions which have barred them in
justifying their role and participating to their .11 in the development a. progress of the
country. Judiciary could not find itself liberated a. independent rather it remained the
victim of theory a necessity in the past. Media struggled for its independence and
faced sanctions on speaking the truth which severely checked its role and decreased its
effectiveness in performing national duties. Non directed legislature, absence of
national consensus on core issues, nonexistence of national policy, absenteeism of
established national targets and goals have put a limit on legislature and executive in
terms of their national contributions. Besides all these there are some other issues
which have grown to the extent within these national institutions of Pakistan that they
are proving fatal in their desired performance which include corruption, nepotism,
self-centered goals, vested interests and irresponsible behaviors. The net result of all
these factors witnessed by Pakistan is the situation which is being faced today. The
judicial system a Pakistan has been unable to set up a system of social justice based
upon equality a rights and respect for humanity. In the absence of an equitable social
system of justice which is the backbone of any developed a. civilized society Pakistan
suffers from lack of interest of international community in building cooperation, trust,
trade and investment relations. The ineffective legislature and executive indicate the
deteriorated condition of government machinery, infrastructure and institutions which
not only proves ineligible to provide amenities of life to the people but also reflects a
dark image of the nation on international level. This inefficiency of legislature and
executive is directly related to the ailing situation of Pakistan. Pakistani media does
not seem to be in line with the interests of nation because of absence of effective
regulatory media laws. It has not been able to justify its role of a watch dog and an
educator in the society. Therefore the individual inabilities of the four pillars of state
to cope up with the demands of modem challenges to the national integrity, peace and
development have combined together to drag Pakistan to the point where the situation
demands to struggle hard not only for coming out of crisis but also to maintain its
independent existence .
In principle the importance of the role performed by these institutions surely makes
them the four pillars of state and at the same time it also increases their
responsibilities many folds. The whole dependence of social development, national
integrity and peaceful society on the efficient performance of these institutions in the
light of national interests a. objectives demand a high level of commitment, high
degree of devotion a. a high sense of responsibility towards fully participating in
solving national issues and moving the nation on the road to development. These
institutions are interdependent in the sense that the outcomes of the actions and
policies of a single institution directly or indirectly affect the efficiency of all other
institutions. If one performs well, it makes it easy for others to perform well but if one
fails to discharge its duty it not only fails in its own task but also creates hindrances
for the other institutions. The worst case scenario arrives when all four institutions are
failed to deliver what is expected from them and share their part in aggravating the
situation on national level. The current ailing situation of Pakistan which is arrived by
the malfunctioning of these institutions can only be reversed by these four pillars of
state. It is the need of the hour that each of them should gauge the gravity of the
situation to generate a suitable counter response and come up to the expectations of
the nation for making this country a happy, prosperous and developed place in the
light of the spirit of ideology of Pakistan.

Prosperity through Economic Ties

[Given the robust economic growth of the Asian economies in last three decades, it
can be rightly said that we are passing through an Asian century.]
Among various sub-regions of Asia, it is being appreciated that if economies of South
Asian countries can overcome the current sluggishness in their growth rates, and
regain and sustain growth rates achieved during the decade from 1995 to 2005 (5% to
10% of GDP), this sub-region can certainly become the fastest-growing area in Asia.
South Asian scholarly community perceives that South Asia would become a vibrant
developing region if these countries resolve their major political disputes and hasten
economic growth through mutual economic cooperation. This cooperation by the
South Asian countries is inevitable to enhance their economic growth rates by
increasing intra-regional trade and sharing their resources through mutual investments
and joint ventures including trade in energy. So far, South Asia lags behind other
regions in intra-regional trade and investments mainly because of mutual distrust and
lingering disputes. While many other regions have resolved their disputes on give-
and-take basis and keeping in view the cost-and-benefit analysis, South Asian
countries are still working on the zero-sum game theory. This mindset must change
and SAARC countries should be flexible in handling disputes through the spirit of
mutual accommodation and keeping in focus the necessity of advancing their
economic development through intraregional economic cooperation for alleviating
poverty and improving standard of living of South Asian peoples.
South Asian countries can make quick and sustainable progress in resolving political
disputes and enhance their economic development by increasing intraregional
economic cooperation. It is a common view of strategic community across the globe,
particularly in South Asia, that unless the trust is built between SAARC countries
through a sustainable and result-oriented dialogue, which can create a definite hope
that within a reasonable timeframe all political issues will be resolved, it is difficult to
make the process of intraregional economic cooperation in South Asia take off.
In the context of creating a conducive environment for achieving mutual economic
cooperation in South Asia by initiating a robust dispute-resolving mechanism,
hastening implementation of SAFTA and starting the process of mutual investments
and joint ventures as CBMs, very cogent recommendations emerged out of South
Asian scholars' deliberations done during a major international conference held on 20-
21 November 2013 with a theme "Towards an Asian Century: Future of Economic
Cooperation in SAARC Countries.. These recommendations are worth consideration
by the leaders of SAARC countries for implementation. Some of these
recommendations are as under:
For creating a sustainable and result-oriented dispute-resolving mechanism between
Pakistan and India, the leaders of both countries must be willing to resolve the issues
and to give concessions to each other.
India being a major country in South Asia should become more flexible and
accommodative towards its all smaller neighbours. Creating a peaceful environment in
South Asia and removing irritants to realizing the IPI and TAPI gas pipelines to
address energy shortages in SAARC countries is highly significant.
To multiply volume of intraregional trade, SAARC countries should make their
products more competitive in the regional market rather than resorting to providing
protection to their less competitive industries and products. Implementation of Safta
should be hastened by acting upon all Safta-related agreements. India should
immediately remove all non-tariff trade barriers imposed on other SAARC countries.
To increase intraregional trade volume, implementation of Safta should be preferred
over bilateral and sub-regional trade agreements. It is highly important to remove the
existing political constraints to make South Asian political environment conducive to
intraregional economic cooperation. With the concept of preferring peace in the
region, the conflict-prone environment of South Asia must be changed. Formation of
common energy grids connecting all South Asian countries through India and Pakistan
to share surplus electricity within SAARC countries is also necessary in this regard.
The South Asian leaders must emulate the example of EU countries of resolving their
deep-seated World War II disputes and achieving success in realizing EU, economic
integration. An early peace in Afghanistan and ultimate realization of the New Silk
Road Initiative is also highly important since it would entail many commercial
advantages for Afghanistan and other SAARC countries. There must be some ways
and means carved out to improve communication infrastructure for connecting
SAARC countries to facilitate mutual trade and economic cooperation. South Asian
leaders must pay attention towards this goal and accord priority to the resolution and
management of mutual disputes to make an early breakthrough in achieving economic
integration in SAARC countries.

FREEDOM OF THE INDIVIDUAL IS A MYTH

[Rousseau believed that "man is born free but everywhere he is in chains." and that is
true to a great extent. It would be appropriate even to say that man is not born free.]
As a child is born, he is bound in relations. He is born as someone's son and someone's
brother. Then he belongs to a particular religion, nationality, cast and sect; all these
factors affect him during his birth and after it. All the relations and connections are
chains though not realized by him as he is too little to understand them. So, an
individual cannot be free from the very beginning of his life till the end.
Now, can it be assumed that it is not possible for an individual to be free? The answer
to this question lies in the way the word 'free' and 'freedom' are defined. If the term
free is taken as being able to do what an individual wants and being able to remain
independent of anyone or anything else, then such a freedom cannot exist in this
world. Man is born in this world and he is bound to be dependent on it. He is bound to
be ruled by different phenomena and different systems that exist in the world. He
needs to breathe in oxygen from some source and find food from other sources. Then
there are other human beings, who have to be in relation with him as he lives in a
society and he is a social animal. In short, absolute freedom in unattainable and is a
myth and can only be found in space.
However, there can be relative freedom. An individual can be free to a certain extent.
He can be free to choose from amongst the choices set for him by different factors if
he has not the potential to choose everything that he wishes. This relative freedom is
defined for an individual by social, economic, political, cultural, religious and some
other factors. One of the reasons that an individual is influenced by all these factors is
the process of his nourishment. For a long period of time, an individual is highly
dependent on family and other institutions and is conditioned through them; before he
is old enough to make his own decisions, there are already certain beliefs, behaviour
and thinking installed in him.
On most of the occasions, a person's family religion defines what religion an
individual will believe in and practice. It is difficult to find a Muslim in a Christian
family and vice versa. Therefore, a person belonging to a family with a particular
religion will not have freedom to choose any of the religions from amongst all the
religions in the world. However, he would have certain relative freedom and he would
have choice to choose from certain behaviours and beliefs that are in the religion he is
brought up into.
Same is the case with economic and financial backgrounds. A person belonging to a
particular economic class would be bound to choose from the options that are granted
to him by his class. Suppose a poor person would not be able to buy anything he
wants. His choices will be highly dependent on his budget. The concept of this sort of
relative freedom can be best understood through a nice example; for example, a father
takes his son to a shop to buy him toy. Now, definitely, the boy would not have the
absolute freedom to choose any of the toys from the shop as his choice will be
dependent to his father's money. On the other hand, father cannot give his son the
choice to choose any of the toys. Therefore, he asks his son to choose from amongst
the toys that are rated to a certain amount; let's say, PKR 1000. Now, the son can
choose any of the toys that are rated PKR 1000 or below it, but he cannot choose any
toy that is rated above 1000; that is his relative freedom.
A person belonging to a family with a particular religion will not have freedom to
choose any of the religions from amongst all the religions in the world.
In similar manner, the freedom for an individual is also dependent on political system,
as well. An individual within a state is highly influenced by the policies and practices
that are promoted by the political system. There are certain kinds of political systems
wherein individuals are given a say and they participate in the formation of the
government; the example can be taken of a democratic system. In such systems, the
individuals cast their votes and elect their representatives who form government. On
the other hand, in a political system, like dictatorship, there is no room for an
individual to cast vote and choose from amongst the different leaders or parties. They
there are certain other types of freedom that are highly dependent on the political
system - the freedom to criticize the government, the freedom to launch political
campaigns, etc.
Though the absolute freedom is not achievable for an individual, it is always better to
widen the relative freedom. It would be desirable to have a wider range of choices to
choose from, and different alternatives to opt. However, it is debatable whether all the
individuals living in a society can have such a privilege and whether extending the
limits of freedom for an individual influences other individuals negatively or not. It is
said that a person's freedom ends at that point from where another person's nose starts;
suggesting that when an individual's freedom becomes disturbance and trouble for
others, it does not remain freedom. Not getting farther into this discussion, it can be
conveniently said that it is possible to widen the circle of freedom for individuals
through proper economic, political and social systems and religious leniency. It is
possible to let most of the people choose from what is best for them from amongst
larger sum of choices, without creating hindrances and hurdles for others.

GOOD GOVERNANCE BY PARTICIPATION

[There is a huge difference between government and the governance; the former
is a physical entity while the latter is qualitative and normative in nature. There
can be a government but what determines its efficacy and effectiveness in
improving the lives of its citizens is its governance.]
Governance means to exercise power and authority with an aim to regulate public life
in larger interest of the masses. It's not enough as the power and authority is to be
exercised with great care and those authorized to use this power should also be
accountable to the public. Good governance involves role of the government only in
core strategic and sovereign functions.
It means that the people should be left to govern themselves through institutions
which gain strength from the government initiatives and policies. Corporatization,
privatization, deregulation and contracting out are the manifestations of new public
management concept in this regard.
Good governance is, therefore, creating an environment of coordination, fostering
equitable development and sound economic policies. It means that form of governance
should be open; coupled with transparency, accountability, access to information and
empowerment. It should also cater for human rights, gender equality, minorities’
rights, support for democratization of institutions and equal opportunities for all.
One of the daunting task for realization of all this is to ensure freedom to take bold
decisions in consultations with all stakeholders, right from policy development agenda
to policy adoption and implementation followed by objective evaluation. For this, the
prerequisite is availability of reliable data, research in the relevant fields by respective
bodies, and also establishment of research institutions at different levels for taking
sound decisions. Common man directly relates the level of governance with the
resolution of his problems and facilitation by the government agencies in providing
basic amenities. Whatever be the policy, it is to be seen whether it has a trickle-down
effect. But, in the absence of local government system, it becomes quite difficult to get
the desired results, even from the best devised policy. Whenever the people are
provided chances to participate in local government system, the results have,
invariably, been in the interests of the people and a lot of development work took
place even in remote areas.
Now, the problem faced by policy makers is to proportionately use scant resources
against ever-increasing population, and break the inertia of state institutions to use
available resources effectively and efficiently. Due to this, Pakistan heavily relies on
external money as our tax base is not as broad as it should be; even if seen in the
context of regional tax to GDP ratio. It, therefore, necessitates that steps be taken with
utmost care and will to increase the tax base. At the same time, good governance
needs an integrated approach and harmony in every action of the government.
Broadening of tax base will remain a far cry if the government on one hand gives tax
amnesty and on the other hand, harps to generate revenue without taking substantial
steps in the long run.
Current situation has posed serious challenges not only to policymakers but to public
administrators as well. It is time to think proactively in improving governance and
taking all stakeholders on board. The role of civil society, media, and people at large,
is crucial in creating awareness and sense of ownership to help improve the situation.
It will lead to participation of the people in governing themselves and also
strengthening of institutions.
The access to information, the right of every citizen, enhances peoples’ confidence and
it is a part of journey towards democratizing the institutions. Sans actual access to
information, transparency in governance is impossible, as the civil society works as a
watchdog in protecting citizens’ rights. The rule of law, transparency, accountability
and ownership are possible only through public participation for larger interests and
creation of a lasting partnership between the state and the society. Therefore, wider
participation brings legitimacy in laws and those are voluntarily adhered to by public
for their own benefit. The approach to enact laws and punish wrongdoers will not
work until it is embedded in reforming society and bringing laws in to social values.
Good governance is a wholesome approach that cannot be separated from the belief
and values of a society. Healthy competition and responsibility rests with the state
institutions which enjoy the support of the society and it can be further strengthened
by legitimate participation.

Strengthening of Institutions by Administrative

Accountability
[Public Administration as a practice is as old as the human civilization. When human
beings started living in society in an organized way. They started the practice of
administration, because they started to live cooperatively in society.]
It is an inevitable consequence of the existence of social life and examines the
phenomenon of management, organization, decision-making and implementation
processes, while simultaneously trying to make sense of and explain political, social,
and economic changes.
In public administration, the word "Public" stands for government. Therefore, public
administration is simply government administration. The discipline is not very old
while its recent history doesn't span over a hundred years. In recent times, the
countries, particularly the developing ones, are in a quandary regarding public
administration.
In Pakistan's context, the administrative reforms have, therefore, been necessitated and
it has been promised by successive governments too. In this regard different
commissions, task forces and committees have been constituted which have done
marvelous job in coming up with recommendations to meet the modern-day
challenges. It is, however, to be seen that to what extent we have been able to
ameliorate our administrative culture in order to harness maximum dividends from
these recommendations, if implemented in true letter and spirit.
Administrative culture is sometimes confused with organizational culture.
Notwithstanding, it needs much attention to turn public entities into effective and
efficient ones. What lacks in Pakistan's institutions is a strong administrative culture
with inbuilt mechanism of accountability. There can be no two opinions on holding
those accountable who have been entrusted to deliver what is expected from them in
the light of the given mandate. The supreme institution to hold executive and
administrative bodies, working in the country, accountable is, indubitably, the
parliament. It acts as a horizontal accountability body.
The other relatively autonomous bodies and institutions which take notice of the
wrongdoings of government officials and bring them to the book, if they are found
guilty, are Auditor General of Pakistan (AGP), Ombudsman, National Accountability
Bureau (NAB), Security and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP), and State
Bank of Pakistan (SBP). They are authorized to nab those whose actions are against
the spirit of their duties and/or in violation of country's law. This can be termed as
'formal arrangements' of accountability. But, this is not sufficient in a developing
country like Pakistan where social and economic development is not at par with the
international standards or those of developed countries.
Despite having a well-structured, inbuilt mechanism of accountability, these
institutions are not contributing, sufficiently, towards improving the working of
administrative bodies. One such example in this regard would be the reports of
Auditor General of Pakistan who had unearthed, but after the lapse of significant time,
financial bungling in the state institutions. The lapse of time between occurrence of a
financial irregularity and finding it out by the Accountant General Office needs to be
minimized, though the situation has improved a lot in recent years owing to frequent
meetings of PACs.
This underpins the role of informal mechanism of accountability, also called
the vertical accountability. This system or mechanism comprises civil society, NG0s,
media, and other such bodies directly linked with public. These can play a pivotal role
in exposing the weaknesses of governance and holding those responsible for this
fiasco accountable, and since the last ten years or so, they have been the torchbearers
in this regard.
Taking initiatives to produce tangible results is the utmost requirement to make people
feel the difference. These measures may comprise strong commitment to foster a
healthy administrative culture along with steps to revamp, revitalize and reengineer
the institutions. This reform process must start from Public Sector Enterprises (PSEs),
so that a significant chunk of our national budget is not wasted away in bailing them
out owing to ever-increasing deficits. Only the meritocracy must prevail and the
professionals with high administrative capabilities and talent, selected on merit
through an open and fair method, should be handed over the charge of these entities
with operational autonomy, with no political interference at all. If they do not produce
the desired result of maximum efficiency of that enterprise, then they should be held
accountable. This will certainly help nurture an administrative culture in the country.
A common man has to look up to local government functionaries to get his grievances
redressed. In the absence of a local self-government — an important component of
democratic setup — the accountability of local government officials insofar as
performing duties diligently is concerned, will remain a far cry. This situation calls for
a system of District Ombudsman to check maladministration at local level and
bringing efficiency in delivery of services.
An approach is required to harness an accountability culture where misdoings and acts
of misdemeanor could be exposed immediately followed by disciplinary actions
against the culprits. This exercise should remain in vogue and reflect the commitment
of top hierarchy in improving the affairs. The disciplinary rules and regulations should
also be sublimated so that the culprits are taken to task promptly. The information
about those punished should also be made available on the websites of the
organization.
Last but not least, it's our responsibility to expose malpractice, corruption, and misuse
of powers by government officials for the sake of larger interests of the nation and
bringing transparency in the government business. This will change the perception
'business as usual'.
 Democracy - The Panacea to All Ills of Pakistan
[Democracy is the only solution to all the problems that Pakistan is tangled in
nowadays. It is the only panacea which can pave the way for resolutions of all the
evils faced by common man. Democracy can be well articulated by the statement of
Abraham Lincoln who said that the democracy is "the government of the people, by
the people, for the people." As a matter of fact, intermittently derailed and fragile
democratic institutions have always thwarted the evolution of democracy in our
country.]

1. Introduction
2. An overview of democracy in Pakistan since independence
3. Pakistan's current problems
a. Political problems
i. Intermittent military interventions
ii. Weak judiciary
iii. Divided media
b. Economic problems
i. Faltering economy
ii. Unemployment
iii. Declining foreign direct investment (FDI)
iv. Poor performance of major sectors
c. Social problems
i. Poverty
ii. Rampant terrorism and sectarianism
iii. Illiteracy
iv. Poor infrastructure
v. Feudalistic mindset
4. How democracy can steer Pakistan out of all these crises?
a. Democracy provides equality and justice to all
b. Democracy and strong economy are interlinked
c. People choose the leaders for their prosperity
d. Democracy annihilates feudalism
e. Only a democratic state can meet the security challenges
f. The democratic states wok for the betterment of their citizens and of state
infrastructure, education, trade, etc.
g. Democracy guarantees freedom of expression
5. How democracy can be strengthened in Pakistan?
a. Sincere and devoted leadership
b. No military intervention in politics
c. Restoring People's trust in leadership
d. Reforming the judiciary
e. Strengthening state institutions
f. Creating awareness among people on benefits of democracy
g. Making education the first priority
h. Ensuring rule of law
i. Media's unprejudiced and unbiased role
6. Conclusion
In Pakistan, there has always been a tilt of power towards the military which has
resulted in the conundrums that today's Pakistan is facing in every walk of life.
Declining and faltering economy, omnipresent social disorder and prevailing political
disharmony all have played their part in weakening our country and tearing the fabric
of our society apart. Analysts and experts have a consensus opinion that democracy is
the best political system to ensure citizens' rights within the framework of both human
rights and rule of law. But, in Pakistan, due to intermittent military takeovers, the
democracy as an institution could not flourish. Hence, in this hour of dire need, only
the trustworthy institutions, integrated nation-building departments, independent
judiciary, free media and sincere leadership can ensure the smooth functioning of a
democratic setup in Pakistan. This is the only way by which the grievances of the
public can be alleviated.
While harking back into our history, it dawns on us that the assassination of Liaquat
Ali Khan, the first prime minister of Pakistan, was in fact a coup de grace to
democracy in the nascent state of Pakistan. Since then, the power, one way or the
other, remained in the hands of military establishment. The situation became so
adverse that in 1958, the then army chief General Ayub Khan imposed the first martial
law in the country that made democracy hibernate for years to come. But, the General
could not resist the uprising against him. He, thus, succumbed to public pressure and
transferred the reins of the country to another military supremo General Yahya Khan.
Under Yahya's rule, due to intemal political wrangling and external intrigues, Quaid's
Pakistan was dismembered, to give birth to a new state; Bangladesh. Reins of the
country then came into the hands of Pakistan's former foreign minister and the founder
of Pakistan Peoples Party, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who became the first civilian martial
law administrator (CMLA). Embarking on the mission to lead the dejected and
wounded nation, Mr Bhutto pursued an independent policy. But, soon he drew the ire
of military bigwigs. After the 1977 coup by General Zia-ul-Haq, he was charged for
accomplice in murder and was later hanged on the orders of the Supreme Court. The
decision was, as mentioned by Justice Sajjad Ali Shah in a TV program, was an
outcome of General Zia's whims. This hanging of Bhutto is commonly termed as a
judicial murder by the big legal and political enchiladas of Pakistan.
General Zia ruled the country like a monarch and this was during his rule that all the
ills —sectarianism, terrorism, Kalashnikov culture, drugs and other menaces — we
are mired in today, grappled the country in their vicious claws.
Then in a tragic air crash on 17th August 1988, the General lost his life. At that critical
moment in country's history, this incident created a void in the political arena of
Pakistan. Afterwards, in almost a decade, no elected government could complete its
constitutional term as they were ousted by the discretionary powers — under Article
58(2)(b) — of the then presidents. Nevertheless, this decade of personalized politics
and lust for power came to an end with another coup on 12th October 1999, which
again put the country under military rule.
Then, in 2008, after relentless efforts on part of civil society and a mammoth lawyers'
movement, democracy was restored in Pakistan and elections were conducted. The
democracy rekindled with the populist PPP again holding the reins of the country. This
election and unprecedented freedom of judiciary bode well for democracy in Pakistan.
This was due to this fact that for the very first time in the history of Pakistan a
Parliament completed its constitutional term notwithstanding the fact that inter-
institutional wrangling resulted in the ouster of a prime minister on the orders of the
Supreme Court of Pakistan; the third pillar of the state.
Presently, hardly any sector in Pakistan is free from problems and personal politics.
Every sphere of the life is immersed in numerous troubles. A few of them are
discussed and spotlighted hereunder:
First of all, military's intervention in political affairs has disturbed the political
scenario of the country. The longer dictatorial regimes have culminated in aggravation
of internal and external challenges. If, by the stroke of luck, any sincere leadership
came at the helm to act for betterment and steer country towards development, it was
ousted by the military elite.
Another pertinent matter that is one of the major threats to democracy is country's
weak judicial system. The fragile judiciary has given immunity to the actions of every
military dictator and provided them with a legal cover under the pretext of doctrine of
necessity and expediency. Justice Qazi Muhammad Jamil opines:
"The judiciary cannot fight the dictators. We require strong political institutions which
are lacking in the country. In the current scenario, there is again a threat that history
could repeat itself if the guardians of democracy continued to disrespect the norms of
democracy and judiciary"
Moreover, media has also been constantly flagging and berating the democratic
institutions in the country. Media trials and undue bias towards certain political parties
make democratic institutions fragile and vulnerable. With a synoptic view of the
economic sector, one can realize that economy is becoming sluggish day by day.
Decreasing GDP and devaluation of currency have added fuel to fire which gives rise
to massive protests and halts the nurturing of the democratic process. Unemployment,
declining foreign direct investment, energy crisis, security problems and poor
infrastructure create unrest among masses leading to a lack of trust in elected
government, thus, hampering the democratic process.
In addition, the major sectors like Agriculture, industry and tourism are performing
below targets and this phenomenon has reversed their indicators. Socially, poverty is
exacerbating the country's miseries and woes. One third of the population lives below
poverty line. Simultaneously, increasing the crime rate and other social ills discords
the trust of people in democratically elected governments.
In addition, illiteracy is another major cause of deteriorating economy and human
resource development in Pakistan. A nation with a low literacy rate as ours can only
breed a frail democratic system.
It is an established truth that infrastructure is essential for development of a country.
In Pakistan, only a meagre amount is spent on infrastructure development. The present
infrastructure is being annihilated by the unrelenting terrorist attacks, and we are,
literally, being rolled back to the Stone Age.
Another matter of real concern is the feudal system. The concentration of power in a
few families had thwarted democracy to thrive. A common man cannot even think to
have access to corridors of power. In rural areas, people are forced to vote for their
feudal lords or waderas.
In ipso facto, democracy is the only instrument which can be a sole solution to all ills
of Pakistan. It is the system that gives voice to the masses so that they may rise up to
mitigate their adversities and sufferings.
If democracy is introduced in letter and spirit, then the day is not far when we will
have a Pakistan dreamt by our forefathers where citizens would have a say in matters
concerning the well-being of the populace in economy, education, health and
infrastructural development spheres. Only a robust democratic system can guarantee
full freedom and equal justice to all in every sphere of life.
In ipso facto, democracy is the only instrument which can be a sole solution to all ills
of Pakistan. It is the system that gives voice to the masses so that they may rise up to
mitigate their adversities and sufferings.
If democracy is introduced in letter and spirit, then the day is not far when we will
have a Pakistan dreamt by our forefathers where citizens would have a say in matters
concerning the well-being of the populace in economy, education, health and
infrastructural development spheres. Only a robust democratic system can guarantee
full freedom and equal justice to all in every sphere of life.
On a concluding note, democracy, indubitably, is the best form of government as in
this system all pillars of the state work with a collective vision. Presently, Pakistan is
tangled in a web of multifaceted problems comprising poverty, bad governance,
economic decline, terrorism and extremism. Pakistan's grievances are
multidimensional and require to be addressed at the earliest. And for this purpose,
democracy is the only way out.

IS DEMOCRACY SUITABLE FOR PAKISTAN?

[Ever since the emergence of Pakistan on the map of the world as an independent
state, there has been an intense debate over the model of governance to be adopted in
order to run the affairs of the country. Constitutions have been formulated with
unanimous consensus by the parliaments, have been subject to fundamental
amendments, and have been abrogated by the dictators under the pretext of shielding
the integrity of the state from the imminent collapse.]
After a marathon campaign spanning over six decades to stitch up a constitution that
would embody all the ingredients of a smoothing sailing country, the nation is still
stranded in the abyssal confusion with democracy and dictatorship vying for the levers
of power by knocking down each other successively. The quest for a perfect model of
governance has precipitated the demand to explore other set of models proposed by
the political ideologues.
One of the proverbial philosophers of Greek, Aristotle in his treatise Nicomachean
Ethics defines the political frameworks at play in every state. He asserts with his
analytic prowess that the "best" form of government is "monarchy" in which a "king"
looks after the interest of his subjects. But, he argues that there is a tremendous degree
of likelihood in monarchy morphing into tyranny which is the worst deviation-form.
As a result, democracy-even though a deviation, is most practical form a government
for any nation. Yet the gripping question that escapes a comprehensive answer is
whether a particular model of governance is compatible in every country with i. own
set of political culture, behavioral proclivities, religious sensitivities and historical
backdrop? Or to be precise, does democracy that sits well with the social and political
frameworks of the Western countries have the ingredients to be installed in its true
spirit in Pakistan?
There are four mainstream political parties in Pakistan which have the lion, share of
the political dispensation in terms of parliamentary seats. All the four parties contested
the recent elections by effectively campaigning against one another for political
mileage. Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf was branded to be the "political arm" of the military
by the opposition parties, whereas Pakistan Peoples Party was dubbed as the product
of NRO.
The religious parties with a substantial combined vote-bank "manipulated" the
religious scriptures to gravitate naive devotees. Since, a majority of population is
illiterate and hardly has an understanding of the political maneuverings; the political
parties play to the gallery, whip up effective propaganda, arouse religious sentiment
and exercise every act of coercion to solicit votes in the run-up to elections. The
preponderance of voters casts its votes either for personal benefit or is forced to
choose a particular candidate by the thugs rented out by the political parties. Often, the
voters are charmed by the personality of the party leader.
In the entire process of casting the ballot, neither the character of the candidate is
examined nor is the national interest of the country looked after. The illiteracy of the
general population brings to power the political parties which have neither the ability
to govern the country nor the desire to run the government without corruption.
Pakistan Peoples Parry is considered to be the most corrupt government ever in a
survey conducted by Transparency International across Pakistan just two years before.
On the contrary, the general population of the Western countries is comparatively
more literate and is less liable to fall prey to the propagandas. How can a democratic
project that requires citizens to be cognizant of basic political dynamics and socio-
economic indicators be run successfully in a country where the bulk of the population
does not have the rudimentary education that could enable them to write even their
names?
Gripped by the question to lay out a system that would be keeping with the social,
cultural and religious expression of Muslims in Iran, Khomeini, in his book Hukumat-
e-Islami: Wilayat al-Faqih, proposed strategies to craft the state on the lines of
theocracy. He proffered a sophisticated system of governance revolving around the
theme of theocracy that would entail a greater ability to enhance the smooth
functioning of the state. This model of governance would arrogate tremendous
political power to the clergymen who would b ling the roost with absolute authority.
The Supreme Leader of Iran will be vested with the powers to appoint the
Commanders of Armed Forces, designate the chief judge and reject any law legislated
by the unanimous consent of the parliament; as a result, wields tremendous clout.
Vali Nasr, a leading contemporary political theorist, claims that the idea of theocracy
peddled by Khoemeni is imported from the aristocratic form of government designed
by Plato. Toeing the same line of thinking, Maulana Maududi attempted to synthesize
a system more characterized by the combination a theocracy and democracy through
limited popular sovereignty calling it Theo-democracy totally in line with the
traditions of Islamic tenets. But, the excessive powers concentrated at the hands of the
religious figures and the non-representative nature of the government in the center
might rob the masses from their basic right to contest the elections without any gender
and religious discrimination.
Perhaps, some radical changes after having been injected into this system by
transforming it into a technocratic-led government from a theocratic state or a Theo-
democracy might help repair the friction between its detractors and advocates. The
central figures of the government responsible to assume key portfolios must be
selected on stringent merit without any religious and gender discrimination by the
mutual understanding of the Army and the Judiciary which are the most fortified and
decorated institutions in Pakistan. The parliament, after been elected by the general
public, would legislate the laws which will be subject to scrutiny by a council of
experts having expertise on multiple disciplines. In other words, a government of
technocrats and elected body will come into existence which will not only be
representative of the will of the general populace, but will have the ability to steer the
nation away from the state of anarchy to the track of prosperity.
Our adamancy to install democracy, by hook or by crook, should not shrink us away
from exploring other avenues since the ultimate goal of governance model is to serve
people rather than proving a particular version of state-crafting right or wrong.

Local Government System; Needs & Expectations

[Constitution of Pakistan binds all the provincial governments to have a local

government system and hold their elections for a period as laid down by the
constitution. But here the question arises whether any mode of local government
system has answer to the problems of governance in Pakistan or not.]
There is a basic flaw in understanding what was missing in Local Government
Ordinance 2001 or Local Government System that was in practice since 1979 and
what Pakistan needs exactly. This is the only reason why these systems couldn't
sustain. Certainly, a unanimous system of local governance in all units of federation is
not in sight, and that is not even needed too; not constitutionally at least. But still there
can be one commonality and that is the purpose of it.
Unfortunately, the concept of 'good governance' could never gain eventuality and
authenticity in Pakistan. Those at the helm of affairs have other motives behind every
policy, plan and system instead of service delivery. National interest and public good
are merely words for them. Resultantly, only thing that perpetually exists is the crisis
of governance.
The sixth most populous and one of the nuclear powers of the world, Pakistan, has
become host of multifarious crises ranging from crisis of federation to activism of
institutions, from energy shortfall to economic crunches, from high unemployment to
unforeseen urban poverty, from absenteeism to nepotism, from corruption to non-
professionalism, from price hike to adulteration, from security crisis to target killings
and suicide bombings, and so on. All these crises emanate from bad governance. It is
impertinent to discuss what a dictator wants from a local bodies system and why do
so-called "democratic" politicians shy away from them.
Important here is to ponder on why so far every system has failed to deliver and do
local governments have any solutions to the problems of governance in Pakistan?
Let us have a threadbare analysis of administrative changes introduced in Pakistan
during recent years and understand why they failed miserably.
Let us start with Local Government Ordinance 2001. This system, installed during
Musharraf regime, was alien to the masses, indigestible for politicians and thorny even
for bureaucracy. The concept of a three-tier government at district level and
devolution of administrative and financial powers was a naive idea. Civil
administration was given an altogether different role as instead of a controlled,
centralized and authoritative character, it was entrusted with a consultative and
coordinating role. Offices of DM and SDM were abolished and it was a huge setback.
The said system failed except few exceptions; not because the doctrine of devolution
of powers was bad or LGO 2001 was a faulty piece of legislation; but it was the fait
accompli owing to its faulty implementation.
Pakistan has never been able to witness a mature and developed democracy. Nascent
democracy still breaths under the jaws of establishment and agencies. Political
leadership is still far from being called a visionary and a prudent policymaker. With
such a feeble political system, the then President Musharaf and his advisers
unrealistically expected the LGO 2001 to deliver. But, anything introduced by a
dictator in Pakistan, even with good intentions and immaculately perfect, is looked
upon disdainfully. It is so because the people, who would run the system in future,
were not taken into confidence and, perhaps, they felt insecure. Had the LGO 2001
implemented in phases, and with minor amendments, in all provinces, it could have
delivered beyond expectations.
Effective and vibrant local government system is one answer and a part of solution to
Pakistan's governance woes. Without efficient local government system, good
governance will remain a far cry.
What is suitable for Lahore cannot be equally good for Khuzdar. Things cannot be
same everywhere. Moreover, quite unfortunately, this local government system was
perceived as a big sword hanging over their heads by the mighty and untamed
bureaucracy; especially, by the personnel of federal and provincial services serving in
districts. Abolition of the office of Deputy Commissioner was taken as a downfall of
district administration and many officers left due to this change. One of the top ranked
group of Central Superior Services, the then District Management Group (DOG) and
now Pakistan Administrative Service (PAS), became the third or fourth preference.
Administration lot lustre and charm.
It was, of course, not intended but that is how it was perceived. This misconception
emerged because unconventional roles given to civil bureaucracy made it look so
ordinary at first. It is pertinent to mention here that there was no problem with the
system, but as it was new to culture, it couldn't gain acceptance and support of
bureaucracy. This added fuel to the fire of bad governance.
For administrative reforms or for better accountability, it is not needed to temper the
very skeleton of administrative structure. Many provisions of the LGO were violated
while many of them remained unimplemented. Resultantly, there was no good
governance and ultimately system could not live up to the expectations. The most
fundamental violation was that of the provision which lays down elections should be
held on non-party basis; but it didn't happen. The 2005 elections were a blatant
violation of this provision. Provisions of Village and Neighbourhood Councils, Citizen
Community Board, Masalhiti Anjuman, District Mashavirat Committee and Local
Government Responsibility for Enforcement of Laws were not implemented fully.
Apart from local government system, Police Order 2002 and amendments in Code of
Criminal Procedure 1898 also worsened the prospects of good governance in Pakistan.
It does not mean that the changes were faulty rather they were quite premature.
Probably the said changes were made to depoliticize police; but more than 70
amendments in less than 6 months killed the purpose. The role of police exposed it to
new and unforeseen challenges.
Hence, Pakistan has reached a point where judiciary and media are performing the
functions of administration, investigation, trial as well are making decisions. Centre
pillars of governance like civil administration and police stand bewildered.
Effective and vibrant local government system is one answer and a part of solution to
Pakistan's governance woes. Without efficient local government system, good
governance will remain a far cry. The Supreme Court of Pakistan is pushing hard for
local government elections but provincial governments and ECP has regretted the
conduct of elections in September 2013.
It's so because provincial governments are yet to decide what type of local
government system they want. Only thing that is expected and desired by general
public is good governance. Constitutionally speaking, local government is a provincial
subject and every province can come up with a system that suits its culture; politically
and socially.
In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, presently, Local Government Act 2011 is in practice.
However, the new PTI government is going to come up with a new system that will be
more in line with LGO 2001.
Similarly, in Sindh, Local Government Ordinance 2013 has been passed recently that
brings in the system of 1979 again. Administrative loopholes exist in every system but
they need to be plugged in. Purpose should be same i.e. good governance.
Fundamental principle of good governance is to ensure service delivery. Things will
not change only by conducting elections. All institutions must behave in a prescribed
manner and must only perform duties they are entrusted with. Redefining certain roles
of institutions is also the need of the hour. Pakistan is facing a daunting challenge of
terrorism, and police is struggling hard to combat it. This is so because police are
unable to come out of conventional role and perform counterterrorism duties.
Legislation in this regard is direly needed.
Re-enactment of magistracy system would be a beneficial step. The offices of Sub-
Divisional Magistrate and District Magistrate were great support to police and
judiciary and their absence has created a gulf that has not only resulted in bad
governance but also effected positive working relations, among them. Similarly,
concept of Alternate Dispute Resolution must also be promoted at all possible levels
to avoid prolonged litigation and court cases. These are some major steps that can be
taken to ensure good governance in Pakistan.
Pakistan is naturally, physically, demographically and geographically a blessed
country. Some serious steps to correct the wrongdoings of the past will ensure
economic growth and political stability in the country.

EMPOWERING THE PROVINCES & LOCAL COMMUNITIES

[There is a consensus among development thinkers that development helps to bring

government closer to the people.]
There is agreement that those who are placed in charge of delivering basic services to
the people can better understand what the people want. The citizenry, in return, can
keep an eye on how well the functionaries of the state are performing.
This basic principle of good governance was violated in Pakistan. Repeated
interferences by the military led to extreme centralization of policymaking and policy
implementation. The armed forces, used to a highly centralized command and control
system, brought this approach to civilian life. That worked for a small segment of the
population but left a large number of people and large tracts of land poorly served by
the state. What makes it even more difficult is the sheer size of the country. Pakistan
now has almost 200 million people at different stages of development. The 'one size
fits all' approach does not work in such a situation. What needs to be done in
Balochistan is very different from the needs of the citizens of Karachi or Lahore.
It was for this reason that the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment to the
Constitution was viewed by so many as such a positive development in the evolution
of a new political order in the country. Although the sequencing was not quite correct,
the amendment came coupled with the new National Finance Commission Award,
which gave the provinces a much larger share in the federal divisible pool. The award
was announced in November 2009; the amendment was adopted in April 2010.
Ideally, the award should have followed the amendment. Had that happened, those
who were devising the financial system would have been more aware of provincial
needs.
Giving more authority to the provinces makes them responsive to the people's wishes
and aspirations. That is what theory tells us; but what about practice? There are
lessons to be learnt from the Indian experience. India, after all, is a much more mature
political system than Pakistan. The 28 states in the Indian union have had a significant
amount of autonomy for a long time. This did not matter much when the government
was in the hands of a strong national political party that was able to run the country
from New Delhi. However, the emergence of regional parties over the last few
decades has loosened the grip of the centre. Where the state leadership was in the
hands of strong and development-minded leaders the local economies prospered. This
was certainly the case for Gujarat, which has done well under the long-serving
Narendra Modi, whose claim to the top job in New Delhi is based on the performance
of his state under his stewardship.
On the other side of the country is Orissa, a rich state in terms of the mineral wealth it
sits on, but has not done well. It has not been able to translate its natural wealth into a
high rate of economic growth, increased employment and alleviation of poverty.
Orissa, despite its resources, is one of the slowly moving states in the Indian union.
We can see Balochistan's experience in Orissa. Henny Sender of the Financial Times
has an answer for the question: why has Orissa lagged behind? "Blame the persistence
of vested interests, a system in which democracy is often confused with the right to try
to extort from everyone else, a lack of clear rules when it comes to land policies and a
constant tug of war between the state governments and national government in Delhi,"
she writes. "The state governments have also been stymied by a system which —
although seemingly democratic — works to nobody's benefit. That is especially true
for huge natural development projects that would bring in jobs and wealth and earn
foreign exchange for India, which the country desperately needs. But since such
benefits will only flow through tomorrow, politicians worry about the loss of votes
and are reluctant to risk the ire of those who have to locate." Politicians are also much
more interested in maximizing their wealth even at the expense of their constituencies.
This has certainly been the case in Balochistan.
However, pointing out the problems that democracy, coupled with decentralization,
brings does not mean that this should not be the basis of good governance. I would
argue that making the political system competitive is one way of solving the problem
of the elite capture of local power.
Pakistan, having allowed the provinces more power than ever in its torrid history,
must take the next step. It should devolve power to the local communities.
That would create political and economic competition among governments operating
from three different levels — the national, the provincial and the local. Each level
should be able to exercise checks and balances on the other two. This should be done
within an institutional framework. It already exists in the form of the Council for
Common Interests and the National
Finance Commission. The former is a
permanent body that needs to play a
greater role than it has done in the
past. The latter is activated every five
years. Both need to be supported by
professional staffs that can do policy
work. Something similar needs to be
done to harmonize different needs of
the provinces and local communities.

The United Nations

and Maintenance of
International Peace and Security

[Despite the failures of the UN and its inherent shortcomings, it is difficult to imagine a
world without such multilateral organisation in which the values of peaceful coexistence
through political independence, mutual self-respect and territorial integrity of each country, at
least, exist on paper.]
The United Nations — a successor of the League of Nations — was created in an attempt to
reform the contemporary international political order. The outbreak of Second World War
convinced the world leaders that the failures of the League of Nations to contribute towards
creating a strong international order, with wider acceptability across the globe and that was
well placed to address the global problems, sparked the outbreak. After going through the
devastation of the war and facing the chain reaction of bloodshed, violence, brutality, hunger,
and migration, the victors of the war decided to improve upon the botched experience of the
League and thereupon the United Nations was created.
The United Nations officially came into existence when the Charter was ratified by China,
France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the US and by a majority of other signatories
on 24 October 1945 — the day now known as the UN day. The framers of the charter
attempted to make the international system more fluid and flexible to respond to the
challenges that could potentially threaten 'international peace and security. The other motive
was to freeze the contemporary status quo to ensure their supremacy and to perpetually
outcast the 'axis powers — Germany, Japan and Italy — who fought against the allied powers
— America, the Great Britain and the Soviet Union. Explicit references to these states, in the
form of 'enemy states' could be found in Articles 53 and 77 of the Charter.
The purpose of the UN as per Article 1 of the Charter is:
1. To ensure international peace and security and to take collective measures to that effect;
2. To develop friendly relations among nations;
3. To achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of economic,
social, cultural and humanitarian character;
4. To be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations these common goals.
A cursory look at these objectives will reflect the main purpose of the UN — maintenance of
international peace and security. In pursuance of these objectives, the principles to conduct
inter-state relations have been mentioned in the Article 2, which, interalia, states that the
member states must resolve their difference peacefully and shall 'refrain' from using 'force or
threat of using force'. This article also restricts the UN to 'intervene' in matters which fall
directly 'within the domestic jurisdiction' of the states. This, however, does not preclude the
UN from taking action under Chapter VII of the Charter and enforcing its decision upon any
state.
The creation of the UN has prompted the debate over the successes and failures of the UN
with arguments on both sides abound. Those in favor argue that the UN system has
successfully prevented the outbreak of Third World War. Whereas critics support their
arguments pointing towards the opaque proceedings on the Security Council — the main
decision making body with the powers to enforce its decision under Chapter VII. In order to
evaluate the performance of the UN system, first, it is pertinent to understand the
infrastructure and the working.
The UN comprises six organs: The General Assembly, the Security Council, the
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of
Justice (ICJ) and the Secretariat headed by the UN secretary general. The Security Council
has 15 members — five permanent also known as P-5 and 10 non-permanent members with
two-year term each. The issues on which the Council deliberates upon are classified into
'procedural' and 'non-procedural' or 'substantive'. The vote on procedural question requires
concurrence of any nine members whereas on substantive issues concurrence of nine
members including the concurrence of P-5. A negative vote of any P-5 member is called
'veto'. Interestingly, the very question whether any issue is procedural or substantive is itself a
'non-procedural' question and can be 'vetoed'. The proceedings of the Council mostly take
place in informal consultations and among the P-5. The lack of transparency is the biggest
criticism on its working that is entirely indefensible.
The General Assembly is the true democratic organ in which each of the 193 members of the
UN enjoys one vote. Under Article 10, the General Assembly can deliberate upon any issue
that comes under the charter except those that are already under discussion in the Council
(Article 12) and has the authority to frame 'recommendations'. To a cynic, the assembly is
only a debating club as the meaningful actions take place in the Council. However,
objectively speaking, the assembly has weight of its own and it is not possible to endlessly
resist an issue on which unanimity prevails in the assembly. It has moral authority of its own
which is gaining legal leverage under the international law as the time passes. For instance,
the 'uniting for peace' resolution has authorised the assembly to take action when the Council
is deadlocked.
Since the Security Council comprised all the five powers that have the right to 'veto' any 'non-
procedural or substantive question, therefore the Council often became hamstrung due to
deadlock among the P-5.
The Secretariat is headed by the secretary general with the powers to conduct recruitments.
This is the apex of the international civil service.
The International Court of Justice is the main judicial body to conduct mandatory dispute
resolution provided the parties submit to its mandate. It also offers advisory opinion when
any question is referred to it by the assembly or the council. The specialised organs can also
request an advisory opinion on legal questions arising within the scope of their activities'.
(Article
96)
The Trusteeship Council has now outlived its utility when the last territory, Palau, has
been granted independence in 1993. It’s another reason why the whole UN system needs
reformation.
The creation of the UN was a different and a far better experiment in international politics
than the League of Nations because of various reasons. The League failed because:
1. The responsibility of maintaining international peace and security was not well defined
between the Assembly and the Council; 2. The major powers like the US never joined the
League and the USSR joined in 1934 only to be expelled in 1939 over its attack on Finland;
3. The world powers were never interested in maintaining durable peace; 4. Decision making
was done through 'principle of unanimity' which means every state, big or small, had equal
voting rights. This proved highly defective as it invested with the small states, power to
wreck the world peace, when it did not have the capacity to maintain it. Therefore, a small
power could irresponsibly hamstring the entire organisation; 5. It was dominated by the
Anglo-French powers in the absence of the US and the USSR that could have balanced the
representation and effect; 6. It was the result of Treaty of Versailles that created a façade of
peace which actually proved to be imperialistic in character and therefore, was in nately
fragile and short-living.
In contrast, the UN proved to be a meaningful and result-oriented endeavor, aimed at
rectifying the shortcomings of the League. Its success, so far, can be gauged by the fact that it
is, at least, effectively eschewing the outbreak of another world war. Moreover, many
innovative instruments have been developed by the UN such as 'Peace Keeping', 'Pacific
Settlement of Disputes' through various means including the International Court of Justice,
and hierarchic division of responsibility of maintaining world peace — primary of the UN
Security Council and residual of the General Assembly, and finally yet importantly, by
securing global economic and social reforms under ECOSOC through specialised and
subsidiary organs like World Health Organisation (WHO), International Monetary Fund
(IMF), United Nations Education and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) and International
Atomic Energy Commission, etc.
Coming back to the main question, maintenance of peace and security, the Charter delegates
this responsibility to three different organs: the Security Council with primary responsibility
under Article 24, the General Assembly with residual or secondary responsibility under
Article 10 and finally, the secretary general under Article 99.
The high hopes of the framers of the Charter soon fizzled out when the differences
between the two super-powers grew to an unbridgeable extent. The world was divided into
two major power blocs — the communist bloc and the capitalist or the western bloc. Since
the Security Council comprised all the five powers that have the right to 'veto' any 'non-
procedural or substantive question, therefore the Council often became hamstrung due to
deadlock among the P-5. In this scenario, the General Assembly's resolution, Uniting for
Peace (377) was a major breakthrough that enabled the assembly to step-in where the Council
faltered. It happened during the charismatic stewardship of Mr. Daag Hammarskjold. The
Korean question was brought before the Assembly when the Soviet representative boycotted
the proceedings of the Council and it was the assembly that authorised the 'Congo Mission'.
The objective analysis of the UN will reveal that there is much to be proud of and a lot
remains to be done to enhance its efficacy and effectiveness. It has absorbed the influx of the
de-colonised nation-states and has survived the rigours of the cold war and the post war
unrestrained uni-polarity. It has promptly acted during Kosovo crisis and actively checked the
Serbian aggression; managed to put an end to apartheid in South Africa; swung into action to
address the situation in Darfur, etc.
The UN has also helped developing nations obtain funding projects through the International
Bank for Reconstruction and Development, also known as the World Bank. A related UN
agency, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) promotes international cooperation on
monetary issues and encourages stable exchange rates among nations. Since the end of the
cold war, the UN has become increasingly involved in providing humanitarian assistance and
promoting improvements in the health across the globe. The UN has provided relief during
humanitarian crises caused by international conflicts, and has responded to the emergencies
caused by natural disasters such as floods, hurricanes, earthquakes and wars. The millennium
development goals (MDGs) have mobilised the attention, will and resources of the world
towards creating a world with better health standards and a sanguine future.
The failures, on the other hand, are also numerous. Primarily the conflict resolution
mechanism, particularly at the Security Council has often resulted in a deadlock among the P-
5 due to vested interests. The UN has yet to learn how to resist the 'pull' of the US national
interests. Many pressing geographical disputes such as Palestine and Kashmir are lying
pending even though the world knows who is at fault and to what extent?
Pakistan highly values its association with the UN and has played a very robust role in
the entire UN system that far exceeds its actual size and potential. We have joined the non-
permanent club of UNSC seventh time. Our high value presence in this most important
multilateral forum is in line with our foreign policy due to regional and global geo-political
realities - Kashmir issue being the single most important agenda item.
To conclude is to reiterate that despite the failures of the UN and its inherent shortcomings, it
is difficult to imagine a world without such multilateral organization in which the values of
peaceful coexistence through political independence, mutual self-respect and territorial
integrity of each country, at least, exist on paper and these norms themselves could impose a
check upon the big powers' ambitions.

IDEALISM IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

[The course of International Relations is determined by different thinking patterns of

global players of the world politics. One of these schools of thought bases its views on
optimistic assessment of the human being. Naturally, human beings are good, they can
progress through collectivism. The progress in world politics is directly related to the
progress of individuals.]
After the World War I, idealist thinking, in many Western states, influenced policy-
making elite and public opinion. A brief resurgence of liberal sentiment was witnessed
at the end of the WWII, especially with the birth of the UN — though this
phenomenon was short-lived as the Cold War power politics emerged. The end of the
Cold War ensued in the rise of liberalism. Western leaders proclaimed a "New World
Order," and the academia provided rationale in support of the inherent supremacy of
liberalism over all other ideologies. Sub-ideologies of liberal school of thought are
"Neoliberalism", "Liberal Institutionalism", "Feminism", "Social Constructivism," etc.
Adam Smith's Social Contract Theory which enunciates that individuals surrender
their freedom and, in return, state provides security (from both internal and external
threats) and other rights to its citizens.
A fleeting look at the present scenario of world politics reveals that on the basis of
provision, protection and promotion of human rights, several states, and even
international organizations, meddle into the politics of other stakeholders in
international system.
Idealists strongly believe in the affective power of ideas, and deem it possible to base
a political system primarily on morality. They opine that the baser and more selfish
impulses of humans can be muted in order to build national and international norms of
behaviour that foment peace, prosperity, cooperation, and justice. Idealism, then, is
not only heavily reformist, but the tradition has often attracted those who feel that
idealistic principles are the "next step" in humans' character evolution.
Idealism is inevitable if the humans aspire to dump the destructive human institution
of war, an embodiment of the "old world" and "old thinking", in history. War, the
idealists argue, is no longer a plausible way of achieving goals, as the costs of war,
even for the victor, exceed the benefits.
Idealism, in essence, is the decision-making based on ideas rather than other causes
such as material self-interest or passion. In international relations (IR), idealism holds
that the older models of international interaction, based on the concern for power, can
be discarded and states can interact based on things such as human rights,
humanitarian concerns or peace. As a result, idealism in IR stresses international
cooperation and international law.
The basic idealist position is that humanity cannot afford the continuation of in the
realist tradition, especially with the advent of nuclear weapons. International peace
means social and economic development; money from military projects can be put
into more socially useful infrastructural projects. When the Third World began to
shake off colonialism between 1940s and 1960s, it became clear that these
impoverished states couldn't afford large military establishments. In this era, idealism
received an additional boost in the development of the poor states of the world.
The idealists seek peace in the ways to promote cooperation and interdependence.
The old realist regime in Europe led to major wars, and ultimately, to the en masse
slaughters during two World Wars. Idealism sought to reorient thinking about IR in a
way as to stress the irrationality and contradiction of realism and its constant search
for security. Primarily, institutions like the United Nations; and more local
organizations like the Arab League, developed according to the idealist tradition. Their
purpose was to find non-violent means to resolve conflicts.
The idealists, motivated by their desire to prevent war and make peace prevail argued
to decide people's fate by providing them the right of self-determination. After WWI,
these principles were propounded by the US president Woodrow Wilson in his famous
Fourteen Points which provided basis for the formulation of first international
organization, i.e. League of Nations, in 1920. Although it didn't remain fruitful, yet it
paved the way for cooperation in low politics area and resulted in the creation of a
new and reformed world organization i.e. the United Nations Organization (UNO) in
1945.
Democracy, today's most popular governance system, is the by-product of an idealist
approach propounded in the "Democratic Peace Thesis". The basic proposition behind
this thesis was that the democratic states don't go to war with each other. This political
system is not only opted for at the state level but also in the transnational
organizations.
The idealists seek peace in the ways to promote cooperation and interdependence. For
them interdependence decreases the level of conflicts and breeds sense of relative
gains instead of absolute gains. Economic interdependence can be quoted as the best
example towards increased cooperation. Free trade has minimized the role of cross
border barriers and has accelerated economic globalization. By this complex
interdependence, the economic activities has been regularized and institutionalized by
creating World Trade Organization (WTO) the successor of General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT). For idealist globalization promotes peace and justice.
Idealists suggest measures of "collective security in contrast to the realistic measure of
"Balance of Power". In present scenario liberal/idealist school of thought better
explains the concept of "Balance of Threat" i.e. States jump into the bandwagon of
powerful state.
The idealist school of thought is contributing in political order by shifting state-centric
approach towards international approach. This highlights the ways of cooperation
focusing low politics areas like human rights, democracy, environment, free trade,
health issues, education, development in science and technology, nuclear non-
proliferation and other such areas. The creation of United Nations and its success in
preventing another world war is the remarkable truth of liberal contribution to world
peace.

Globalization Challenges and the Changing Role of the State

[Globalization merely signifies the cultural and economic invasion of the West. There
is a lurking fear that the new world is emerging as a crueler place conspicuous by the
domination of the powerful over the weak.]
The forces unleashed by globalization have changed the world and so rapid has this
change been that yesterday's experiences may have lost their relevance today, and
tomorrow may represent yet another form of transformation. There is a lurking fear
that the new world is emerging as a crueler place conspicuous by the domination of
the powerful over the weak. To some, globalization merely signifies the cultural and
economic invasion of the West, as reflected in the proliferation of fast food chains and
designer shops. On a parallel track, there is also an increasing realization that the
world of yesterday cannot be resurrected and consequently nostalgia for the bygone
era would only prevent countries and individuals from availing the benefits of the
opportunities that are now more equitably distributed than ever before. The principal
gift of globalization is the access to information and its instantaneous dissemination.
As a consequence, geographical boundaries or physical location do not constrain
nations and states to work closely together. Not only has this made the world flatter
but also smaller and more promising. The technological revolution which has spurred
globalization has also impacted closely not only on interstate relations but also on the
manner in which nation states conduct their internal functions. And this is the central
theme of this article. The potential benefits for nation states are multiple as well as
diverse. The state bureaucracy could become considerably leaner; input for policy-
making can be sourced globally and in a time-efficient manner; the speed of decision-
making and work processing is now much faster; communication both in terms of
speed and form is far more efficient.
In brief, it is now much easier than ever before for states to provide good governance
to its citizens. Globalization also poses new challenges with intensifying competition
owing to a freer trading environment. The electronic media explosion, yet another
fallout of globalization, has also led to enhanced expectations of citizens for good
governance.
Functions which are generally recognized as the exclusive responsibility of the state
encompass territorial defense, diplomacy, macroeconomic management, preservation
of justice and internal security, protection of the environment, provision of social and
physical infrastructure, promotion of agriculture, industry, energy, mining and service
sector including banking and finance and mobilization of resources (taxation).
Although the scope of many of these functions remains unaltered, the manner in
which these have been carried out in the past needs to be re-visited.
In Pakistan, historically - and for good reasons - national security concerns have taken
precedence over social welfare concerns. The longstanding confrontation with India
and the enduring suspicion about the latter's aggressive designs, compelled Pakistan to
adopt this course of action.
It is now time to evaluate this policy dispassionately and objectively. If one were to
recognize India's emerging stature as a regional economic power, it becomes evident
that there has been a paradigm shift in its national priorities. Territorial
aggrandizement through military aggression no longer features among New Delhi's
priorities because, among other reasons, this could seriously jeopardize is pivotal
position as a part of the global supply chain.
It follows, therefore, that New Delhi cannot possibly, as this point in time, have
aggressive designs against Pakistan. At another level, the Kargil adventure has
adequately demonstrated that India has the will and the capacity to ward off any
irritants of this nature. Under these circumstances, Pakistan's quest for amassing
military hardware or expansion in the size of the armed forces requires to be scaled
down as the foremost national priority.
In recent years, there is an increasing realization that the main threat to the country's
national security is from within rather than from external forces. The rising intolerance
and consequential internal strife suggest a society at war with itself. The obvious and
immediate requirement is the strengthening of institutions and mechanisms which
could help in reversing this trend thereby restoring the writ of the state.
While any lasting solution cannot be divorced from ensuring a democratic,
representative government, in the short run, the internal security infrastructure needs
to be strengthened.
In the area of foreign policy, interstate relations are no longer conducted in the manner
they were in the past. The era of diplomatic missions being able to effectively pursue
state objectives is perhaps over.
In the prevalent unipolar international order, the relative importance and clout of states
is measured largely by their economic strength. It follows therefore that the core
ingredient of contemporary diplomacy must be economic and not political.
A claim persistently propounded in Pakistan is that the visits abroad by heads of state
and senior dignitaries promote the national interest. This script was reiterated
threadbare during the tenure of the last as well as the current government in order to
justify the record number of foreign trips by the President and the Prime Minster.
It would, for instance, be very difficult to determine the likely tangible benefits
accruing to Pakistan from visits to countries such as Argentina or Bosnia or Poland
and several others. Although the several visits to China demonstrate the significance
of this bilateral equation, there is not much to show in terms of any tangible results.
Given the huge size of the Chinese economy and its consistently high growth, the
opportunities for bilateral trade and Chinese investment in Pakistan remain largely
untapped. The annual pilgrimage to Davos is another 'Pakistan Special.'
No other country considers it worthwhile for its President or Prime Minister to
participate in the Davos meetings with such regularity. And to what end?
In the area of macroeconomic management, the required changes are of particular
significance. In essence, the scope of activity by government needs to be redefined
with the objective that the government's role is restricted to acting as a facilitator of
economic activity rather than a direct participant.
It is in this context that the privatization program undertaken by past governments in
recent years is the right agenda. At the same time, this exposes the government to the
new challenges of effective regulation of private sector activity. This requires a
qualitative change in the quality of human resource and in the structure of
bureaucracy.
While the government has succeeded in creating new regulatory structures like SECP,
OGRA and NEPRA, Pakistan still has miles to go in order to change the mindset and
attitudes of public functionaries to come to terms with this changing role of the state.

THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION

[Globalization is the process of international integration arising from the interchange

of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture. It is a phenomenon that
affects social and personal life in a big way.]
Along with globalization, new individualism appears and social criteria, which were
guiding the choices and activities of people, are mostly out of fashion. The effects of
Globalization are manifold, affecting various aspects of the world economy to bring
about overall financial betterment.
The effects of Globalization exert intense influence on the financial condition as well
as the industrial sector of a particular nation. Globalization gives birth to markets-
based industrial productions across the world. This, in turn, widens the access to a
diverse variety of foreign commodities for consumption of the customers.
One of the effects that globalization has is increasing the working hours. Nowadays,
parents are too busy to reach out their children and they hardly have time to pass with
them. Moreover, increase in family tension and anxiety is also emerging. A noted
American sociologist, Arlie Russell Hochschild, in his book, The Time bind, mentions
that these changes depend on globalization.
Modernization swallows the norms and values of traditional societies gradually. Of
course, conservatism is mostly vulnerable to the bombardment of modern cultures.
Furthermore, no societies will survive the effect of globalization, for it is the need of
them. Even, high religious sensitivities cannot stop the movement of this process. The
most conservative people are forced unintentionally to join the caravan of
globalization. For example, religious extremists who deny any changes and follow
their own stereotypical ideas are globalized and use modern technologies without any
hesitation.
Globalization assimilates to the culture of a society or replaces it with different
cultures. Movies are one of the factors which reflect the values and cultures of a
society especially when they include a set of political, social and economic issues
which display the worldview of a society. It is feared that globalization will lead to the
emergence of international culture and the values of the mightiest and wealthiest. If it
happens, it will be no more than cultural imperialism.
In addition, globalization enters private lives and also joins many rural lives to urban
ones. Those who were enjoying their lives in quiet villages far from the noises and
risks of the cities are mostly pulled to the cities and industrial zones. They are
pressurized with the burden of city life and supposed to work longer hours. Hence,
being busy with industrial life, they will find little time to pass with their families and
therefore, the boredom and risk of city life will gradually affect their families.
Likewise, enjoyment and kindness depart from their life which is, indeed, to the
detriment of their family life. Allama Iqbal might have been pointing to this fact when
he said:
If we compare Today's Pakistan with that of a decade ago, the warmth of kindness is
felt less among the families. Social and family contacts are gradually on wane.
People are too busy to continue their relationship and friendship. It seems a big
tragedy of the time. Moreover, the more you think over this issue, the more you get
sad and lonely. Even though globalization has disadvantages, it does have some
advantages too. Globalization, gives people access to information and news. Likewise,
in case of important issues such as an infectious disease or terrorist, etc., all the
countries and international community will take action. Moreover, by providing
technical equipments and communicative tools such as telephone, internet, etc. people
can contact one another very easily without waste of time or money. There were some
effective factors which led the world to globalization. One of the factors was the
downfall of Soviet Communism which happened in Eastern Europe in 1989. From the
downfall of communism, the ex-countries of Soviet Block, Middle Asian and many
more countries moved towards Western political and economic system.
The second factor was the development of international and government regional
mechanisms. International organizations like the European Union are the best
examples of international organizations which gather the nation-state in a common
political arena. Likewise, inter-governmental organizations (IG0s) and inter-national
non-governmental organizations (ING0s) are the factors of globalization.
Globalization is pregnant with modernization and civilization; however, it is a bitter
fact that none of them is identified correctly in our country. Even though, our country
is affected tremendously by globalization, our religious cultures and moral values are
in the risk of collapse. Our people embrace any new fashions which enter our society,
just not to look traditional or conservative. Our religious laws are marginalized,
whereas, foreign cultures which are targeting our youth through films, pictures, music,
internet, etc. are given high significance.
In spite of the advantages and priorities that globalization has, it threatens the moral
values of our present as well as future generations. Hence, we are not supposed to
accept an idea whether it is at the cost of our religious beliefs. Those who close their
eyes to religious beliefs and do not care about its rules, certainly, commit the most
dangerous crimes.

National Integration, Identity Crisis and the Ruling Elite of Pakistan

[The critical question still remains unanswered: is it the ruling elite or the sub-state
elite responsible for the crisis of national integration and identity in Pakistan‘?]
As we celebrate 65 years of our independence as a state, the spectre of ‘national
integration‘, ‘identity crisis‘, coupled with labels such as ‘failed state‘, ‘failing state‘
continue to haunt our polity. Each year at Independence Day we make solemn pledges
towards safeguarding our nation, working towards its health and stability and above
all, guaranteeing its independence and sovereignty for the unforeseeable future, yet,
every year the pessimism about Pakistan amongst its people continues to take hold.
This pessimism is generated due to an abundance of factors including the weakening
ability of institutions to deliver and resolve the basic socio-economic problems of the
masses, institutionalized corruption, the failure of ruling elites, both political and
military, a deteriorating public health sector and education, and rising inflation and
debt. The picture of Pakistan, amongst its own residents, is one of gloom and doom.
This certainly is not the right designated mindset if one is to move forward!
Two popular discourses inform the debate on national integration and identity crisis in
Pakistan. The first approach associates the two phenomena as inextricably linked with
the overtures of the Pakistani state. The reason(s) why a sense of Pakistani or
Pakistaniyat is weak relates to the ruling elites, both political and military, failing to
engender such a notion since independence. According to this approach, the sense of
Pakistani or Pakistaniyat was relevant somewhere in the past but that is a bygone era
and successive rulers of the country have widened the gap between themselves and the
masses through nepotism and corruption resulting in the institutions of the state
becoming weak. The weak institutions mean that no substantial change has come to
transform the lives of people and instead a further deterioration in the quality of life is
being witnessed in Pakistan and with it the perennial crisis of national integration and
identity. The second approach, as opposed to the first, sees the crisis of national
integration and identity from a bottom-up perspective arguing that the presence of
divisive forces within the country, and also their collusion with foreign enemies of the
state is the primary causal variable.
According to this interpretation, successive ruling elites since independence have tried
the best that they could but that their efforts have been thwarted by a recalcitrant sub
—state ethnic elite. This sub—state ethnic elite is essentially regressive (maintaining
their rule and authority in anachronistic tribal and rural fiefdoms) and have been a
major internal challenge to the the authority and sovereignty of the Pakistani state.
What is national integration and what are its concomitants? National integration
implies the amalgamation of national diversity into a common political culture which
celebrates the diversity of its constituent units but then coheres towards a common
ideational goal. Simply put, national integration accepts the diversity of the nation and
does not discriminate between ethnicities or other minorities on purely cultural or
racial grounds. A state which does not accept the diversity of its constituent cultural
parts and expressively discriminates against ethnic group(s) is termed as an ethnic
state. An ethnic state or ethnocracy is a negative for social cohesion for the institutions
of the state and government privilege one ethnic group over others.
Is the Pakistani state an ethnocracy? The answer is no because the constitution of
Pakistan and the overall legal structure does not expressly discriminate against any
ethnic group. The Pakistani constitution does not privilege the Punjabis over the
Pathans, Baloch, Sindhis, Siraikis and Mohajirs.
This is in stark contrast to ethnocracies, such as Malaysia or Sri Lanka, whose
constitution and legal structure elevates the Malays and Sinhalese over the Chinese
and Tamils respectively. In contrast, the Pakistani state is not a Punjabi state
constitutionally and legally. However, on the other hand, the Punjabis have benefited
most from the Pakistani state as compared to other ethnic groups, most importantly,
the Baloch, Siraikis and Sindhis. This has fuelled resentment on the part of non—
dominant ethnic groups who necessarily see the Pakistani state as a Punjabi state.
This argument could be understood as follows: Pakistan is not an ethnocracy in the
theoretical sense but then the policies of the Pakistani state prove otherwise for the
Punjabis have dominated the bureaucracy and military and hence they have gained
more at the expense of other ethnic groups. Similarly, an identity crisis plagues
Pakistan. In this case, people do not identify themselves with Pakistan but with their
own ethnic group first and hence denigrate the Pakistani identity. Abdul Wali Khan
was once asked by a reporter whether he was a Pakistani or a Muslim or a Pathan?
Wali Khan replied that he had been a Pakistani for thirty years, a Muslim for 1300
years and a Pathan for 5000 years. The identity crisis is also manifest in a confused
sense of political culture which celebrates the religious aspect of Pakistani identity but
then proclaims a secular form of politics and constitution. The religious identity, or the
support for such political parties, has also been quite weak with electoral victories
being bagged primarily by secular parties such as the PPP, PML (N), PML (Q) and
MQM. The rhetoric of Islam and Pakistan has been the backbone of the ideational
structure of the Pakistani state but when it comes to applying the tenets of Islam in
terms of policy-making, the ruling elites have shied away from the religious project.
Furthermore, the identity crisis in Pakistan is also manifest in the social domain, and
relates to immigration. A Gilani Research Foundation poll highlighted that support for
immigration in Pakistan is higher than the global average which stands at 34%. Why
would this not be the case in a society where people are highly disillusioned, un-
empowered and insecure, where they are more likely to be robbed of their personal
belongings when out in the public, where the Mafia rules the roost even in major cities
like Karachi, and where political parties‘ workers are routinely killed for their
respective allegiances. Who would want to live in and believe in the idea of Pakistan?
Academic and journalistic debates about Pakistan as a 'failed', 'failing' state have also
been making rounds especially in the United States for the past year and a half. At the
core of the debate is the contention that Pakistan has failed (or is failing) in the twin
projects of state-building and nation-building. The institutions of the state are not what
they were about 20-30 years back coupled with the fact that weak institutionalization
is breeding movements of ethno-nationalism on the part of non-dominant ethnic
groups, not to mention, the threats which the religious groups pose to the social fabric
of Pakistani society. On the other hand, optimistic views are also prevalent which
depict Pakistan as an inhabitant of natural resources and raw materials (including one
of the largest gold, copper and coal deposits), a large sea coastline and a glut of skilled
human capital. The optimistic view places its optimism on the engendering of a sound
and capable national leadership which may then lead Pakistan on to the road of
development.
The critical question still remains unanswered: is it the ruling elite or the sub-state
elite responsible for the crisis of national integration and identity in Pakistan? It is,
indeed, sad in itself that 65 years after independence our sense of integration and
identity remains weak. Although the alarmist would want to answer in ways which
absolves the ruling elites of all faults and blame the intransigent sub-state elite or the
ignorant masses, it is the ruling elite that is to be blamed. A strong sense of national
integration and identity is not generated through empty slogans or sloganeering but
through policies which improve the lives of citizens. In Pakistan, sadly, the sense is
rapidly deteriorating with the conditions in which people now find themselves in.
There is nothing essentially lacking in Pakistan, in terms of natural resources and
human capital; what is lacking is a commitment on the part of the ruling elites to drive
the state forward. One hopes that the ruling elites realise that the idea of Pakistan is in
a crisis and has to be rescued before it is too late. It has to be remembered that unity,
like a plant or tree, has to be watered, nurtured and cultivated on the part of those
ruling the state through effective political, social and economic policies. If this does
not transpire another year, and many more years, will pass and with it the hope for a
Pakistan which stands as one with unity, faith and discipline!
 THE POLITICAL VISION OF ALLAMA IQBAL

As we look through the lattice of history, we realise that the greatest hindrance to
recognising the excellence of a genius comes from his contemporaries. Allama Iqbal
was one of those rare geniuses whose excellence in the field of poetry as well as
political thinking was recognised throughout the World in his own lifetime.
He lived in the period when millions of Indians - Muslims, Hindus and people of other
religions - were fastened by the chains of British imperialism. During this dark period
of slavery, disgrace and dishonour, Iqbal’s poetry imbibed a new spirit in the people
and he himself played a significant role in the struggle for independence of the
subcontinent.
Iqbal was the greatest Muslim political thinker of the last century. There is a general
impression that although he was a great Muslim philosopher and poet of the East, he
had throughout his life practically disassociated himself from political struggle. But
this is not true. In fact, politics is an important and glittering aspect of his multifarious
activities. He understood the political movements of his time in their true perspective,
had a glimpse of the future movements and took part in the struggle for independence.
Looking into the past, one can easily realise how he was bestowed by nature with the
capability of exposing political maneuverings to deprive the Muslims of their due
rights. He projected the true picture of the situation before the Muslim world. This
scribe will describe his struggle for elections on the principle of separate electorate for
the Muslims of India.
From the very beginning, Iqbal was pleading the concept of separate electorate for the
Muslims. He considered it imperative for removing the sense of discrimination of the
Indian Muslims and was not prepared to compromise on it at any stage. According to
Dr Javed Iqbal and Mohammad Ahmad Khan, this was the axis of his political
thinking. For this, he continued to fight against the Congress, but did not deviate at all
from his point of view. The Muslim leaders of Punjab were also of the opinion that in
the political interest of Muslims, the elections should be held on the principle of
separate electorate. Since in Punjab, the Muslims were only in a small majority, the
Hindus using their economic clout would not allow Muslim candidates, who could
defend the rights of the Muslims, to succeed.
Consequently, in case of a joint electorate, the Hindus would form governments, even
in the Muslim majority provinces of Punjab and Bengal. These were very strong
arguments. Moreover, in the Muslim minority provinces, the Hindus were in such an
overwhelming majority that the Muslim voters would be ineffective in changing the
results.
The supporters of joint electorate were of the view that as every candidate had to
appeal to the voters of the joint constituency, he would have to give up his communal
style of address or at least on communal issues would address the voters in a low key.
Elections would be contested only on national issues, mostly concerning economic
progress and reforms.
The leaders, instead of having communal approach, would try to solve the people's
problems from a national point of view. But the supporters of joint electorate just
forgot that - in view of the Hindu mentality - there was little chance, almost nil, of a
Hindu casting his vote in favour of a Muslim candidate. Even if the joint electorate
system was subject to the condition that a certain number of seats be reserved for the
Muslims, only those Muslims would have an opportunity to win who, after their
success, would be expected to take care of the rights of Hindus, instead of those of
Muslims.
In 1916, both the Muslim League and the Congress, after mutual consultation, passed
certain proposals constituting what is now called the ‘Lucknow Pact’. One of these
proposals was that the principle of separate electorate be adopted for the Muslims.
Thus, as the Congress had agreed to it, there was no contention in incorporating
separate electorate for the Muslims in the Act of 1919. The Muslims were firm in their
demand for separate electorate since 1906. No doubt, Pakistan would not have
emerged without this system of elections. Therefore, this clause of the Lucknow Pact
has a great historical significance.
After about a decade, on Jinnah's invitation, a meeting of 30 Muslim leaders was held
in New Delhi (March 20, 1927) so that a plan for permanent understanding between
the Muslims and the Hindus may be drafted, as was desired by the then Congress
President. At that time, Jinnah was of the opinion that the rights of Muslims could be
safeguarded even without implementing the system of separate electorate. After a
careful consideration, these leaders recommended a proposal later known as ‘Delhi
Proposals’.
If the Congress accepted these proposals, then the Muslims will accept the joint
electorate. On May 15, 1927, these proposals when presented by the Congress
President were accepted by the All India Congress Committee. Sir Shafi, who was
present in the Conference held on March 20, refused to accept these proposals on
behalf of the Punjab Muslim League and declared that it will never give up its demand
for separate electorate. Iqbal and other Muslim leaders were right in saying that if
principle of joint electorate was presented as a common demand of Muslims and the
Congress, then the British government would definitely implement it. This would
result in the formation of Hindu governments, even in the Muslim majority province
of Punjab and Bengal. Therefore, they did their best to prove that Muslims were
strongly against the joint electorate and that was true.
On May 01, 1927, a public meeting was held in Barkat Ali Hall, Lahore, under the
auspices of the Punjab Muslim League. Sir Shafi presided over the meeting. A
resolution proposed by Iqbal was passed in the meeting. In order to defeat the
Congress attempts to introduce joint electorate system in India, a Conference was held
in New Delhi from December 29, 1928, to January 01, 1929, under the auspices of All
Parties Muslim Conference. Sir Shafi presented a resolution, including a statement in
which it was emphasised that Muslims would not give up the demand for separate
electorate under any conditions or circumstances.
Speaking on this occasion, Iqbal said:
“If Muslims have to live in India as a nation, they must make immediate efforts for
their progress and reforms and should prepare a separate political programme. There
are certain parts of India where the Muslims are in majority and there are other parts
where they are only a small minority. In this situation, it is imperative that we should
have a separate programme."
Speaking on the resolution, Iqbal said:
“I have a right to say that I am the first Indian, who has realised the significance and
necessity of Hindu-Muslim unity. It has always been my desire that this unity should
be on permanent basis. However, the present circumstances are not in favour of joint
electorate."
The excerpts from the speeches of Hindu leaders, as given by the President (Sir M
Shafi), reflect the Hindu mentality. “The Muslims are in minority, are economically
backward and lack education. They are very simple and innocent people. The
government and Hindus both coax and cajole them easily. I only wonder at the
mentality of even highly-educated Hindus."
If there was no other reason, this was itself sufficient for a demand for separate
electorate. It is interesting to note that Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar, while in
London, wrote on January O1, 1931 - only two days before his death - a letter to
Britian’s PM and explained the standpoint of Indian Muslims. There is no doubt that
the state of Pakistan emerged as the Muslim League, under the leadership of Quaid-i-
Azam, contested the 1946 elections under separate electorate for the Muslims, and
won with overwhelming majority. The political vision of Allama Iqbal is highly
praiseworthy. He had noticed – as early as the beginning of the 20th century — that
the principle of separate electorate was essential to safeguard the rights of Muslims in
the subcontinent.
 Public Policy Formulation A Link between Legislature and
Executive

[Pakistan has a chequered parliamentary history marred with intermittent military

interventions. Military coups resulted in an environment where parliamentary
traditions and democratic norms could not get strengthened in our political system and
politicians.]
Even the politicians seem hapless when it comes to protecting the democratic process.
They change their loyalties to make hay as they aspire to join every government to be
in the corridors of power and to protect their vested interests and get petty benefits.
All the efforts whatsoever made towards improving governance in the country have
failed miserably and achieving the desired goals still remains a far cry. The void in
public policy formulation has been filled by the bureaucratic setup; who had joined
hands with the political elite. Although executive, elected from the legislature, is
responsible for policy formulation and implementation yet this remained in the hands
of those non-representative forces which were to assist and help executive in policy-
formulation and its implementation in true spirit.
In this regard, the capacity building of parliamentarians remained an uphill task
particularly for the parliamentarians who had come to the corridors of power for first
time and also for those who are shrewd enough to contribute towards parliamentary
proceedings. The performance of the previous parliament that completed its term in
March, 2013, is praiseworthy as far as 18th Constitutional Amendment is concerned.
Moreover, the Assembly came up with a record legislation in five years; it passed 139
bills, 19th and 20th Constitutional Amendments, and so on. All this suggests that the
performance of 13th National Assembly was far better than the previous assemblies.
Despite NA's unprecedented performance, the fact that many of the members during
five-year period never uttered a single word on the floor of the assembly to make their
presence felt baffles us all.
Good governance is directly linked to a stimulating and favourable political
environment. Frequent authoritarian interventions —the prolonged dictatorships in
Pakistan—had rendered the mode of governance non-participatory and non-
transparent. In democratic nations, where there are heterogeneous societies, the
consensual form of policy formulation is the best one because it takes all on the board
in sharp contrast to the majoritarian mode where dissenting voices aren't paid any
heed. This is the way where controlling the policy and achieving its objectives
becomes more candid and transparent as well.
Though policy formulation as well as its implementation rests solely with the
executive, as a pillar of the state, yet legislature does play a pivotal role in it. As
legislation follows policy framework, therefore, legislation is an instrument to make
coherent policies. This, invariably, is the culmination of in-depth deliberations,
detailed discussions and long debates in the parliament. The parliamentary committees
are responsible to oversee the policy formulation and implementation but lack of
parliamentary capacity certainly gives rise to dominance of executive over parliament
and parliamentarians. Similar is the case with annual budget that is presented in the
parliament — basically a plan of the government where it aspires to be in the next
financial year—and provides an insight into the priorities of the government as far as
public policy is concerned yet many legislators vote blindly; without knowing what
the annual budget statement has in it.
After 18th Amendment in the Constitution of Pakistan 1973, there are two legislative
lists in the country—federal and provincial—and they very clearly determine the
scope and role of public policy formulation at each level. However, the statutory
framework in this regard grants the authority to approve or amend any policy
framework to the Prime Minister; as s evident from Rule of Business, 1973 derived
from clauses 90 and 99 of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973. Ministers are responsible
to make public policy and the secretaries are vested with the responsibility to
implement those.
In democratic nations, where there are heterogeneous societies, the consensual form of
policy formulation is the best one because it takes all on the board
If important policy decisions are taken in haste without proper debate and
deliberations in the parliament, it will ultimately weaken the link between legislature
and public policy formulation.
The policy framework of the ministries is needed to be revisited as they are not
exhaustive in dealing with the changing scenario of the modern, contemporary world.
Public policy is, in essence, a course of action followed by the government in a
favourable environment keeping in view the future implications of the decisions.
Therefore, non-governmental entities like NGOs and other actors may influence the
policy formulation. It is worth mentioning that legislation provides a constitutional
cover to the public policy formulation but, during discussions at different stages, the
implications are kept in view before finalizing the policy.
The executive, undoubtedly, is responsible for public policy formulation and its
implementation too as the executive comprises the elected representatives,
nevertheless the significance of legislature cannot, in any case, be negated as it is the
body to oversee the executive.
 Public Diplomacy: Diplomacy for 21st Century

["PD (public diplomacy) is one of the embodiments of soft power and the latter is
about making your country, its system of values, your culture and aspirations likable,
acceptable and attractive in the world. Unlike traditional diplomacy PD is not about
state-to-state communication but about state-to-society or society-to-state interaction.
This kind of communication is a two way street. It implies not so much projection of
what you think but rather a quest for a proper place for your ideas in the world."]
The end of cold war and the 9/11 episode has transformed the international system
completely and so does the nature and functions of a nation state. The foreign policy
experts believe that the traditional diplomacy has become obsolete. The new
diplomatic environment requires new tools and reforms to meet the challenges of 21st
century. This becomes the entire uphill task for the developing countries like Pakistan
— facing the issues like, corruption, illiteracy, poverty, terrorism, human rights
violations, environmental issues, and above all the international perception of Pakistan
as terrorist and failed state. The question is how Pakistan adjusts its diplomacy to
address foreign policy demands in the 21st century?
One of the major shifts in diplomatic environment is the concept from hard power
(ability to coerce through military might and economic clout) to soft power (ability to
attract by country's culture, policies and political ideals). One of the elements of soft
power is the public diplomacy, that is to communicate with the citizens of other
societies in order to communicate in constructive way any country's culture, values,
policies and ideologies, because credibility, integrity and reputation do matter in
international relations. At international level there is a noticeable decline in the use of
hard power and the growing importance of soft power, few examples to cite are: VOA,
Radio Free Europe, Russian Council of Foreign Affairs, Russia Today, China CCTV,
Fulbright and the International Visitor Leadership programme (USA), educational and
cultural exchange programmes, tourism, sports, seminars, Pamphlets', media, music,
and the use of the Internet and much more are all instruments used for practicing
public diplomacy.
Analysts and scholars always assess the India's status as a shining star in term of its
demography, democracy, military expansion and economic growth. However, what is
overlooked by the experts is the effort by New Delhi to promote its soft power image
by using its culture (a tool of public diplomacy), values and policies. Indian diplomat
Shashi Tharoor in his book mentioned: "Today's India truly enjoys soft power, and
that may well be the most valuable way in which it can offer leadership to the twenty-
first-century world." It is said that It not only Indian economic potential, growing IT
industry, military muscles, nuclear power status but it's mainly their Bollywood
movies, music, colourful festivals, religious diversity and much more that contribute
to India's soft power status.
Nicolas Blare! mentioned in "India's Soft Power: From Potential to Reality?", that
Bollywood with annually 1000 movies is the most effective medium to make the
Indian culture and soft image popular across the globe. Now the entire world is
familiar with Indian culture and society. Furthermore, India is successfully improving
its relations with countries of South East Asia, Central Asia and Middle East by using
its religious and cultural links with these regions. India is promoting Islam as an
important aspect of its culture and history. To improve its relations with China, Indian
Member of Parliament Jairam Ramesh, coined the term CHINDIA (refer to person of
both China and Indian ancestry). The countries also share certain historical
interactions — the spread of Buddhism from India to China and British-European
trade on the Silk Road are few examples. While with Pakistan they are relying on
cricket and media diplomacy and forums like the Pakistan-India Peoples' Forum for
Peace and Democracy and Aman Ki Asha. Thus, It the Indian ability to tell their story
in attractive manners which enable them to stand in the queue of major world powers.
It is said that it's not only Indian economic potential, growing IT industry, military
muscles, nuclear power status but it's mainly their Bollywood movies, music,
colourful festivals, religious diversity and much more that contribute to India's soft
power status.
Same goes for the China. In recent years Chinese are moving out from the sphere of
hard power and turning towards the soft power image by using public diplomacy. In
order to improve relations with India in 2005, a youth exchange programme was taken
up by India and China. Under this programme, initially 100 youth delegation
exchanges were taken up in 2005. While for the year 2011-12 the number was
increased up to 500. Language programme for teaching Chinese in India was initiated
and scholarships for Indian students to study in China are also successfully
undertaken. Presently, 3000 Indian students are studying in China. Also the hosting of
2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, Shanghai World Expo and Guangzhou Asian Games
2010 are very successful demonstration of Chinese public diplomacy. To make people
understand its ideology, China has established round about 350 Confucius Institutes
throughout the world. China is utilising international media so as to portray the
improved image of China in the world. It is said that China and Japan should give a
chance to public diplomacy to resolve their conflict over the ownership of Diaoyu
Islands. In 2012, China hosted a public diplomacy conference with the theme.
"International Communication of Chinese Culture."
Taking China and India as two examples let us come to Pakistan. Pakistan has an
extensive and a large diplomatic network across the world, including Europe, Asia,
North and South America, Africa and different international and regional
organisations. Still with such a large diplomatic representation Pakistan is tagged as
undemocratic, terrorist and failed state. In order to achieve a respectable place among
the international community Pakistan has to pay attention to people-centric policies
and activities and for this it has to concentrate on public diplomacy which will help
masses overseas to adopt positive outlook about Pakistan. One of the tools of public
diplomacy is culture. Pakistan being part of Indus valley civilisation (2800- 1800 B.C)
has enriched culture greatly influenced by Aryans, Greeks, Sythians, Persians, Arabs,
Turks, Central Asian and Eurasian groups.
Such historical, cultural and political ties can be employed by the diplomats in order
to improve the relations with the countries of similar culture, heritage and history.
Pakistan also has historical sites like temples, churches, shrines, tombs, palaces, forts,
etc. Along with this it has literature not only in Urdu and English languages but
enriched literature is existed in regional languages also. Pakistan has its own music,
folk dances, visual arts, sports, cuisine and festivals to be the part of "soft power."
Now the question is why Pakistan is unable project its image to rest of the world?
India is successfully improving its relations with countries of South East Asia, Central
Asia and Middle East by using its religious and cultural links with these regions. India
is promoting Islam as an important aspect of its culture and history. To improve its
relations with China, Indian Member of Parliament Jairam Ramesh, coined the term
CHINDIA (refer to person of both China and Indian ancestry).
The answer to this question lies in a simple comparison: The Ministry of Culture,
National Heritage and Integration (Pakistan) with the Ministry of Culture (India)
1: The Ministry of Culture, National Heritage and Integration is responsible to
promote Pakistani culture and related activities within Pakistan. It consisted of
following departments with no federal minister. Lok Virsa, Pakistan National Council
of the Arts, Central Board of Film Censors, Department of Archaeology and
Museums, Iqbal Academy, National Fund for Cultural Heritage and National Institute
of Folk and Traditional Heritage. Even in the Ministry of Foreign Affair one is unable
to find a division related to cultural or public diplomacy.
2: The Ministry of Culture in India is responsible for the promotion and preservation
of art and culture with approximately 45 offices, sub offices and autonomous
organisation working under the ministry. Now it's working on national mission on
libraries in India. whereas Ministry of External Affairs of India in 2006 stared its
public diplomacy division with the aim to promote positive image of India and explain
the background of policy decisions in Indian foreign policy, Public Diplomacy
Division organised India's first ever conference on Public Diplomacy in December
2010 in New Delhi. It is making .11 use of Twitter, Facebook, You Tube and other
social media. Indian Council of Cultural Affair is working since 1950 and established
approximately 21 culture centres in all important cities of the world.
The general perception of Pakistan as failed and terrorist sate can be shunned with the
help of public diplomacy. The policy makers must review the old diplomatic styles or
practices. The diplomats are supposed to come out from the fortress of their embassies
and work for the people to people contact so that Pakistan should achieve its
respectable position among the nations of the world. In addition to that Pakistan must
establish a proper setup at government level for PD.

Disaster Management
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Disaster; definition and types
3. Disaster management
4. Phases of disaster management;
a. Mitigation
b. Preparedness
c. Response
d. Recovery
5. History of disasters in Pakistan
6. Disaster in the wake of recent floods
7. Structure of disaster management in Pakistan
8. Role of National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
9. Abysmal state of disaster preparedness and management in Pakistan
10. Impacts of weak disaster management
i) Food crisis
ii) Health hazards
iii) Ravaged infrastructure
iv) Unemployment and economic loss
v) Militancy and crime
vi) Political upset
11. An organized disaster management is the need of the hour.
12. Measures to improve disaster management in Pakistan
13. Conclusion
Essay
Pakistan is one of the most disaster prone countries in the world. Generally divided
into natural and man-made, all disasters are managed by a systematic process of
disaster management that aims at minimizing the damage and restoration of people to
their normal state. Pakistan is well familiar with disasters which have caused a heavy
toll in terms of men and material.
However, due to its inadequate preparedness to manage disasters, it has failed to
effectively cope with them. Though, after earthquake-200S, a systematic effort was
geared up to develop a viable structure of disaster management evolving into
establishment of NDMA, it has yet to achieve the required standards. The heavy
floods of 2010 exposed its unpreparedness and frail management resulting in
unprecedented proportion of losses and damages. Since, the magnitude of implications
is too heavy to bear; the efficient disaster management comes, on the priority, second
to none of other needs. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate an organized disaster
management system to cope with disasters that may break out in future.
Disaster is defined as catastrophic event that brings about great damage, destruction
and devastation to life and property." The damage caused by disasters varies
depending upon geographical location, climate severity and above all, the types of
disasters. Disasters have been classified into two categories - natural disasters a. man-
made disasters. Cyclones, tsunami, floods, droughts, earthquakes and volcanoes are a
few examples of natural disasters; and wars and nuclear accidents fall in the category
of the man-made disasters. All these calamities and catastrophes incur heavy toll on
man and his habitat. However, the disasters can be mitigated and losses can be
minimized with efficient preparedness and management.
Disaster management is the mechanism of coordinating and utilizing available
resources to deal emergencies effectively, thereby saving lives, avoiding injuries and
minimizing losses. This also deals with strategic and organizational management
processes used to protect vital assets from hazard risks in such emergencies.
As mentioned earlier, disaster management is a systematic process, consisting
ostensibly of four main phases: response, recovery, relief and rehabilitation. However,
it remains incomplete without mitigation and preparedness, which are basically pre-
disaster management phases. All these phases are crucially important in managing
disasters.
Mitigation, the very first phase of disaster management, is a sustained action that
reduces both short-term and long-term risks to people a. property from the hazards and
their effects. It involves activities like scientific hazard analysis, vulnerability analysis,
risk assessment, avoiding construction in high risk zones, launching awareness
campaigns, training and capacity building of responders and managers, etc.
Mitigation, therefore, is a persistence effort to lessen the impact that disasters may
incur.
Preparedness, the second phase of disaster management, is defined by Global
Development Research Center as set of steps that enhance the ability of communities
and government to respond to a disaster." The steps included in this phase are the
maintenance of resource inventory, stockpiling, logistic planning, evacuation
planning, communication planning, and needs assessment. The key to effective
disaster management is readiness to provide a rapid emergency response. It entails
everyone to be prepared to respond to extreme situations. Response, the next phase of
disaster management, includes the action of responding to an emergency. It aims to
provide immediate emergency support to a community to maintain health, safety a.
morale until a permanent solution can be put in place. The steps involved in response
phase are situation analysis, crisis maps, information communication, evacuation and
shelters, dispatching of resources and early damage assessment. Besides, trained and
equipped personnel are required to deal with an emerging crisis. Recovery, finally, is
the process of returning to normal. Recovery phase may be short-term as well as long-
term, and it begins after the disaster commences. Recovery phase is overlapped by
reconstruction, rehabilitation; spatial planning, infrastructure building, housing,
livelihood, social security, transport, clean drinking water, communication and
agriculture. Previously, Pakistan has fallen victim to disasters many a time. The
earthquake-200S, Hunza landslides and Floods 2010 are some of the incidents. The
available data suggests that Pakistan suffered heavily at the hands of these disasters
owing to the lack of efficient disaster management. Recently, the spate of floods that
began late in July of 2010 dealt a serious blow to Pakistan. The floods with such a
magnitude had never been witnessed in the history of Pakistan. Torrential monsoon
rains in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh, Balochistan and Punjab were primarily
responsible for the floods. The heavy rains also affected Indus river basin. Almost
one/fifth of Pakistan submerged in water. Moreover, almost 20 million people were
directly affected by the destruction of property, livelihood and infrastructure. And the
death toll rose to about 2,000 people. Had there been no institute to deal with this
natural calamity, the damage caused by floods would have been much more.
However, despite establishment of National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
the response was too slow to meet the magnitude of challenge. The purpose behind its
establishment was to change national response to emergency situations from
reactionary model to an active mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery model.
NDMA is the executive arm of the National Disaster Management Commission
(NDMC) headed by Prime Minister. Also, NDMA supervises Provincial Disaster
Management Authorities (PDMA) and District Disaster Management Authorities
(DDMA).
The National Disaster Management Authority has been assigned the task of
coordinating the disaster risk management at the national level, implementing disaster
risk management strategies, mapping the hazards, developing guidelines, ensuring the
establishment of disaster management authorities and Emergency Operation Centers
(E0Cs) at provincial, district and municipal levels, providing technical assistance to
concerned departments, organizing training to personnel, serving as a lead agency for
NGOs and international cooperation, coordinating with the federal government
through National Emergency Operation Centre (NEOC) and requiring any
government department or agency to make available needed resources and personnel.
Despite establishment of this organisation assigned with apparently multifarious tasks,
disasters in Pakistan are hardly managed effectively. Its preparedness and response
during recent floods were found inadequate. "For 10 days, the flooding was only in
this province. But we didn't hear from the NDMA and nor did we see any NDMA
official. No one even contacted us," said Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Information Minister
Iftikhar Hussain.
Disaster management, particularly preparedness in Pakistan has largely remained
unsatisfactory. The underlying factors responsible for its inefficiency, besides
insufficient resources, are lack of proactive approach and transparency. Moreover, this
agency has yet to prove its credibility, strategy and efficiency of infrastructure which
lie at the very heart of these critical situations. Another factor that hampers the smooth
functioning of disaster management process is duplication of efforts which arise due
to the lack of integration between various agencies and organizations involved in the
process. Consequently, these multiple factors render management process weak and,
therefore, people bear the brunt on their shoulders.
Weaker disaster management, nevertheless, accounts for the damages caused by
floods uptill now; as International Monetary Fund (IMF) puts C, "Floods which have
devastated Pakistan will present a massive economic and political challenge to its
government and people." Apart from economic and social losses, looming food crisis,
ravaged infrastructure, multiple health related problems and increased chances of
proliferation of extremism are but a few adverse impacts of weak disaster
management.
Speaking of the food crisis, almost 17 million acres of agricultural land submerged
under water. According to Daily Finance, "A major concern was that the farmers
would be unable to meet the fall deadline for planting new seeds in 2010 which
implied a loss of food production in 2011 and potential long-term food shortages."
Additionally, seven lac acres cotton crops, two lac acres sugarcane, two lac acres rice,
five lac tonnes of stocked wheat, three lac acres of animal fodder and stores of grain
were lost besides two lac livestock. In addition to food crisis, outbreak of various
diseases further aggravates the situations. Scores of people have been affected by the
fatal diseases like gastroenteritis and diarrhea due to the non-availability of clean
drinking water and proper sanitation facilities. Also, the eruption of cholera and
multiple skin diseases along with malaria has added to their suffering. Apart from
these diseases, there is a sheer dearth of maternity care for thousands of pregnant
women. Thus, these victims need medical attention on war footings to save invaluable
human lives. The authorities were not prepared to deal with such situation. Even
though, the floods were moving gradually ahead, they could not take precautionary
measures in the prone areas. There has been a huge loss to infrastructure. According to
Ball State University Center estimate, around 3916 km highway and about 5646 km
railway track has been damaged. Their repair costs are expected to be at least $158
million and $131 million, respectively. On the other hand, public damage accounting
to almost $1 billion resulted in response to floods. The sorry state of affairs was
revealed when authorities were unable to rather incapable of restoring the cut off
routes and breaches in river banks. Resultantly, country received a serious economic
jolt. In this regard, International Labour Organisation (ILO) said that almost 5.3
million people became jobless. Therefore, "productive and labour intensive job
creation programs are urgently needed to lift millions of people out of poverty that has
been aggravated by flood damage." Furthermore GDP would decline from overall 4
per cent to -2 to -5 per cent. Crop losses have stubborn impact on textile industry: the
largest manufacturing industry of Pakistan. 'As soon as Pakistan Army diverted from
fighting militant insurgents in the north-west to help in relief efforts, Taliban militants
were given a reprieve to regroup', observed the Associated Press.
Besides, the implications include growth in militancy and crime. 'As soon as Pakistan
Army diverted from fighting militant insurgents in the north-west to help in relief
efforts, Taliban militants were given a reprieve to regroup', observed the Associated
Press. Over and above, the jobless, desperate and dejected youngsters from the
affected areas are an easy prey to militant recruitment and criminal activities. It may
aggravate the security situation given the inefficiency of the government to address
the problems of the victims.
If observed politically, public may perceive the government inefficient thus giving rise
to an episode of political unrest. Not only people, the outside donors have also become
skeptic. More than that, migration of internally displaced people (IDP) to urban areas
incited urban sectarian discord which further hindered the process of management of
disaster.
In the light of above facts, it is evident that Pakistan is in dire need of an organized
disaster management program to face the emergency situations and their implications.
So far, disorganized and ad hoc methods had been in practice in disaster management
system. It is because of this that the country suffered more. Therefore, it is incumbent
upon the Government of Pakistan to strengthen its policies of disaster management.
In other words, disaster management should be amongst the top priorities of
government. NDMA can be strengthened by proper allocation of funds, research,
equipment, training and maintenance of transparency. In this regard, effective
communication between concerned agencies and with people is a must. Embankment
of rivers, disaster proof housing and infrastructure, early warnings, rapid evacuation,
nomination of danger zones prior to disaster, establishment of rescue centers and
creating public awareness about disasters and safety techniques with their inclusion in
curriculum will surely pay dividends.
Disasters often come without early warnings, recent floods in Pakistan, however, took
a gradual course. But lack of sound disaster management and unpreparedness policies
and their implementation has resulted in grave damages to Pakistan in all the previous
disasters. Therefore, the onus lies upon the Government of Pakistan to revisit its
policies and strengthen institutions to not only tackle such situations but making them
to our best use. It is high time that the government as well as every citizen of Pakistan
plays its own respective role to bring about a positive change.

Freedom of Media in Pakistan Blessing or Bane?

[Free media is a double-edged sword which has its benefits and vices; however, its
advantages overweigh the disadvantages.]
1. Introduction
2. Definition of free media
3. Media in Pakistan: From censorship to freedom
4. Role of media in Pakistan: a blessing and curse at the same time
a) Free media as a blessing:
i. educates and informs masses
ii. increases level of awareness
iii. develops public opinion
iv. supports democracy
b) Free media as a bane:
i. spreading misinformation: rumors and false news
ii. used for propaganda & sensationalism: benefits antagonists groups
iii. exploitation of freedom: corruption and influence
iv. commercialization: serves vested interests
5. Enrichment and invasion of culture; simultaneously
6. Media is a medium for socialization and social isolation; concurrently
7. Media is a watchdog but lacking accountability within; contrarily.
8. Overall role in national development.
9. Conclusion
Free media is a double-edged sword which has its benefits and vices; however, its
advantages overweigh the disadvantages. It ensures the right to freedom of speech.
Media is said to be free when the media organizations enjoy freedom to disseminate
information without facing any barriers from the government or any other powerful
actors of the society. Earlier in Pakistan, media had to go through severe censorship
and rigid regulations. However, the laws were enacted in the last decade to lift curbs
on its freedom. This resulted in unprecedented freedom of expression and provision of
information. Free media comes with a package of advantages such as educating
people, increasing the level of awareness, developing the public opinion and, most
importantly, supporting the democratic system. However, it carries a bundle of
disadvantages as well including disseminating disinformation, advocating a specific
propaganda and prioritizing commercialism. It helps enrich one's culture as well as
risks invasion by others' cultures. It facilitates socialization by making the world a
global village yet it isolates individuals from their families and friends as excessive
time is being wasted on social media. Interestingly, media is a watchdog over the
governments, but lacks accountability within. Nevertheless, the overall role of the free
media in national development cannot be undermined.
Media is free when it can provide information without any kind of censorship.
However, complete freedom does require freedom of right to seek, receive and impart
information and ideas. Constitution of Pakistan and the universally-accepted
principles guarantee everyone the right to freedom of opinion and expression. In
Pakistan, media has long faced the censorship. However, an appreciable level of
freedom has been achieved recently. Pakistani media is hugely influenced by various
state and non-state actors. Military regimes in Pakistan had a special interest in
controlling the media. The first step in this direction was taken by a military ruler who
promulgated the Press and Publication Ordinance (PPO) in 1960. The law empowered
the authorities to confiscate newspapers, clamp down on newspaper providers, and
arrest journalists. Even civil governments were no less eager to influence and control
media. It was not until 2002 that media faced a decisive development when new laws
broke the state's monopoly on electronic media. TV broadcasting and FM radio
licenses were issued to private media outlets. These new laws opened up a new arena
for free media with less regulations and limited censorship.
Owing to its advantages, the free media brings, can be rightly termed as a blessing.
Firstly; it educates and informs masses. It easily disseminates important information
across the globe. Access to uncensored information helps educate the masses
regarding important societal issues. In Pakistan, media, especially TV channels, have
effectively used freedom of expression to educate people on essential elements of
society and citizenship. Programs broadcast on these channels educate people on
social, cultural and political issues and create civic sense and responsibility among the
masses. TV plays films and documentaries are good examples in this context.
Secondly; free media stirs a rise in awareness level. This raised level improves ability
to make decisions rationally. Compare Pakistan's current generation with their
predecessors and you see that when media faced huge censorship and was not 'free',
people knew a little about the societal issues. Previous generations lived with low
awareness owing to inaccessibility to information and, hence, vulnerable to
manipulation. The current state of affairs harbingers a bright future as the masses have
great knowledge about the issues faced by the country. The role of media in
restoration and independence of judiciary needs not be overemphasized.
Thirdly; free media shapes public opinion. Internet, TV and radio channels, and
newspapers are effective tools to serve the national interests if geared in the right
direction. After Mumbai attacks, Pakistani media broadcast and printed reports and
documentaries on the country's defense and military strength in a bid to boost the
peoples' morale against anticipated Indian threat of attack on Pakistan. Numerous
articles were published to prove that Pakistan had nothing to do with the Mumbai
attacks. This helped appease the international concerns. Peoples of Pakistan and India
regard Kashmir as an integral part of their respective countries. Media can play its role
to soften the stance to reach an agreeable solution.
Last but not least; media promotes and strengthens and champions democracy.
Precisely, democracy is the best system in which both people and media get freedom
of speech. Media helps democracy thrive by arousing the citizens' interest in country's
politics. Recent developments show a gradual but promising shift in Pakistan's
political system towards true democracy. Where media played an important role in the
ouster of the military ruler Pervez Musharraf, it also highlighted flaws and lacunae in
governance during previous democratic regime. This caused the annihilation of
'coalition partners' of that regime in May 2013 elections.
Elsewhere, the United States and India are good examples where media due to its
freedom has played and is playing significant role in strengthening the democratic
norms.
The unprecedented freedom of media has, as well, harmed the society. First of all;
there are some instances where media outlets spread disinformation and created
confusion among the masses. The 'informing people' function of media is not
complete until it guarantees true and unbiased information. Absence of a consolidated
accountability system has let certain elements in media to exploit feelings of the
audiences just to get some 'rating'. Nevertheless, this disinformation damages
significant elements of society. For example, some segments in Pakistani media often
resorted to create false impression about the government, even they started predicting
its departure. These rumors forced the investors keep at bay which harmed the
country's economy.
Second; freedom without responsibility leads to creation of sensationalism. Media is a
powerful opinion-maker a. if not dealt carefully, it could be negatively used to form
opinions which favor certain organizations or groups. Pakistan is combating the
monster of terrorism but the uncensored and live telecast of the scenes of bomb blasts
and of the bleeding people has caused severe psychological impacts on the people of
Pakistan. Most areas of Pakistan are, undoubtedly, peaceful but these repeated
telecasts create a negative perception of the country which causes decline in foreign
investment and damages the tourism industry. This has inadvertently helped the cause
of the terrorists.
Third; the absolute freedom, like absolute power, leads to corruption. Unbridled
freedom of expression has led media organizations to interfere in state matters. In
countries where legal system is weak but media is free, media often gets involved in
corrupt practices. Lack of strict vigilance and regulation allows journalists to
negatively use the media power to extort rather than inform.
Last but not least; huge profits in the media sector have given rise to
commercialisation. Media outlets nowadays work only for more and more profits.
Influence of wealthy entrepreneurs has made media drift away from its real objective
of informing, educating and supporting public. Regardless of what is good for masses,
media covers content and issues which increases their ratings — a tool to grab huge
profits. Certain issues are self-censored only because they would damage the profits of
media outlets. Newspapers, for example, often censor or skip reports relating to
wrongdoings of the government institutions as doing so may result in cuts on their
public advertisements.
Today, when the world has become a global village, free media enriches and spreads a
nation's culture around the world, yet, simultaneously, the channels also allow
invasion of other cultures. For instance, today's free Pakistani media is able to reach
out Pakistani diaspora across the globe. This has helped introduce and spread
Pakistani culture in the world. Nevertheless, it has influenced natives' culture with the
foreign ones. Television programs these days are replete with Indian and Turkish
plays, soaps and shows. Western influence, though to some extent, is also obvious.
Resultantly, our new generation is hugely influenced by Justin Bieber, Amir Khan and
other celebrities but not our native heroes like Aziz Bhatti Shaheed, Rashid Minhas
Shaheed, and other valiant sons of the soil.
Expansion of media is also responsible for providing the people with up-to-date
communication facilities. Internet has revolutionized the way people socialize and
interact. Friends, relatives and even unknown people are able to interact irrespective
of territorial distances. Facebook, Skype and other social media help people socialize
in modern ways. However, the very same media have become a cause of social
isolation as well. This has created generation gaps as well, as social-media-obsessed
youngsters stay at a distance from their elders.
Moreover; free media is a watchdog over the government and state institutions. Media
keeps a vigilant eye on their doings and wrongdoings. Every good is praised, and
every wrong is criticized. Never in Pakistan was corruption exposed to such an extent.
After the enactment of liberal laws, new corruption scandals are exposed every day.
But this freedom has also exposed the state to new dangers. There is no proper
framework for accountability in the media sector itself. Hardly has any government
taken an action against a corrupt journalist or a media organisation. Nor has media its
own strict accountability mechanism. This indicates the vulnerability of free media to
become a carefree giant, if not properly regulated.
Nonetheless; despite all the negativity, the unparalleled contribution of free media in
the progress of this nation cannot be denied. Free media has improved the
consciousness among the masses. People never questioned actions of the government
the way they do now. This is just the result of timely, useful and mostly objective
dissemination of information. Pakistan's judiciary has achieved its freedom due to the
evermore vibrant role of media. Eventually, free media has given an opportunity to the
people of Pakistan to contribute to the welfare of the state.
As nothing is perfect in this world; free media also carries some vices along with its
benefits which, however, overshadow the vices. Free media helps keep people
informed and educated with regard to important issues of the country and world.
Though, it could fall short of its responsibilities and serve vested interests sometimes,
its role in being watchful of important state actions is commendable. Certain
anomalies in media can be corrected by encouraging initiatives of creating a strong
internal accountability and regulatory mechanism with governmental oversight. What
needs to be above the board is that freedom of media shall be ensured as free media
always brings greater benefits for the progress and prosperity of nation than the
inadvertent damages it causes. Hence, it is more of a blessing than a bane.

Role of Media in Pakistan

Media, may it be the print or its electronic counterpart, is the fourth pillar of state and
in this capacity, it is playing a significant role in today's Pakistan. It has, time and
again, proved to be pivotal to the development of the country. The multifaceted nature
of media is determined by its involvement in almost every walk of life. It has a power
to make things undergo transformation. Jim Morrison has rightly said. “Whoever
controls the media, controls the mind.”
The media is, nowadays, the most powerful entity on earth. They have the power to
make the innocent guilty and to make the guilty innocent, and that's power. Because,
they control the minds of the masses! Let's have a look at various aspects of influence
of media in the following piece.

Positive Aspects
Peoples' Voice
In Pakistan, media is a source of social modernization and a simultaneous window to
outer world. It’s playing a key role in highlighting socio-cultural issues of the
populace of the country. Besides, it is emerging as an advocate of granting the people
their fundamental rights. By bridging gaps based on cultural differences, it is leading
to harness and foster national solidarity. Media has made headway and has gained
popularity by vocalizing the public grievances and problems. It has an ability to
influence public by disseminating awareness especially on political rights and
responsibilities of the individuals. It is like a watchdog for government as well as non-
government institutions.

Societal Modernization
Media is playing its peculiar role in bringing social modernization. In Pakistan, a huge
change is being witnessed in society during past decade due to increase involvement
of media. People have become more modernized. After being familiar with new trends
prevailing around the world, the people have acquired more sophisticated ways of
dealing with each other. They have become more socially active. They have developed
a matured sense. This has enabled them to adopt new norms and values by remaining
within the moral limits. This sense has made them socially responsible citizens and
encouraged them to accentuate socio-cultural issues.

Presenting Soft Image of Pakistan

Media has a significant contribution in disseminating education and information
especially that is related to new technologies and developments. It also provides a
medium for promoting distant learning where it harnesses sectarian harmony by
presenting different points of view from renowned scholars from different schools of
thought. By presenting a better image of Pakistan media is helping in attracting
foreign direct investment in Pakistan.

Highlighting Public Grievances

Media is playing a promising role in highlighting socio-cultural issues. The issues like
poverty, inflation, unemployment, illiteracy, inhuman behaviour of some tribal and
feudal lords, etc., are highlighted by media. It has also been an ardent supporter and
advocate of human rights. It’s a known fact that human rights are being violated all
around the world. In Pakistan, inhuman practice like child labour, gender
discrimination, acid throwing on females, child marriages and honor killing also exist.
Media has raised its voice against such ill-practices as well.

Fostering Inter- provincial Harmony

Media's role in fostering inter-provincial harmony is also laudable as well as pivotal.
In Pakistan, various programs depicting cultural values and traditions of each province
are aired by different channels. This promotes customs and traditions of each province
and creates a psychological bonding. People develop more understanding toward their
norms and values. In this way, they respect others' culture. This brings harmony which
strengthens the social fabric leading to national solidarity.
Public Trust in Government
Media acts as a channel of maintaining good Public-Government relations. In
Pakistan, it is taken as a source for informing government officials about the reaction
of public related to their policies. It is performing its role in development of support
communication services as well. The awareness on the projects which are supposed to
be initiated for the betterment of people of a particular area is being disseminated by
utilizing media. This helps in the form of acceptance of that program by the local
residents.

An Independent Watchdog
Media's role as a watchdog for government and non-government organizations is also
plausible. In Pakistan, both print and electronic media take the government and NGO
officials to the task if they commit some wrong. Different media persons, being a
responsible citizen, analyze the performance of different departments and give tough
time to their officials for not performing up to the mark may it be the case of Pakistan
Steel Mills, Rental Power Project or the issue of Arsalan Iftikhar, all were brought to
spotlight by media.

Medium of Education
Media is playing commendable role in education sphere. It is being utilized as a
medium for emphasizing importance of education. In Pakistan, there are many
campaigns which have been launched to stress the importance of seeking education.
The mass campaign “Zara Sochiye” is one of the efforts in this regard. Media is
emerging also as a window which opens horizons of development, research and
technology. In Pakistan, there are many institutes which disseminate technological
information within as well as outside the country. For instance, Pakistan Museum of
Natural History and Pakistan Scientific and Technological Information Centre
(PASTIC), two important subsidiary organizations of the Pakistan Science
Foundation, are playing their due role in disseminating scientific information.

Media is also a source of distant learning all around the world. In Pakistan, media has
become a part of educational institutes. It has rendered its services in the form of
educational channels only dedicated for broadcasting educational programs. The
online distant learning program initiated by Virtual University is one of such
programs. This has enabled the students of this institute to take all the lectures through
satellite channels of the institute. This has helped the students living in far areas to
excel in education.
Negative Aspects
Despite all positive contribution toward society, there are certain flaws in the role
played by media in Pakistan.

Useless Coverage
Unnecessary coverage to events has become a trend now. Distortion of media content
has too become a common practice. Lack of farsightedness of breaking any news story
is further aggravating the situation. There is no denying the fact that media has a hand
in every walk of life. These are some flaws which are destroying its positive image.

Creating Hypes
Presentation of distorted content is another flaw which is leading the audience and
readers to lose trust in media. In Pakistan, there are many programs being aired which
try to twist and distort the facts for their own purposes. They never hesitate to follow
these acts for creating media hype for their own benefit. They have only concern with
program ratings which never allowing them to even think about media ethics and
responsibilities.

Being Mercenaries
Acting like mercenary is another negative aspect of media. In Pakistan, many media
persons use this tool to their own benefit. They indulge in the practice of being on
payroll of some politicians. There are many political parties who have their
associations in both print and electronic media. They use them to achieve their
political goals for dragging their opponents name in the mud. This is against the true
spirit of media.

Irresponsible Behaviour
Lack of farsightedness in breaking news is another omnipresent vice in media.
Without evaluating the consequences of some particular news, every channel rushes in
to break it first. For example, a renowned channel broke news at the time of Mumbai
attacks that the culprit had its belongings to Pakistan without ascertaining the
repercussions of their act. This kind of practice is similar to setting one's own house
on fire.
These are certain flaws which should be overcome by taking concrete steps. Media
policy should be formulated by the media organizations. Freedom with responsibility
should be the slogan raised and practiced by both forms of Media. Moreover, some
image-building measures should be taken at every level to make its appropriate use.
So that misuse of media should be discouraged. A comprehensive media policy should
be introduced by the media organizations themselves to overcome ambiguities in rules
and regulations. Moreover, PEMRA should be invigorated and made vigorous.

Concluding the arguments, it must be admitted that media is playing a commendable

role in Pakistan and it cannot, at all, be negated. The ways with which it is
contributing in the society are unbeatable but it is a known fact that it's negative
aspects overpowering the importance of media as a catalyst for bringing
transformation for betterment in society.

Media & Agenda Setting

[For a generation, until the collapse of the Soviet Union, American news organizations
reported on the world largely through the prism of the Cold War. Particularly on TV
networks the East-West Conflict was a useful framing device especially on news
shows.]
But, after the fall of Berlin Wall in 1989, media enterprises turned their attention
towards domestic matters. Thus, media set new agenda to frame in front of their
viewers such as human rights violation, trade issues, environmental and regional hot
spots. However, news organizations simply parachuted journalists into war zones or
other disaster-ridden areas as well.
On September 11, 2001, when the twin towers of the World Trade Center were
demolished through terrorist attacks, all media outlets, either within the US or outside
it, got a new agenda i.e. terrorism; to set on their framing devices. Media not only
made terrorism a more pressing global issue than poverty, human rights violation,
social injustice, etc., but also helped mould the international public opinion.
All the existing definitions of terrorism have some basic assumptions. One most cited
among them terms it: "To threaten or intimidate larger population." Within two years
of attack on Afghanistan on the pretext of pursuit of 9/11 culprits, the US launched a
full-fledge war on Iraq. The US authorities utilized mass media as a useful agenda-
framing device to turn public opinion in their favor. Media hype on Weapon of Mass
Destruction (WMDs) soared to such an extent that the Bush regime didn't even care
the calls by the UN. They twisted the public opinion, especially in Europe, in favor of
a strike on Iraq.
In today's "global village" world, modern electronic media and internet have equipped
the terrorist with capabilities to fulfil their designs. All kinds of media may it be social
or the mass media are being used by both state and non-state actors for their respective
propaganda campaigns.
Media and Terrorists' Agenda
The terrorists' main objectives behind using media are:
1. To create fear among the masses
2. To get their motives propagated
3. To woo sympathizers for their designs
As described in the preceding lies that the first and foremost goal of terrorists is to
create fear and a sense of chaos among the masses. They influence media outlets in
order to spread fear among the masses and, ultimately, gain public attention and make
them aware of their existence, methods and targets. Through media, terrorists not only
intimidate audience, but they also target government institutions to affect the
policymaking process. Dr Bruce Hoffman writes in "Inside Terrorism":
"Only by spreading the terror and outrage to a much larger audience, the terrorists can
gain the maximum potential leverage that they need to effect fundamental political
change."
For instance, in 1972 Munich Olympics a Palestinian group launched attacks on
Israeli athletes when world media was gathered in that city to cover the Games.
Hence, they pushed the highlights of Olympic Games off the front pages.
Thus, through violent attacks terrorists led their target audiences think what their
motivations were. Sometimes terrorists gain success when issues are framed by media
because it gives recognition to them on one hand and on the other the terrorists try to
publish their motives such as during hijacking of TWA Airplane in 1976, the
renowned newspapers like New York Times and Washington Post published the
statements made by terrorists.
However, it involves another aspect that by disseminating information about their
objectives, terrorists gain sympathy and woo supporters in whose name they claim to
act and thus convey that the organization is capable of impacting policymaking or
legitimate political establishment.

Analysis
Actually, media seek to set particular agenda that become popular among masses and
then audience wanted to watch updates related to the set agenda and these agenda in
turn give viewership to the channels. There is an overrepresentation of bleeding stories
in media, and terrorism fits in this frame very well. A common notion in news
organizations says, .If it bleeds, it leads." They are related to emotional aspects
therefore media seeks for drama, shock, tragedy and sensation which create interest in
news. With the passage of time, media has changed to a great extent. During the
Second World War, it usually took days and weeks to publish news stories of war
zones. But today, the faster an event is reported the better it is for media outlet. Due to
this intense competition of 'breaking news' and 'live coverage', media have become
lesser responsible. Hence, this competition is brutal in its truest sense as during such
crisis audience is more attentive, media stardom is at stake and news anchors get fame
while covering terrorist attacks.
Conclusion
Media works on both agenda setting and framing. Both the techniques have most
influential power to mould news in order to twist the public opinion. Freedom fighters
can be shown as the terrorists or vice versa; it is all media propagation of stability and
economic wellbeing that the whole world wants to adopt Western Model of
Democracy. It is also the power of media during Cold War era that people did not
want to research against KGB but accept the fact that CIA is savior of the world
against Communist rise.

Media Influence on Pakistani Culture and Identity

[Two-Nation Theory is the basis of creation of Pakistan. It states that Muslims and
Hindus are two separate nations by every definition; therefore Muslims should have a
separate homeland]

It is human nature to show affection to the land where he is born, grows up and lives.
He admires and follows the customs, values and principles of the life designated by
the social set-up of the country. He strives to make his homeland a free, secure and a
better place to live for himself and the generations to come. In a free country people
have the opportunity to speak, act and pursue happiness without unnecessary external
restrictions. It is important because it leads to enhanced independence, expressions of
creativity and original thought, increased productivity, and an overall high quality of
life.
Pakistan came into being with the same thought in the mind of our great leaders who
were not agreed to see Muslims living in oppressive conditions without any identity or
individuality. Two-Nation Theory is the basis of creation of Pakistan. It states that
Muslims and Hindus are two separate nations by every definition; therefore Muslims
should have a separate homeland where they can spend their lives according to the
glorious teachings of Islam. Mohammed Ali Jinnah's speech at All India Muslim
League Conference in 1940 gives a crystal clear concept of Muslims' of that time.
"The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social values
and literary thoughts. They neither intermarry, nor dine together, and they belong to
two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and
conceptions." Today, we are living in a free state, with our own laws, rules and
freedom but a question arises here, is it the same Pakistan which our ancestors dreamt
of?
As far as the celebrations on the Independence Day are concerned, the nation shows
love and enthusiasm for their country but, on the whole situation is different. Every
year we celebrate Independence Day on August 14, with excitement, great zeal and
passion. Our nation renews commitments to make Pakistan prosperous and strong.
Buildings are illuminated and decorated with national flags. Political and civil society
organisations arrange rallies, parades and vibrant functions in all small and major
cities of the country. Similarly, the electronic media plans wide-ranging programmes,
including national songs, talk shows, dramas, quiz, etc. to mark the occasion. The
print media carries special supplements, articles, features and highlight the importance
of the day and sacrifices rendered by heroes and nation's forefathers for it. These
programmes highlight the significance of the day, ideology of Pakistan, importance of
identity, goals set for the future and pay tribute to the Father of the Nation, Quaid-e-
Azam. Regrettably this enthusiasm remains just for few days.
The role of media is enormous here whereby the extensive promotion of western
product brands are forcing consumers in our society to simply reject the local brands
and consider them inferior comparing with the foreign brands in the market.
Today the world community comprises more than 180 countries. Pakistan appeared on
the world map in August 1947. But in fact since its creation, with every passing year,
Pakistan is losing its identity. It's not because of economic and political background,
but due to the changing life patterns and thoughts of every Pakistani. It's the
individuality or national identity that makes a nation different from rest of the world.
Pakistani society is undergoing a massive cultural change rapidly resulting in an
identity crisis for Pakistanis. The deep-rooted embedded cultural values in our society
are becoming hollow and gradually fading away.
Various catalysts for change are responsible for this scenario including media as the
key player. The European and American culture is slowly engulfing our society. The
role of media is enormous here whereby the extensive promotion of western product
brands are forcing consumers in our society to simply reject the local brands and
consider them inferior comparing with the foreign brands in the market.
The programmes telecast through satellite TV channels and on cable TV networks in
Pakistan are predominantly western and Indian. The promotion of American,
European and Indian culture via dramas, movies, music programmes, skits etc.,
telecast on various satellite TV channels escalate change in local culture and values.
Pakistanis tend to be more appreciative of the foreign cultures being promoted than
their local values and trends. Therefore, they prefer adopting these foreign culture
hence leading towards a change in our society. Our new generation is so much
involved with foreign culture that it's getting away from the local dresses. They cannot
differentiate between the two and ready to adopt whatever is shown to them by the
media. They hardly know its actual and indigenous values, culture and traditions. And
those few who are followers of their own culture are thought to be outdated or
backward.

The undue westernization is dominating the typical Pakistani culture. For instance, the
extended and joint family system, a hallmark of Pakistani culture, is slowly
deteriorating. The younger generation seldom cares for their parents and elders.
Fascination of English language is so much that many Pakistanis, who are fluent in
English, are unable to understand Urdu. Therefore, speaking English language is a
status symbol and the people speaking Urdu are considered backward or illiterate.
They are creating inferiority complex among those who do not have good command
on English but speak excellent Urdu. Further Urdu language is getting unwanted
additions due to invasion of foreign words (Hindi and English). A new language which
is a mix of Urdu, English and Hindi words is emerging. Similarly, the meal
preferences have changed from chapatti and rice to Subway, KFC and McDonalds.
Instead of traditional drinks, Pepsi and Coke have found its way into our homes.
Muslims being in majority in Pakistan are losing their Islamic/indigenous values and
ultra-modern educational institutions as well as media are gradually inculcating
western and Indian values in the younger generation. It seems that Pakistanis, a nation
of 170 million, are confused about their ideology, culture and sociology, values,
religion, priorities and even enemies." Unfortunately our own media is playing a
significant role in this regard.
Mahathir bin Mohammad, former prime minister of Malaysia is of the view that we
live in the age of information technology. There has been and there will continue to be
an unending explosion in the field of information technology. Today, we can sit in our
homes and watch and hear whatever happens in the world. But what we see, hear and
witness is decided by media. Clearly the people, who decide what we should see and
hear, hold mammoth power.
As the people who control the media, control our minds and probably control the
world. And who control the powerful world media are not the national governments of
developing or developed nations but a very few people.
As the people who control the media, control our minds and probably control the
world. And who control the powerful world media are not the national governments of
developing or developed nations but a very few people. They have an effective
weapon in the form of a worldwide television network. Today, they broadcast slanted
news, tomorrow they will broadcast raw pornography to corrupt our children and
destroy our culture. They are already doing that in Europe. We can control the
reception today but not in future. He further says that Malaysia believes in press
freedom but with responsibility.
The situation is indeed alarming for the national identity in Pakistan. Therefore firm
steps are needed to be taken on regular basis to preserve Pakistan's cultural values and
identity.

Apart from government to take measures to control the cultural invasion, the
responsibility lies on every Pakistani to own, respect and love this country. We have to
believe in our own native values in order to save and secure our identity. Being
Pakistani, we should not forget that our homeland made us stand out in the map of the
world as an independent nation and provide us the freedom, which many Muslim
countries are still striving for today.
If we want to live with honour, dignity and secure our identity, we have to proudly
own and love our country. If we want our upcoming generation should breathe freely
as an independent nation in the world, then, today we have to work in the best interest
of Pakistan. We have to rebuild our characters and minds to take the track which leads
Pakistan to the destination our ancestors had dreamt of.
Pakistanis and Pakistani media are required to respect the native traditions and
individuality, abide by the rules and regulations of the federation, support the
minors/minorities and provide education for all irrespective of their financial and
social background, we can bring the change, prosperity in our society and secure our
homeland. The intellectuals in media and the political circles have the responsibility to
start the debate. It is through repeated exposure that the citizens will start to identify
themselves with democratic and liberal values.
To minimize and resist the effects of western and Indian channels, it is suggested that
local channels should be strengthened and programmes should have better content.
These channels should produce and broadcast quality programmes that could help in
the promotion of Pakistani values and traditions and improve the image of Pakistan at
international level.

MEDIA ETHICS & THE FREEDOM OF PRESS

Article 19 of the Constitution of Pakistan gives the guidelines under which the press is
supposed to function in Pakistan. This article says:
Media is the fourth pillar of state. It is the institution that disseminates information on
the latest happenings across the globe. Owing to its multifarious functions, especially
being an opinion maker, the media has to dig out the truth. This is considered the right
of media to do whatever possible to bring reality before the public. However, with
every right comes a responsibility. So there is a dire need to set some standards or
ethics for media.
Ethics are the principles that determine the rightness and wrongness of an act. These
are the self-imposed principles that mainly aim at maintaining decency, harmony and
positivism within the organizations. Ethics can also be termed as the canons of
morality.
Article 19 of the Constitution of Pakistan gives the guidelines under which the press is
supposed to function in Pakistan. This article says:
Every citizen shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression, and there shall
be freedom of the press, subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the
interest of the glory of Islam or the integrity, security or defense of Pakistan or any
part thereof, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality,
or in relation to contempt of court, (commission of] or incitement to an offence.
In today's globalized and enlightened world, media is considered as a double edged
sword. It can be as lethal a weapon as a nuke. It is universally acknowledged that pen
is mightier than sword. The principles of good journalism are directed toward bringing
the highest quality of news reporting to the public, thus fulfilling the mission of timely
dissemination of information in service of the public interest.
The codes and canons, to a great extent, evolved through observation of and response
to past lapses by media personnel. However, it is heartening that the terms of
employment mandate adherence to ethical codes equally applicable to both staff and
freelance journalists. Upholding professional standards also boosts public trust in a
news organization, which serves as an impetus to enhance the number of its audiences.
The process of designing the journalistic code of ethics is full of difficulties, such as
conflicts of interest, to assist journalists in dealing with ethical dilemmas. The codes
and canons provide journalists with a framework for self-monitoring and self-
correction.
In the present-day world, journalism has got an unprecedented importance in our lives
because:
1. It acts as watchdog which means that it protects society from aggression.
2. By bringing in public awareness, it promotes public participation.
3. It projects the images of politicians and leaders, etc.
4. It challenges the acts of autocracy and dictatorship
5. World has become global village, people stay connected through it.
Journalism's first obligation is to the truth, its first loyalty is to the citizens and its
essence is discipline of verification. Its practitioners must maintain an independence
from those they cover. It must provide a forum for public criticism and compromise. It
must strive to make the significant interesting and relevant.
Following are the fundamental canons that should be opted as guiding principles of
journalism.
1. Reporters must avoid conflict of interest incentives to report a story with a given
slant. This includes not taking bribes and not reporting on stories that affect the
reporter's personal, economic or political interests.
2. Competing points of view must be balanced and fairly characterized. Moreover,
persons who are the subject of adverse stories must be allowed a reasonable
opportunity to respond before the story is published or broadcast.
3. Interference with reporting by any entity, including censorship, must be disclosed.
4. Confidentiality of anonymous sources must be maintained.
5. There should be the avoidance of anonymous sources to the maximum extent.
6. Accurate attribution of statements must be made
7. Pictures sound, and quotations must not be presented in a misleading manner.
8. Simulations, re-enactments, alterations, and artistic imaginings must be clearly
labelled as such.
Reporters are expected to be as accurate as possible given the time allotted to story
preparation and to seek reliable sources. Events with a single eyewitness must be
reported with attribution, however, events with more eyewitnesses may be reported as
fact. Independent fact-checking by another person is desirable and if any error is
found, the corrections must be made. Opinion surveys and statistical information
deserve special treatment to communicate. Special sensitivity must be used when
dealing with children and inexperienced sources or subjects. The journalists must be
sensitive while seeking or using interviews or photographs of those affected by a
tragedy or grief. They must acknowledge that private people have every right to
conceal information about themselves than do public officials. Only an overriding
public need can justify intrusion into anyone's privacy. The media personnel must be
judicious when naming criminal suspects before the formal filing of charges.
Freedom of press shall not be used as a weapon against any one. Ethics, canons and
moral standards of journalism must be designed in the light of the Constitution of
Pakistan so that journalism could truly be exploited for materializing positivity in the
mindsets of the masses and constructive approach for all segments of society.

How Social Media Changed the World

[When Harvard student Mark Zuckerberg launched facebook.com in February 2004,

even he could not have imagined the forces it would unleash. His intent was to
connect college students. Facebook, which is what this website rapidly evolved into,
ended up connecting the world.]

To the children of this connected era, the world is one giant social network. They are
not bound - as were previous generations of humans - by what they were taught. They
are limited by their curiosity and ambition. During my childhood, all knowledge was
local. You learned everything you knew from your parents, teachers, preachers and
friends. If you were privileged and had access to a library or an encyclopedia, you
could learn a little more. You surely could not follow and reach out to the people that
you read about; learn what people all over the world had to say; or ask the difficult,
uncomfortable, questions.
With the high-quality and timely information at their fingertips and encouragement
from each other, today's children are rising above the fears and biases of their parents.
That is why youth in the Middle East are fermenting revolutions and the Chinese are
getting restless.
Adults are also participating in this revolution. India's normally docile middle class is
speaking up against social ills. Silicon Valley executives are being shamed into adding
women to their boards. Political leaders, such as US President Barack Obama, are
marshalling the energy of millions for elections and political causes. All of this is
being done with social media technologies that Facebook and its competitors
unleashed.
As does every advancing technology, social media has created many new problems. It
is commonly addictive and provides a tool for stalking children. Social media is used
by extremists in the Middle East and elsewhere to solicit and brainwash recruits. And
it exposes us and our friends to unsavory spying. We may leave our lights on in the
house when we are on vacation, but through social media, we tell criminals who may
want to rob us exactly where we are, when we plan to return home and how to
blackmail us.
Governments do not need informers any more. Social media allows government
agencies to spy on their political masters, their own citizens, in a way that would make
Big Brother jealous. We record our thoughts, emotions, likes and dislikes on
Facebook; we share our political views, social preferences and plans. We post intimate
photographs of ourselves. No spy agency or criminal organisation could actively
gather the type of data that we voluntarily post for them. We tell governments our
friends' names, email addresses and contact numbers, and we tag photographs of them.
And as computers become more powerful, they will be able to analyze our social-
media information and correlate it with what our friends and acquaintances say about
us.
The marketers are also seeing big opportunities. Amazon is trying to predict what we
will order. Google is trying to judge our needs and wants based on our social-media
profiles; it wants to be our personal assistant. We need to be aware of the risks and
keep working to mitigate the dangers.

Getting back to the bright side, major changes are happening in fields such as health
care because of social media. Already, by analysing Google searches, researchers can
track the spread of disease across the world. Patients are able to converse with others
who have had the same ailment as they now have and learn which remedies or
methods worked for others and which did not. People all over the world are providing
each other with advice and moral support.
The might of social media already has the Chinese government trembling. Its people
are informing each other of local government officials' atrocities and their abuses of
power. In New Delhi, we witnessed a political revolution happen as an anti-corruption
party came out of nowhere to gain power in the state elections. Political scandals in
the US have become more common because people speak up immediately.
There is no greater force for democracy than social media and this will empower the
masses. So far, only about two billion of the world's seven billion people have come
online. During this decade, another three billion will gain connectivity through cheap
tablets. Devices that have capabilities similar to iPads will be available for less than
$50 (Dh183.9). Already, basic tablets with 7-inch screens are available for as little as
$40 in China and India. Before last Christmas, Datawind made them available in the
US for as little as $38.

It is likely that the majority of the rising billion will use social media. However, the
winner will not necessarily be Facebook. People will use social networks that are
special-purpose, geared towards local communities and in local languages. In parts of
New Delhi, for example, localcircles.com is gaining popularity. It connects
neighborhoods by allowing them to exchange information about water availability and
domestic help; find blood donors; and report corruption. In China, Renren, Weibo and
Weixin - which have their own specialties - each have hundreds of millions of users.
Regardless of what social media people use and whether we celebrate Facebook's next
10-year anniversary, one thing is certain: We are in a period of exponential change.
The next decade will be even more amazing and unpredictable than the last. Just as no
one could predict what would happen with social media in the last decade, no one can
accurately predict where this technology will take us. I am optimistic, however, that a
connected humanity will find a way to uplift itself.

Modern-Day Communication Via Social Network Ends True, Sincere

Relationship

1. INTRODUCTION
2. SOCIAL NETWORKING REDEFINING INTER – PERSONAL
COMMUNICATIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS
3. WAYS IN WHICH SOCIAL NET- WORKING HAS PUT AN END TO TRUE
AND SINCERE RELATIONSHIP
Creating trust deficit
Vulnerability to infatuation
Dependence on impersonal forms of communication
Sabotaging personal communication through dreadfully-little conversation
Sensationalism and decay of moral values
Making a private matter public
Creating scope for suspicion and infidelity
Eliminating personal space
Superficiality behind 'virtual faces'
Projecting false perceptions of 'awesome lives' and 'happening social geeks'
Disconnecting us through more connections
Accentuated generation gap
4. NEED OF ADAPTATION TO KEEP E-INTERACTIONS REAL
5. CONCLUSION
Impact of social networking on human relationships in the present-day modern life
invites mixed responses from various sections of society. Some deem it a healthy and
positive factor which has improved human relationships; while there are others who
think that social networking has made the relations devoid of truth and sincerity. There
is no denying the fact that social networking has done a great work in improving the
social consciousness and awareness. It has also brought people together by giving
them a chance to find and interact with others having same interests, attitudes and
goals through various web-based communities. But as far as intimate human relations
are concerned, the social networking has created isolation and alienation. In the
present-day globalized world, where socialization through social networking has
acquired the status of a necessity, the basis of relationships is more on appearances
than truth and sincerity. The core values driving an intimate relationship, like trust,
fidelity and sincerity, have been put to test because of the over-mechanization of
human life.
The relationships which develop in the due course of time often culminate into mature
and trusted companionships. This was possible in an age where the relationships were
more intimate and depended on direct interaction. But nowadays, the social
networking has made communication possible without having a face-to-face
interaction. Thanks to social networking, now there are three parties in a relationship;
social networking sites/mobile being the third party. This intrusion of technology has
greatly affected human relationships. Where it has introduced ease and accessibility in
relationships, it has also created a room for deceit and dishonesty in the relationship.
The seemingly greater access to personal information is in fact a controlled reach at
filtered information only. It has made it difficult to understand a person in entirety.
What people say and how they appear means more than what people are and how they
behave in person. The social networking has penetrated to such a level that it has
started hurting the health of human relationships.
The advent of social media has transformed the way we communicate. From business
and organizational communication to interpersonal communication, and from socio-
political interactions to leisure activities, communication in every walk of life has
been drastically redefined by this new form of communication. Text messages, emails,
tweets, direct voice calls, and personal messages on social forums, to mention a few
have become new drivers of communication having enormous effects on our
interpersonal relationships. Social media has gained this power for its ability to fulfil
the basic need of people: the need to be heard, engaged, and involved in processes
they had always wanted to participate in. Now communication is often
multidimensional that has impacted interpersonal relationships the most. It has created
new communities and relationships based on mutuality of interests, attitudes and
goals. Being nearby is no more required to be near to someone. This erosion of the
need of being together in person in order to be close to someone has affected our
relationships. The truth and sincerity of relationships can no more be ascertained
through these virtual communication tools.
The social networking has affected the development of a true and sincere relationship.
The first and foremost thing necessary for a true and loyal relationship is the presence
of mutual trust. With the advent of social networking sites and mobile phones, the
mutual trust and harmony has decreased. When both the partners in a relationship
interact on any social networking sites, their mutual relationship gets susceptible to
mistrust and suspicion. Most of the issues creep up between the partners/lovers due to
the inherent nature of social networking sites. The most common instances of such
issues are befriending such persons which the other partner does not like, reluctance to
share passwords and sharing information with others.
The relationship which has its birth owing to the social networking has an inkling of
immaturity and is mostly because of infatuation. Most of such relationships are
formed in the teenage when the thinking patterns of the youth are derived more of
passions and less of reason. Such relations are made more fickle by the social
networking where updates are provided for every minute detail. Updating status,
uploading pictures and the comments by friends create confusions and jealousy.
One of the biggest issues with the modern-day relationships is that they are far too
much dependent on impersonal forms of communications like social networking sites
and mobile phone. It is impossible to build a stable and healthy relationship online or
on mobile phone. Face-to-face interaction is very necessary for the development and
growth of a sound relationship. But the modern-day relationships based on social
networking are dependent on impersonal forms of communication lacking face- to-
face interaction.
Moreover, relationships based on social networking are devoid of truth and depth of
understanding essential for a sincere relationship. People get to know a lot about each
other but that depends on what information is shared. Mostly, those traits and aspects
of one's life are shared that are more likely to appeal or excite interest of the other
party. Chatting is mostly centred on areas of common interest and not to gauge the
personality of the person. That is the reason why there is little of scope of testing the
veracity of shared information and statements.
Moral decay is also among the issues encircling the modern-day relationships. Values
like dedication, fidelity, sincerity and truthfulness find no place in the technology
based relationships. Appearances, sensuality and verbosity seem to play a greater role
in making new relationships. The unchecked access to information available on web
disinhibits immoral behaviours and puts to test our real relationships. Increasingly we
find posts, comments or even pictures that are inappropriate to be shared in public.
Many of these posts relate to our relationships thus making a private matter public.
Matters pertaining to the emotional life have become the subject of gossip at the social
networking sites. Traditionally, such issues as those of relationships on verge of
breakups were resolved by elders within confined sacred boundaries of home. Now
there is nothing confined; hardly any concept of sacred; and virtually no boundaries.
Personal differences are shared and discussed publicly.
Ironically, we get 'likes' and 'comments' from those hardly concerned.
Interacting on Facebook or twitter has another problem. It brings one closer to too
many possible 'matches' that your partner becomes naturally suspicious. Given the
still-existing social dynamics and values of our society, such interactions always lead
to disagreements. The thin line between complimenting and flirting has been worn
away by too many interactions. Many a time these suspicions are not unfounded.
Thus, a spontaneous and casual attitude in social networking creates scope for
suspicion and infidelity.

Contrarily, many a relations are now disturbed by a compulsion to share too many
things with one's fellows that one otherwise would have kept to oneself. One has to
disclose one's leisure activities and hangouts against one's wishes. It becomes an
obligation to sign-in and inform whenever one is around thus eliminating one's
personal space. It leads to frustration and disappointment which often proves fatal for
relations.
Anonymity or little access to true information makes social media unpredictable.
Because people control what they share, social media gets dicier. Anyone who is
technologically moderately literate can project whatever image of him he/she wants.
One can hide behind the texts, emails, tweets, comments or status-updates. No one has
access to the 'real one'. Thus there is little scope for sincere relationships.
One of the hallmarks of social media is sharing of minute details and pictures with
virtually everyone around. Over a million pictures are uploaded on Facebook every
day. People use this medium to broadcast their social lives projecting their awesome
lives and company of happening social geeks. These false perceptions often become
basis of new relationships premised on expectations that are never fulfilled. Thus
breakups are even more common than forming of new relationships.
Most of our time spent on socialization is now consumed by social networking where
we meet our virtual friends and fellows. Apart from seeing anonymous people and
indulging in fake relationships, it markedly reduces the time we spend with our near
and dear ones waiting for our attention. We communicate more with our web-friends
thousands of miles apart and ignore those sitting next door. Even siblings who are
considered to be closest to each other are now being considered infringing on personal
space. Thus, rather than improving our connections, social media has snatched our
dear relationships.
Social media has also widened the generation gap as technologically illiterate older
generations find it difficult to reconcile with social media dynamics. The so-called
Generation Y, that grew up with fast computers, instant internet, mobile phones and
digital media is more comfortable with tools of social media interacting with their
communities of friends and peers. They have become more and more distant and
isolated from other segments of society. Thus, our relations with affectionate and
loving elders have been affected by this social media.
Given the drastic consequences of social media on human relations, there is a constant
realization to fix this problem. We need to learn to live with this new phenomenon and
adapt to its requirements. There is a need to check what and with whom we are
sharing and its possible implications on our relations. Also, significance of face-to-
face communication cannot be overestimated. We should resort to direct
communication whenever electronic communication fails or puts us in a fix.
Moreover, communication must be a two-way process. Simply texting someone
should not mean that our message has been conveyed. We need to get to recipient's
feedback to ensure that they understood our message. Furthermore, rosy pictures and
eloquent speeches are often made on social media without realizing that we have to
live up to the expectations arising from those statements. Social media thus requires
extra care in communication so that it doesn't disturb our relationships.
To conclude, advent of social media has revolutionized our ways of communication
and interpersonal relationships. Like any other scientific change, this social media can
destroy our social structure if left unchecked. We must adapt our habits to ensure that
our e-interactions are real and meaningful. We need to learn ways to reap benefits of
these advanced technological means of communication and socialization without
compromising on our true personal and professional relationships.

THE INCIVILITY & UNSOCIAL BEHAVIOUR ON SOCIAL MEDIA

[Outline: Social Media in the limelight Advent of social media Empowerment of

people Arab Spring - manifestation of its power Community-building tool-a case of
Shahzeb]
Issues with social media users
Incivility and immorality reign
Anonymity and mob-mentality
Fake profiles of leaders/journalists
Keyboard Jihadists - informal e-brigades of political parties
Elections 2013 - campaigns and reactions
No effective control mechanism
Swift action from PTA on fake profiles and abusive posts
Our responsibility
The advent of social media has revolutionized the modern-day means of
communication. Facebook, Twitter along with blogging sites have provided us with
new avenues to communicate and disseminate our views and thoughts to a larger
audience that was once a prerogative of politicians and journalists only. These blogs
and forums, commonly referred to as Social Media", when hit the internet world, they
became the voice of public within no time. The primary reason behind the immense
popularity and surge of the social media was that both electronic and print media -
newspapers, radio and TV channels - failed to give due space to voices who dissented
the authorities or governments. It befuddled many governments and societies through
its community-building capacity.
However, as true with other scientific inventions, poor and irresponsible use of social
media in our society has turned it into a bane rather than a boon for our social values.
Civility is being ebbed away as 'Unsocial attitudes' of so-called warriors on social
media are infecting our moral values. Social Media abounds with fake profiles which
are involved in spreading misinformation and levelling false and often unfounded
accusations against popular leaders, journalists, public figures and even civil servants.
This dilemma reveals that the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) is
incapable of checking this misuse of technology. Do we need to learn to live with this
idiocy and senselessness? This remains a burning question for all the concerned and
responsible citizens, social scientists and thinkers. As far as our government is
concerned, the main concern for it is to decide whether it should also take the lead of
Gulf governments by penalizing the people behind these fake IDs for these clear acts
of slander and defamation or not?
Before this social media crept into our lives, people used various means of
communication but all of those were different in their nature and in their respective
impacts on society. Means of communication used prior to the advent of social media
were direct in nature as the parties involved in communication knew each other and
there was no scope of anonymity involved anywhere. Because the identities were
known to everyone, it was important for everyone to remain within limits of civility.
In case of political debates, our leaders, writers, columnists and political analysts used
to express their opinion and dissent through newspapers and readers could comment
on those views through letters to the editor. The newspapers kept a check on the views
expressed by general masses through their editorial policy. Social media removed
these barriers and gave people direct access to such forums where there were no
explicit checks. By making wrong use of right to free speech, they started enjoying
unbridled power and passing comments and expressing opinions about their leaders,
public figures and celebrities. The very nature of social media is such that imposing
checks and applying filters in order to assess the veracity of opinions is almost
impossible.
This new and greater access, no doubt, led to empowerment of people where everyone
had equal access to show his/her sentiments and opinions. The main intent behind the
progression of social media was to provide people with such forums where they could
express their ideas and opinions with a relative ease and freedom. It also meant that
the ones who used to sway the public opinion could no longer assert their views with
impunity without being challenged by their audience. It made all public statements
issued by political leaders, observations and rulings of the courts, columns as well as
comments from journalists and news-anchors subject to instant criticism by an active
audience at social media.
This vibrant new society surprised everyone with the power of community-building
by organizing people with different races and communities under one common cause.
Its greatest manifestation was the Arab Spring where dissenting youth used Twitter
and Facebook to unite the like-minded people and to quickly disseminate information
in order to plan and organize massive countrywide protests. Even autocratic
governments in Gulf had to give in to the pressure of protestors demanding change.
Social media also filled in the vacuum of electronic media where, for vested interests
or want of commercial value, the latter ignored just voices of the aggrieved and
dejected people. This aspect became evident in Shahzeb murder case from Karachi
where electronic media didn't highlight this issue until a massive movement started on
social media. It built so much pressure that the apex court had to intervene and
suspects were brought to the book.
Where this emergence of powerful social media proved panacea for many ills, it has
created bigger problems than those it had solved. Without going into the details of
how social media has affected our relationships and how wasting billions of hours
purposelessly on social media has made us actually antisocial, let's examine its
impacts on our socio-political lives.
The biggest problem with social media is that anyone can say anything to any
audience irrespective of the basic norms which ought to be followed while speaking or
commenting in public. Ours is a society where dissent is not encouraged in any
institution and where argumentation is limited to debate competition on annual
functions. Majority of population gets no training as to what should be the conduct
during a public debate. In such a scenario, getting unbridled power of indulging in
debate and expressing opinions is playing havoc with the moral and social ethos of our
society.
Couple this fact with the kind of argumentation we witness every evening on
mushrooming commercial current affairs programmes on news channels. Our leaders,
unfortunately, are made to demonize each other in these programmes like an act.
Ironically, at the end of programme, they greet each other and move to another
channel for the similar act. All this nonsense has crept into minds of our untrained
youth equipped with keyboards and modem. With such intellectual pollution
constantly fed to them, all they learn is inept arguing and incivility which they reflect
while interacting on social media.
The most dangerous aspect of this issue is the ability to hide one's identity and pretend
to pose as one likes. It doesn't require any identity except an email which may well be
a fake one. Thus, you can be anyone from Roger Federer to Imran Khan, and from
Nawaz Sharif to the Chief Secretary of a province. From these foundations, emerges
the anonymity and mob- mentality where one gets into a position to bash anyone as
one likes without a slightest fear of one's real identity being disclosed. Because there
is no effective control mechanism devised by regulatory bodies, what we find on
social media is an educated but abusively aggressive youth. They would vehemently
tongue-lash anyone they dislike ignoring the civilized limits. Many politicians,
sportsmen and journalists face the wrath of these Keyboard Jihadists who believe they
are the beacons of moral values, and rationalize coming down hard on any famous
person.
These social media warriors or e-brigades have become a nuisance for the society as
many politicians and journalists find themselves in an embarrassing situation due to
“unsocial campaigns" and they have no option but to issue clarifications and tender
apologies for no fault of theirs.
The height of this nonsense was observed during the General Elections 2013. Some
techno-jingoists used every unfair means to propagate for their parties. But ironically,
majority of such campaigns were based on falsehood, fabricated videos, half- truths
and fake accounts. From these fake profiles of renowned scholars and leaders, they
issued statements in favour of their parties. Ironically, their slogan was 'free and fair'
elections. Election results came as a surprise for many; more so for these e-
superheroes. Driven by rigging complaints in a few constituencies, these warriors
created a chaotic atmosphere trying to sabotage the whole process.
This growing peril demands a swift action from those at the helm of affairs as well as
from civil society. Surely, a crackdown against social media, like in case of YouTube,
won't be a wise option. Unlike Gulf States, where courts have sentenced people for
dissent on social media, we need a crackdown against these fake profiles. Facebook
and Twitter may be asked to link user accounts on these sites to mobile numbers used
in Pakistan by these users. It would remove the anonymity and facelessness from these
warriors and at least they would realize that their real identities are known to everyone
and they will have to face the music for their 'shares'.
All the political parties and their leadership should tighten their filter against fake
profiles and abusive posts. Political parties especially need to denounce and condemn
in clear words any such e-Brigades that are tarnishing their names as well. It is their
responsibility to cultivate in their workers a sense to abide by the moral and ethical
values and societal norms while professing their political agendas. Moreover, as a
society we need to teach our youth that argumentation doesn't imply fighting rather it's
a constructive debate based on empirical evidence, objective analysis and logical
reasoning. We also need to realize the implications of 'sharing' a post without checking
its authenticity. Social media and internet are meant to be a boon. Let us not make it a
bane for our society.

RISE OF SOCIAL MEDIA AND ITS IMPLICATIONS

[For decades now. Internet has been connecting people and shrinking distances, thus
carving out the term 'Global Village'. Gone are the days when families were obliged to
be settled in same town or city.]
Internet has revolutionized the way we interact. In recent years, the most dominant
buzz has been the rise of social networking. Social media giants like Facebook,
Twitter and MySpace have overwhelmed almost all aspects of modern life. They have
altered altogether the way information is exchanged, relationships are formed and free
time is killed. They have provided untold possibilities for the online world and yet as
the internet has aged and its users have begun to adapt, a darker underworld has
emerged.
With increased internet penetration in Pakistan, the youth of the country has taken
enthusiastically to connecting and socializing via social media networks. Facebook,
Twitter, Youtube, Tumblr, Blogsphere, and other platforms have provided people with
forums to interact, to share their stories, information, personal experiences, etc. The
enormous global outreach potential has made social media hugely important in the
contemporary world. Besides allowing an unprecedented access to information, it has
empowered the masses and has strengthened the democracy. It has offered outlets to
aggrieved citizens to convey their grievances to the authorities.
28, of the 20 million Pakistanis online are on LinkedIn, instagram, twitter and other
outlets, with Facebook grabbing the major chunk with 8.5 million users as in April
2013. A recent survey has revealed that the use of social media in Pakistan grew by
50% in 2012. Presently, 60-70, of youth is active user of the internet. Out of them,
51% check their updates more than once a day while 22% do so even more than 10
times a day. In Pakistan, the penetration of social media is constantly on the rise
perhaps due to affordable as well as speedy connectivity offered by different service
providers.
Social media is the most influencing source in our lives today. It acts as a big forum to
raise issues and make people and the concerned authorities hear. Shahzeb Khan
murder case and numerous other examples prove this fact. It is a sea of information as
well. People, especially students, are hugely influenced by this modern-day genie as it
has enhanced their exposure and created more awareness regarding the world all
around.
Admittedly, the youth learns fast through social media and is using it mostly for
constructive purposes. Nevertheless, the problem arises when its use becomes
excessive and people become its addicts. Social media is a trap that entangles our
youngsters who get so much involved in it that it becomes a primary way of their
interactions. Now, they prefer to contact through social media. They meet each other
in educational institutions and discuss the data uploads. While chatting with their
friends, they forget their other important activities and responsibilities. This is just the
wastage of precious time.
For decades now, Internet has been connecting people and shrinking distances, thus
carving out the term The introduction of social networking has brought about the
unfortunate rise of cyber bullying; a social concern that has taken previous forms of
harassment to a whole new level.
Social media is fast changing the aspirations and values of our youth. New generation
is getting so engaged with social media that they spend hardly any time with their
elders. They are more interested to know what's happening in their favorite star's life
rather than their own family. They never falter in updating their 'status' or 'recent
activity'. But when it comes to get involved with their family, they don't have time.
It is being apprehended by sociologists and other observers that face-to-face
interaction will diminish soon mainly due to these 'killer' technologies. Studies have
shown that social media is actually hampering people's ability to interact in an offline
setting. But those who adopt it as the only medium fail to develop social competency.
It is important for our youth to understand that face-to-face interaction must continue
to be our main source of communication.
Due to the influence of social networks, the quality of relationships and the strength of
connections are weakening. According to a study, only 7% of communication now is
done through verbal means because texting and chatting have taken over as the most
efficient ways to communicate. This leads to failed relationships and broken bonds.
Social media, undoubtedly, brings people together. But, on the other hand, divorces
have increased by nearly 20% due to social media sites. A site that connects old
friends, allows users to make new ones as well. Some communicate with each other
'casually' and some 'flirt’ not knowing where it would lead.
The introduction of social networking has brought about the unfortunate rise of cyber
bullying; a social concern that has taken previous forms of harassment to an altogether
new level. This is where the problem arises. A huge majority of social networkers
share personal pictures and information which can be misused.
Research has shown that in Pakistan, 39% of teens posted thing(s) which they later
regretted, 37% used sites make fun of others, 29% created a fake profile while 13%
posted nude or seminude pictures or videos of themselves or others online. Over 30%
school students have been identified as victims, whereas 15-22% of them confess that
they had bullied others. Due to mobile phones, laptops etc. the opportunities are
endless. In addition, anonymity of fake profiles further aggravates the situation.
Social media has become such an important part of our society that using it in a
negative way will only set us back. It has enhanced online communities. The future of
social media is still unknown. We, as a society, can 79 control the situation. We must
push forward and continue to incorporate social media in more positive ways.

Social challenges of Pakistan and Media

[The social constitution and safety of the people are necessary ingredients for a broad-
based and inclusive growth of a nation, but Pakistan after 65 years of its creation, is
still far away from properly addressing the confronting social challenges.]
Resultantly, today Pakistani society is polarised and is beset with social and economic
injustice, religious and ethnic sectarianism, gender and class discrimination, terrorism
and extremism, unemployment and inflation, illiteracy and health sector problems,
high population growth rate and insufficient food supply, energy crisis and lack of
foreign investment and so on. Although Pakistan, the 7th nuclear power with a strong
army, is the sixth most populous country in the world yet in the recent UNDP human
development indicators, it stands at 145th position.
Keeping in view the current growth rate, it is predicted that Pakistan will be the
world's third most populous country by 2050. However, the silver lining is that nearly
67% of more than 170 million Pakistanis comprises the youth with an average age of
less than 30 years. We are comparatively a young, vigorous and energetic nation with
loads of potential. Ironically, no proper strategy has been devised yet to channel the
abounding talent and style of youth in the right direction.
Rapidly growing population, internal and external political tensions and a debt-ridden
economy, all serve to thwart Pakistan's progress that it needs to develop and perhaps
even to survive. Massive foreign debt eats up half of budget every year. Hence, it
doesn't remain possible to allocate sufficient funds for economic and social
development. This has pushed a considerable portion (34%) of Pakistanis to live in
abject poverty while the unemployment rate is also on the rise.
With the highest rate of urbanisation in the region, the extent and intensity of the
socioeconomic problems of Pakistan has soared to alarming level. Due to poverty,
unemployment and unmanageable urbanisation, the basic amenities i.e. shelter, food
and clothing are not being adequately provided. This deprivation has become the
apparent cause of different other menaces. Social evils like street crimes, robbery,
beggary, drug addiction, etc. are becoming common. The caste system and
superstitions are also deep-rooted in the society. This state of affairs has made social
reforms imperative for the development of the society and the masses.
We need to focus on diverse approaches to combat these menaces as the goal of social
stability is unachievable without spreading education compatible with the
requirements of the contemporary world and advancements in science and technology.
Pakistan needs reforms and innovation in political, education, health and agriculture
sectors and above all economic reforms are the most urgently required. We have to
adopt the policies which facilitate local solutions for our problems and media can play
a significant and supportive role in this regard.
Being the fourth pillar of the state, it plays the role of a watchdog in a democratic
society. It also enhances the knowledge by communicating the happenings from
around the world. Media in Pakistan is working rather freely. It is poised to serve the
nation in having a bright future. A variety of TV channels are on air nowadays and
their content comprises diverse programmes ranging from news and talk shows to
sitcoms, dramas, music and sports. It also highlights multiple issues related to
education, social crimes, politics, religion, etc.
This unprecedented growth and range of Pakistani media make someone believe that it
is playing and can play a constructive role to overcome the social challenges. Media
has effectively highlighted the important issues, particularly, war on terror, energy
crisis, water shortage, social crimes, poverty, etc. It has helped in formulating public
opinion against the war on terror which has caused a great deal of economic and
human loss to Pakistan. Ironically, no proper strategy has been devised yet to channel
the abounding talent and style of youth in the right direction.
The importance and role of media is undeniable especially with reference to social
challenges of Pakistan. It reveals the truth to the people about all the social issues. Its
diverse programmes not only reflect the social evils but also present solution to them.
It is playing a significant role in changing and reshaping the social attitude of
Pakistanis. The media plays a pivotal role in national identity building within and
outside the country. Professional journalists strive to create a sense of belonging in the
disillusioned youth and encourage them to be the responsible citizens of Pakistan.
However, it is observed that Pakistani media, sometimes, does not maintain balance
between political and social issues rather more time is given to the politics and
political activities. The role of various media houses, in the recent years, has become
quite irresponsible. The journalists frequently cross the limits and exaggerate the facts
in a bid to improve their readership, and channels, their viewership. This harum-
scarum and irrational approach creates unrest and leads to chaos which ultimately
negates development. TV channels and newspapers should develop a responsible and
balanced approach and show a responsible behaviour while addressing the social
issues. Many journalists are also blamed for their political affiliation and that they
work on a defined agenda. This state of affairs requires improvement and
professionalism to play its role effectively.
In prevailing situation, media should work to create consciousness and awareness
among the masses through their programmes. It should motivate and boost up the
morale of the public and the government as well. This motivation and guidance can
inspire them to resolve conflicts and work together for the common interests and
resolve the social problems.
The media should refrain from biased criticism and provide fair and balanced analysis
to the public. It should show both sides of the picture. Programmes of broadcast media
should be aimed at providing guidance to the general public and have solution-
oriented approach.
It is the responsibility of media to highlight and project the positive aspects and
activities while discourage the unethical factors of the society to achieve the goal of
social development. The sensitive social issues must be reported sensibly and with
great care.
Media should strive toward stabilising and strengthening the country and play its
important role through disseminating information and education. It should also work
to spread awareness and knowledge as only those societies develop that have a high
literacy rate and are knowledgeable.
The media should criticise the government for improvement in governance and good
aspects and steps should also be admired.
Social media can be a strong motivator when it comes to mobilise the youth as youth
is now socialising online because such conversations are more interactive. The
examples of the Tunisian and Egyptian revolution manifest the impact of social media.
Media can be used to sensitise and motivate the youth for adopting positive attitude
towards the betterment of society.

Social and Economic Securities for Women in Islam

["Observe your duty to Allah in respect to the women, and treat them well." (Al-
Hadith)]
Islam has granted women the freedom of expression as well as a right to have a
dominant say in marital affairs. It has exhorted women to seek education. Denouncing
the tyrannical customs and rituals, it has encouraged them to perform their
contributory role in the society. To make them economically independent, Islam has
made it obligatory to give them their share in inheritance. Moreover, it has supported
women with dower, in case a woman's husband dies. Women in an Islamic society
have a right to independent ownership of any business or property and they are
absolutely allowed to work for their sustenance.
In spite of the fact that Pakistan is an Islamic republic, its system is ineffective to
ensure that women are provided with social and economic securities which Islam has
provided to them. Even today's 'Enlightened' Pakistan, women face inequality and
discrimination in many parts of the country. They are being slaughtered at the altar of
inhumane customs and draconian traditions i.e. Honor killing, vani, swara, forced
marriage, marriage to Quran, etc. Their access to education is denied, share in
inheritance is not given to them.
This is the culmination of the pre-Islamic mindset, where the birth of a daughter was
an embarrassment to a family and where people were involved in burying their baby
girls alive as they were considered a burden and they were buried just to get rid of the
onus of their upbringing.
After the advent of Islam, this savage practice was abandoned. Islam has termed the
birth of a daughter as a blessing. According to a Hadith of the Holy Prophet (PBUH):
"A male child is a gift and female is a blessing from Allah".
Islam has upgraded the stature of a woman as worthy for dignity as men. In times of
ignorance, women were considered not more than an object or a low creature. They
were treated below their dignity. It was a common belief that women are a source of
evil.
But, Islamic teachings have spurned this sort of thinking. In this divine religion,
women cannot be termed responsible for any malicious act of fate. According to
Islamic teachings, no one would be blamed for the wrongdoings of others. Every
person is responsible for his own act. Thus, Islam has rehabilitated the status of
women.
Islam has guaranteed a reverence for women in every social role of theirs. Before the
advent of Islam, women were deprived of their fundamental rights as daughter,
mother, sister, wife etc. Daughters were reckoned as social and economic liabilities.
There were no rights reserved for wives, injustice against women was omnipresent,
widows were forced to live very degradable life.
In pre-Islamic world, there were many civilizations which didn't reckon an equal
based status for women. For instance, n Greek civilization, women were not allowed
to enjoy equal status rather they were merely slaves. Similarly, in Roman civilization,
the law of the society provided women a low status. A famous line of Cicero, which
describes the status of Roman women:
"Our ancestors, in their wisdom, considered that all women, because of their innate
weakness, should be under the control of guardians."
In Hinduism, too, a widow had no right to live after the death of her husband. She had
to sacrifice her life in the name of so-called tradition "Sati". If she had not become a
part of this savage custom, she was forced to live a humiliated life. She was not even
allowed to have a proper meal for herself. She had to seclude herself and abandon all
the social activities. On the contrary, Islam has made them realize that a woman is
worthy to be appreciated in every role may it be a mother, a daughter, a sister or a
wife. They are to be treated with justice and gratitude. Islam has made them a source
of peace and comfort for their guardians. As mentioned earlier, Islam has given
women the right to free will in marital affairs. It has recognized the rights of wilfully
marrying, getting divorce and remarrying. Before the promulgation of Islam, women
had no option but to abide by the decisions of their guardians. Nevertheless, Islamic
teachings have altogether changed this thought. These teachings have fulfilled the
terms of a marriage contract for which woman's acceptance for marriage proposal is
indispensable. If she is not willing to continue a marriage on genuine reasons, then
Islam has allowed her to ask for divorce. Similarly, Islam has endorsed them a right to
remarry whether they are divorced or a widow.
Moreover, Islam has secured a right to seek education for women and has emphasized
that it is equally important for women to search for education as for man. According to
a Hadith of Holy Prophet (PBUH):
"Acquisition of knowledge is binding on all Muslims (both men and women without
any discrimination)."
Islam has provided women with economic securities as well. It has pledged them with
a share in inheritance. In the pre-Islamic world, the women's right to inherit from a
legacy was never recognized. In Judaism and Christianity, there were no provisions
for share of inheritance for women. Similarly, in Hinduism, women were kept
deprived of their share according to the law of Manu. In Islam, woman inherits a
specific share in inheritance of her deceased parents as well as deceased husband.
Similarly, if a deceased person had willed to give his legacy to any person just to
deprive her wife from her share, Islamic teachings absolutely prohibit this kind of act.
In this way, Islam has secured a right of inheritance for women.
It is a known fact that Islam has facilitated women with many social and economic
securities. In Pakistan, laws and regulations — 'supposedly' based on Islamic
teachings — are bound to come with such provisions. Despite the fact that Pakistan is
an Islamic republic and it boasts to have laws and regulations pursuant to Islam, the
prevalent system of law and justice has proved to be just inept and inefficient to
provide such secure environment to women as endorsed by Islamic teachings. Even
today, women are subjected to un-Islamic customs and traditions. They are being
brutally slaughtered in the name of honour. In addition, underage marriages, marriage
with Quran — for not giving their due share in inheritance — vani etc, mock the
country, claims of being an Islamic Republic. Men are practicing the polygamy
without having a balance in the rights of their wives as ordained by Islam. Another
shocking reality is the opinions adopted by the Council of Islamic Ideology, who had
been assigned a role to interpret Islam and make recommendations to the government
to make country, laws Islamic. But, its recent decisions seem to be the representation
of a patriarchal mindset based on misogynistic attitude. Every sane person questions
the legality of the CII, recommendations. Do remember that Islamic teachings
emphasize on being affectionate towards women and to strive not to take Allah
almighty, wrath by disgracing them. It is clear from a Hadith of Holy Prophet:
"Fear the displeasure of God in the matter of women.

Gender Discrimination

[Gender discrimination has been a part of Pakistan since its inception, one of the
outstanding reasons behind is the illiteracy amongst the masses another would be the
culture that does not allow women to stand besides men.]
The world that we live in today is evolving on a day-to-day basis with ground-
breaking discoveries being made at frequent intervals. Living standards have touched
new heights; entrepreneurs have pushed the boundaries of the business world even
further. Despite all these developments, the primitive knowledge that men are superior
to women remains embedded in our societal structure.
Although, the western societies seem to have overcome the discriminatory practices,
there is still a part of the culture that practices it. Gender stereotypes are an influence
from the day one is born. One's gender is the deciding factor of a name, "girls" names
versus "boys" names. Also, gender is what parents usually use when deciding what
color to paint a nursery, pink for a girl or blue for a boy. Gender determines what toys
they will purchase, dolls if they are expecting a girl and trucks for boys. The list goes
on and these stereotypes follow us through the years and in a way shape our lives.
I can think of several gender stereotypes operating in my personal life at home, at
work and in relationships. Pakistan is considered an underdeveloped country in the
world and its progress has been slow yet steady. The trend of working women in
Pakistan has recently grown but this was not always the case as before the turn of the
century, the percentage of working women was nominal and the concept amongst
masses was that a female should stay at home and not go out to work. With women
working besides men there is the issue of sexual harassment. Women at work usually
get harnessed because they are the weaker sex of the two and it's a problem that
females have faced all over the world. Often, sexual harassment incidents fall into the
category of the "merely annoying".
The 33% representation of women in parliament is encouraging but the women should
not keep their responsibilities related to politics only, they should also keep in work on
the women rights. The major agenda of the coming government of PM L-N is energy
crisis but they should also focus on women rights and especially the issue of women
harassment.
In other situations, harassment may lead to temporary or prolonged stress and/or
depression depending on the recipient's psychological abilities to cope and the type of
harassment, a. the social support or lack of it for the recipient. Psychologists and
social workers report that severe/chronic sexual harassment can have the same
psychological effects as rape or sexual assault. Victims who do not submit to
harassment may also experience various forms of retaliation, including isolation and
bullying. In the 18th amendment, many federal ministries were devolved which
included the ministry for education, health, culture and women ministry as well. So
the little work that was done previously even that was stopped. Hence I do not say that
these ministries should be established again but the new government of PML-N
should make a commission which should prepare a report on violation of women
rights and make recommendations on it, according to the report. Media has spread
awareness on political and terrorism issues among the people but the area of civil
issues has been neglected. It is now the responsibility of media to spread awareness
about civil issues as well so that we may emerge as a civilized nation. In West, there
are many laws to maintain the issue of women harassment which are strictly followed.
We have laws on the issue of women harassment but we are not following them. So it
is very shameful situation for us. The 33% representation of women in Parliament is
encouraging but the women should not keep their responsibilities related to politics
only; they should also keep on working on the women rights.

Does Pakistani Society Regard Woman as an Angel in the

House or Source of all Evils?
[0 mankind! Be dutiful to your Lord, Who created you from a single person (Adam),
and from him (Adam) He created his wife (Eve), and from them both He created many
men and women and fear Allah through Whom you demand your mutual (rights), and
(do not cut the relations of) the wombs (kinship). Surely, Allah is Ever and All-
Watcher over you." (Al-Nisa 4:1)]
"I have always maintained that no nation can ever be worthy of its existence that
cannot take its women along with the men. No struggle can ever succeed without
women participating side by side with men. There are two powers in the world: one is
the sword and the other is the pen. There is a great competition and rivalry between
the two. There is a third power stronger than both, that of the women." Quaid-e-Azam
Muhammad Ali Jinnah Speech at Islamia College for Women March 25, 1940
Introduction Woman can be called as God's complete creation. She is the symbol of
love, care, tenderness and intensity. Women are emotionally stronger than men.
Margaret Thatcher, Benazir Bhutto and Indira Gandhi have shown that women can
rule a country even better than men. However, historically the women have not been
treated nicely by men. They have been denied their rights and opportunities, one may
experience such attitude in offices, factories, schools, sports and entertainment fields.
Constitution of Pakistan guarantees the rights of women and does not discriminate
them in any sphere of life. The status of women in Pakistan varies considerably
depending on class, regions, and the rural/urban divide. The uneven socioeconomic
development and the tribal and feudal customs have strong impact on the formations
of women's lives. At one place some women are soaring in the skies as pilots of
fight& planes and others are being buried alive for defying tribal traditions.
Substance of the essay The Pakistani women of today enjoy a better status than many
other Muslim women. However, generally, the women's situation vis-a-vis men is one
of systemic gender subordination, although there have been attempts by the
government and the civil society to elevate the status of women in Pakistani society. It
can be safely stated that despite all the constitutional guarantees, religious values and
teachings, human rights, women are much deprived and mal- treated segment of
society. In most of the cases she is considered as the root cause of all evils and very
rarely as an angel in the house. More than 60 years after independence, 80 per cent of
Pakistani women are subjected to domestic violence, while one in three has to endure
villainy like rape, honor killing, immolation and acid attacks.
Our country is ranked 82 out of 93 countries on the Gender Development Index and
152 out of 156 countries on the Gender Empowerment Measure. In Pakistan the story
of a woman's deprivations start even before her birth, because the girl-child is not a
particularly 'wanted' child. Her life is a journey of subordination. When she is young
her father decides for her on the matters ranging from her right to education to all the
important matters including her marriages. After marriage, her husband and her in-
laws get hold of her reins and decide matters on her behalf — whether she will have
child every year or not, or she will bear and not girls boys every time she conceives,
or whether she can seek independent employment and so on. Finally, when she
becomes old and her husband gets weak or may have departed already, it is now her
son or sons who would decide her fate in the declining years of her life. In addition to
that, women in Pakistan face all kinds of gross violence and abuse at the hands of the
male perpetrators, family members and the state agents. Multiple forms of violence
include rape, domestic abuse as spousal murder, mutilation, burning and disfiguring of
faces by acid, beatings, honor-killings and custodial abuse and torture. According to a
report by Amnesty International released on June 15, 2000, several hundred women
and girls die each year in so-called 'honor-killings' in Pakistan, in the backdrop to
government's inaction. Sadly enough, she has been deprived of her fundamental right
to acquire education which is the best source of women empowerment. It is only
education that can empower her not only socially but also financially and
professionally. It will be because of education that helps her widen the mental horizon.
Thus, this is an undeniable fact that provision of education to every ordinary woman
can considerably change her fate. Undoubtedly, education plays a role of backbone in
the development of woman at every level.
Despite the improvement in Pakistan's literacy rate since its independence, the
educational status of Pakistani women is among the lowest in the world. The literacy
rate for urban women is more than five times the rate for rural women. The school
drop-out rate among girls is very high (almost 50 per cent), the educational
achievements of female students are higher as compared with male students at
different levels of education. This is the story of few years ago but now the education
in Pakistan for women is improving rapidly. In the Lahore city there are total 46
public colleges out of which 26 are female colleges and if we talk about the rest of 20
colleges some of them are offering co-education. Similarly, the public universities of
Pakistan have female enrolment more than of boys. The state of rural women as
compared to urban ones needs urgent attention. The rural women are undergoing
worst ordeal at the hands of feudal lards. They have been kept vastly ignorant of their
fundamental rights such as education, health, participation in politics, professional and
financial liberty. They being illiterate and uneducated cannot fight for their basic
rights. This gruesome state of women is just because of the lack of education.
The woman has no say in any domestic affairs of life. She has been the target of male
dominance. It is only male, who is to wield power in both domestic and private affairs
of life, whether it is the choice of marriage, casting of votes or any other financial and
professional matters.
The woman has no say in any domestic affairs of life. She has been the target of male
dominance. It is only male, who is to wield power in both domestic and private affairs
of life, whether it is the choice of marriage, casting of votes or any other financial and
professional matters.
There is another social evil in society which is feudal attitude. It wipes out the entire
factors which help woman to be empowered. It has really become a stumbling-block
in women empowerment. This social evil urgently needs to be eradicated so that the
chances of woman empowerment may become possible in the near future.
Truly speaking, the poor state of women can only be improved by promoting
education ranging from primary to higher level and opening up the doors of
opportunity for jobs in different departments, so that, they can become socially,
economically, politically and professionally strong entity of the society.
Conclusion
To conclude there are plenty of ideas about what is needed legally and
administratively to make a real difference, but none of those will have the desired
impact unless our vision is tolerant, modern, liberal and progressive. But this is only
possible when the women in Pakistan have the skills and the necessary expertise to
use it. This needs to be started from the grass roots level, as two percent of the
country's elite using this technology would not make much of a difference.
Dogmatic obscurantism and patriarchal values have twisted and distorted our sense of
societal values, particularly with respect to women and their place in society. Unless
enlightened approach is adopted by the society, the innate prejudice against women
that is so widespread in Pakistan and which our society as a whole seems to blindly
pedal, or wilfully prefer, will continue to play havoc with the lives of women. Finally,
the state of women can only be improved on the basis of promotion of education,
greater participation in politics and widespread awareness about social, economic and
political issues. Professional and financial liberty can further improve the state of
women. Reduction of poverty and feudalism can successfully improve the state of
women in Pakistan. Positive role of religious scholars and media can hopefully
ameliorate the miserable state of women. Last but not the least, the role of strong and
cogent institutions can definitely heighten the status of women of Pakistan.
For I cannot think that GOD Almighty ever made them [women] to delicate, to
glorious creatures; and furnished them with such charms, so agreeable and so
delightful to mankind; with souls capable of the same accomplishments with men: and
all, to be only Stewards of our Houses, Cooks, and Slaves. [DANIEL DEFOE, the
Education of Women]
 Human Rights & Islamic Values

[Owing to some unfortunate developments in recent years, the universal values of

Islam have come in for denunciation. Actions of some misguided individuals are used
to typify the character and conduct of millions of Muslims. Efforts have been on to
equate Islam with bigotry and obscurantism. This is most unfortunate at a time when
there is a dire need to bridge the gulf between Islam and the West. The proponents of
'Clash of Civilizations' and their counterparts in the Islamic world are bent upon
creating differences aimed at spreading confusion and misunderstanding about the
teachings of Islam.]
Man has always strived to ensure human dignity and equity without any sort of
discrimination and bias. The message of Islam, on the other hand, has consistently and
universally promoted human rights and freedoms as fundamental for human
development. In Islam, the origins and implications of human rights are supported by
the revelations in the Quran. The holy Quran says:
"0 mankind! We have created you from a single (pair) of male and female, and made
you into nations and tribes, that you may know each other. Verily the most honoured
of you in the sight of God is the most pious of you. And God has full knowledge and
is well acquainted (with all things)." [Surat Al-Hujurat (The Roorns); verse 13]
This Quranic verse is the testament alone to the foundation of diversity and pluralism
in Islam. In the abovementioned verse, Allah Almighty is addressing the whole
mankind; not just one group; stating that all of humanity is one, created by the One.
Thereby, declaring the sovereignty of our God-given human rights, universal and
timeless, regardless of race, gender, language, colour or creed. No legislator, dictator,
or any other authority can take these rights away from us.
So where does this leave the followers of Islam?
Well, based on the teachings of Islam, every Muslim should be a champion of human
rights, because the principles of human rights, as per the Quran, must underpin a
Muslim's daily life, since the Quran teaches us how to respond to the needs of the
most marginal and vulnerable people. In the words of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH):
"You do not truly believe until you love for your brother what you love for yourself."
The fact is that Islam inspires mankind to create a society in which there is
acknowledgement of the need for human dignity and respect for one another.
Ironically, the basic human right to acquire education is so often withheld in the name
of the religion that is so rooted in education. Sadly, it is the absence of education that
has prevented the teachings of human rights in Islam, and its practical applications to
human beings to be totally neglected.
Human beings with various beliefs, in various forms and capacities, have continued to
violate human rights across the world. Although the reality of Islam is not to be single-
minded, the integration of nations through the process of globalization has brought to
light the confusion and conflict people face in accepting pluralism. Unfortunately, the
word of God is lost in the language of cultural interpretations, which fails to
understand the Islamic perspective in realizing that discrimination and bias are
counterproductive to equity and justice; therein misrepresenting Islam.
No wonder the issue of human rights and equity, as per Sharia, is one of the most
misrepresented and least understood issues of our times, because the Quranic view, as
per the teachings of Islam, is absent. The problem is further enhanced by ideologies
that project their sense of juristic interpretations, as if they were synonymous with the
Word of God, leaving behind the primary sources of Islam. Failing to acknowledge
that full equality and equity of all human beings before God is beyond doubt.
Nonetheless, the promotion and protection of human rights, as revealed by the Qur'an,
rests upon mankind. God has entrusted each and every human being with the
responsibility of being his trustee on earth, to prevent harm and stand up for justice: "0
you who have believed, be persistently standing firm in justice, witnesses for Allah ,
even if it be against yourselves or parents and relatives. Whether one is rich or poor,
Allah is more worthy of both. So follow not [personal] inclination, lest you not be just.
And if you distort [your testimony] or refuse [t give it], then indeed Allah is ever, with
what you do, Acquainted." [Surat An-Nisa (The Women); verse 135]
When examined, the revelations in the Quran, and Prophet Muhammad's (PBUH)
example in creating the first written constitution in the world, known as the Medina
Charter in the year 622 AD, should inspire those with understanding to establish a
moral code of justice. The Quranic view of human rights frees human beings from the
bondage of traditionalism, authoritarianism (religious, political, economic, or any
other), tribalism, racism, sexism, slavery or anything else that prohibits or inhibits
human beings from experiencing God's vision of human dignity and respect as
embodied in Islam.
Many people, today, spit venom of hate as a weapon to discredit an entire religion
such as Islam. Many people today lack the balance of understanding the right to
express one's opinion and beliefs and the right to be attacked and undermined to the
extent that it affects an individual or group's capacity to be human and to be active
participants in society.
 Religion-A Spiritual Need

["And when thy Lord said unto the angels: Lo! I am about to place a viceroy in the
earth, they said: Wilt thou place therein one who will do harm therein and will shed
blood, while we, we hymn Thy praise and sanctify Thee? He said: Surely I know that
which ye know not." (Al-Baqarah:30)]
Human beings have a great spiritual thirst and they always seek ways of quenching it.
Studies show that even the people who lived in pre-historical times practiced some
particular set of beliefs in their individual as well as collective lives. Indeed, they had
to fill the vacuum which they felt in their spirit, by worshipping and praying to a
strong and perfect being. It is also a known fact now that when natural disasters
struck, people found themselves weak and vulnerable. Therefore, they came to the
understanding that the disasters were sent by a powerful creator and some construed
disasters as the rage of God. They had to search for a strong being to protect them.
Sometimes, they offered sacrifices to save themselves from the wrath of the nature.
Thus, a feeling for worship and reverence was all but natural.
It is aptly said by the Buddha, "Just as a candle cannot burn without fire, men cannot
live without a spiritual life."
Naturally, human beings develop a strong appetite for religion and moral values. In
other words, our souls feel hunger the same way as our body does, and religion seems
the only satiating source.
Broadly speaking, religious life may be divided into three periods: Faith, Thought, and
Discovery. In the first period, religious life appears as a form of discipline which must
be accepted as an unconditional command without any rational understanding of the
ultimate meaning and purpose thereupon. This attitude may be of great consequence in
social and political history of a people, but is not of much consequence insofar as the
individual's inner growth and expansion are concerned.
Perfect submission to discipline is followed by a rational understanding of the
discipline and the ultimate source of its authority. In this period, religious life seeks its
foundation in a kind of metaphysics - a logically consistent view of the world with
God as a part of that view.
In the third period, metaphysics is displaced by psychology, and religious life
develops the ambition to come into direct contact with the Ultimate Reality. It is here
that religion becomes a matter of personal amalgamation of life and power; and the
individual achieves a free personality, not by freeing himself from the fetters of the
law, but by discovering the ultimate source of the law within the depths of his own
consciousness.
Undoubtedly, when we imagine of a society devoid of moral values, our mind jumps
centuries back to the ancient times or Pre-Islam Arab Peninsula. Let us just think of a
society where morality was absent. In the later years of the Roman Republic, the
center of public spectacle was the gladiator. In the words of historians, gladiator
games, which pitched warriors against wild animals, convicted criminals or slaves,
provided the organizers with great opportunities for self-promotion while providing
cheap and exhilarating entertainment to the public.
Undoubtedly, when we imagine of a society devoid of moral values, our mind jumps
centuries back to the ancient times or Pre-Islam Arab Peninsula. Let us just think of a
society where morality was absent. In the later years of the Roman Republic, the
center of public spectacle was the gladiator. In the words of historians, gladiator
games, which pitched warriors against wild animals, convicted criminals or slaves,
provided the organizers with great opportunities for self-promotion while providing
cheap and exhilarating entertainment to the public.
Gladiator contests were common as a means of garnering support for election
campaigns and for pleasing clients. The trainers and organizers of the games were
entrepreneurs, and the contests, many of which were fought until death, were big
business that concerned many livelihoods.
In addition, before the emergence of Islam, Arabian Peninsula was deep plunged into
the darkness of barbarity, cruelty and bloodshed. The tribal tension was at all but
soaring and the language of the tribesmen was the spur and sword. The rulers
oppressed and tortured their slaves, for even a minor mistake, in the worst possible
way and the lords exploited the poor. The poorer you were, the more would you suffer.
Being poor led to the bitter fate of slavery and torments. The Holy Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH) came to humanize our societies and imbue people with moral
standards and religious values. He stood against the cruelties inflicted upon the
deprived individuals who lacked property and social status. At a time when Arab
society shrouded in the darkness of violence and aggression, the Prophet (PBUH)
challenged the filthy system with all vigour and fervour. As divine messenger, the
Prophet (PBUH) had to fulfil his sacred mission of unchaining slaves and of
abolishing tyranny from the human society. When freedom and human rights were
missing among the Arab aristocrats, he proposed changes boldly.
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) challenged the social status of Arab lords who were
selfish and who exploited the poor. He questioned the humanity of the masters who
felt no mercy for their hardworking slaves.
Challenging the status quo of his time, Prophet (PBUH) came with the most sublimate
religious ideology. He advocated justice, equality and morality. The Prophet (PBUH)
laid down the foundations of a society where the humans were treated with dignity,
and were provided due social rights and freedom.

Islam Needs Its John Locke

[Since the beginning of this new century, it has become popular in the West, and
sometimes even in the East, to argue that Islam needs its "Martin Luther."
Accordingly, the authoritarianism, intolerance and violence perpetrated in the name of
Islam could only be overcome with a "reform" similar to the one that began in
Christendom some five centuries ago.]
More careful observers quickly noted two little problems with this idea. First, unlike
in Catholicism, to which Luther reacted, there is no central authority in Islam. Thus,
the main result of the Protestant Reformation, which is decentralized religion, is
already the case in Islam. Secondly, whatever its merits and contributions are, the
Protestant Reformation did not initiate an era of liberty, tolerance and non-violence in
Europe. Quite the contrary, it initiated at least two centuries of intra-religious wars and
purges that caused quite a lot of bloodshed.
That is why other observers argued that it is simply a loss of time to deal with
"reform" within Islam. The only way to liberal democracy, they said, is to push Islam
out of the public with an authoritarian, top-down secularism. Inspired by the radical
secularists of the French Revolution, and exemplified by Kemalism in Turkey, this
idea had two major flaws as well: First, its very authoritarianism was a blow on the
liberty it allegedly championed. Second, the hope for marginalizing religion was
doomed to failure, as exemplified, again, by Turkey.
However, there was also a less travelled, even less noticed, road as well: An
Enlightenment of the Anglo-Saxon type, which does not attack religion, as done by its
French counterpart, but reinterprets it within a new political framework that values
liberty, tolerance and diversity. Not the road of Luther or Voltaire, if you will, but the
road of John Locke.
The British philosopher has long been renowned for his approach towards religion. A
recently-published, fine book entitled "Islam, Secularism and Liberal Democracy" by
scholar Nader Hashemi, makes things even clearer.
Hashemi, in his impeccable book, deals with many issues relating to religion and
politics, but his take on Locke and how a Lockean approach can help political thought
in Islam is especially notable. He first reminds that "Locke's England in the 17th
century ... [was] under the sway of an authoritarian and illiberal religious doctrine ...
[as] much of the Muslim world today."
In return, Locke's solution was not "rooted in rejection of Christianity, but rather a
reinterpretation of it."
Locke offered this reinterpretation by arguing for the compatibility of reason and
revelation (not their conflict), and pluralism among differing interpretations of the
faith. He also argued that the Bible does not propose a system of government (such as
"the divine rights of kings").
He emphasized that the religious faith of the individual is meaningful only when
based on "the inward persuasion of the Mind," which cannot be compelled by "outside
force."

Present Problems of the Muslim World

[Within two centuries of the emergence of Islam, Muslims were dominating the world
in all respects. At the dawn of the 9th century, Arabia, Central Asia, Africa, Persia and
many parts of the Byzantine and Roman Empires were under the Muslim rule.]
Muslims, on one hand, were conquering the lands in North Africa, especially Spain,
and on the other, they were knocking at the doors of France in Europe. This glorious
period of expansion and consolidation continued till the 13th century. Although
Mongols/Tatars caused irreparable loss to the Muslims in 13th century, their
descendants, in It centuries, embraced Islam and played a significant role in
establishing Muslim dynasties in Asia.
GLORY TURNED INTO MISERY
The 15th and the 16th centuries mark the Dark Ages in the Christian world as they
were plunged into darkness. At that time, the clergymen were openly issuing
certificates to paradise. On the contrary, during this period, Muslims were leading in
all fields of education and science.
But, in the 17th century, when Europe entered the Age of Enlightenment, Muslims
were falling into darkness. It is worth mentioning here that till the end of 17th century,
the works of Muslim scientists like AI-Razi, AI-Khwarzimi, Jab, bin Hayyan, AI-
Batani, Avicenna, and philosophers like AI-Farabi and AI-Kindi were taught as
textbooks in the universities across Europe.
Dawn of the 18th century saw the real decline of Muslims and emergence of a new
Western civilization that is hitherto in progress. From 19th century onward, the
Western civilization has been consistently damaging the Islamic spiritual, cultural and
intellectual roots with their educational uplift, scientific progress, industrial
development, technological advancement and political dominance.
MUSLIMS' SUBJUGATION
The West has subjugated Muslims politically and has exploited them economically.
After the World War I, the Muslim world was deliberately humiliated in the name of
Mandate System. Moreover, same swaggering treatment was meted out to them after
the World War II in form of colonization. Even at present, the Muslims are the victims
of malice and prejudice of the West. Under the pretext of the so-called War against
Terror, firstly they were killed in Afghanistan, and then in Iraq under the garb of
dismantling Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) which were, ironically, never
found.
Muslims are being brutally annihilated in Pakistan and Yemen in intermittent drone
strikes in sheer violation of International Law and sovereignty of the independent
states. Nevertheless, despite all these odds, the Muslims have maintained their
identity.
PROBLEMS AND WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THEM?
There is no denying the fact that the Muslims are subject to serious agonies and
troubles but it's not correct to blame only others for our problems and the existing
pathetic state of affairs. Most of our problems are due to our own flaws and, as
Aristotle puts it, 'hamartia'.
Presently the Muslims are entangled in the web of following problems:

Illiteracy
Illiteracy and the backwardness in which it ensues make the biggest problem the
Muslims are confronting nowadays for which we ourselves are responsible. In most
Muslim states, literacy rate is pitiable. For example, in Pakistan, literacy rate nears
60% in sharp contrast to the Western countries where it is more than 95%. It's quite
disconcerting that though we call ourselves the followers of Islam, yet we are having
such a miserable standard of education. We have probably forgotten that Islam makes
it obligatory upon Muslim men and women to seek knowledge. The revelation of the
Holy Quran started with the very word "Read". Islam declares the literate people as
those having eyesight and the illiterate as those who are blind. There are some
dogmatic views on education held by some short-sighted, bigoted elements within
Muslim community who consider that the Muslims can acquire religious education
only and they must eschew modern education. This absurd idea is against the spirit
and essence of Islam which directs on striving for success in this world as well as in
the hereafter; a far cry without modern education.
In this regard, Allah Almighty commands the Muslims in verse 201 of Surah Al-
Baqarah (the Cool) 0 beseech in this manner:
"Our Lord! Give us good in this world and good in the Hereafter, and defend us from
the torment on the fire!"
Every Muslim recites this verse in five prayers he is to offer on daily basis.
Importance which Islam lays on education can be ascertained from the fact that in the
Battle of Badr, 72 infidels were made prisoners of war (POWs) by the triumphant
Muslim Army. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) set the condition for their release that a
literate ‘Prisoner of war’ could secure freedom by teaching ten Muslims. But, if this
view of religion of only religious education were correct, non-Muslims should not
have been allowed to impart religious education to the Muslims. There are examples
where many of Prophet's companions (RA) learnt foreign languages in order to
conduct diplomacy with foreign countries. Similarly, the Holy Prophet (PBUH) said,
"Seek knowledge even if it is far as China." But in clear negation of the Islamic
teachings, the Muslims lack due attention on education, hence they lag far behind the
West in all fields of development. Former US President James Madison said,
"Knowledge will forever rule ignorance". The present plight of Muslims bears
testimony to this statement.

OVERPOPULATION
The second most important problem that we face is the high population growth rate.
The population of Islamic countries is increasing at alarming rates and the lack of
proper management to ward off its negative effects is solely lacking, thus, making it a
burden on resources of Muslim World which are already depleting fast. In developed
countries, annual population growth rate is less than 1% whereas in Islamic states—
like Afghanistan and Pakistan—it's more than 2%. Resultantly, poor parents remain
unable to provide good education and sustenance to their children. Islam does not
disapprove family planning if it is with mutual consent of marital partners. Even
during the time of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), some companions used to practice coitus
interruptus (Azal), a common practice of Family Planning at that time. Islam
emphasizes on breastfeeding the infants, which is a natural method for pregnancy
spacing. The pace of development and status of wellbeing of people is much higher in
Muslim countries where population growth rate has been controlled such as Turkey,
Indonesia, and Malaysia, than that of those states where population growth rate is
higher. So the Muslim world must prioritize the quality a. not quantity a population.
DISUNITY
The third biggest problem which the Muslims face today is disunity a. rupture among
the Muslims, for which again we ourselves are responsible. On one hand, several
Muslim states are at loggerhead with each other, while on the other, the Muslim
population is mired in sectarianism, linguistic and racial prejudices. This sectarian
strife has consumed lives of thousands of Muslims and has tarnished the image of
Islam. Due to this unpleasant state of affairs, Muslim states do not have a united voice
on international forums and none among 57 Islamic countries is a permanent member
in UN Security Council. This course of action is contradictory to Islamic teachings
which profess the establishment of a universal Muslim brotherhood irrespective of
race, creed, colour and language. Allah Almighty says in verse N. 10 of Surah Hujraat
(the Dwellings):
"The believers are but a single Brotherhood. So make reconciliation between your
brothers, and fear Allah that you may receive mercy".
The Holy Prophet (PBUH) said, "Muslims are like a human body, when there is a pain
in any part of the body, the whole body suffers".

DISCRIMINATION
The fourth major problem is the double standards and the discriminatory attitude of
West and international organizations dominated by them. The internal strife of
Muslims is responsible for this fiasco. The West always remains lacklustre in
resolving issues involving Muslims such as Palestine, Cyprus, Kashmir.
For instance, an independent state for Christian majority, South Sudan, was
established within days of violent clashes between Muslims and Christians in Sudan
whereas in 1992 peace in Bosnia was restored after countless Muslims were butchered
and women raped. Similarly, the West has turned a deaf ear to the miseries and
agonies of Muslims in Palestine and Kashmir. In Palestine, Jewish state Israel, an
illegitimate son of the US and the West, grabbed the lands of Arabs by force in
furtherance of Balfour Declaration of 1917. Undoubtedly, all the inhumane acts of
Israel are blessed by the US and the West. The recent coup in Egypt and West's
response to it, exposes these double standards sufficiently.

NOT FOLLOWING ISLAM

The fifth problem is that we have forgotten the golden principles of Islam. This
resulted in rise in social vices in the Islamic world. For example, many Islamic states
are on the list of the most corrupt countries. We prefer wealth, political influence and
luxurious life over simple lives in consonance with the teachings of Islam. If the
Muslims have to regain their lost glory, then they must have to strive for resolving
these problems through adherence to the golden principles of Islam.

What should be the Aims of Education?

[What should be the aims of education is a crucial question that merits deep
pondering. Some people think that being educated means getting through academic
institutions or making one's brain a repository of some facts and information but this
approach towards education is absolutely flawed.]
Holding a degree or diploma or certificate for the purpose of earning merely a living
cannot be called education. This is rather a narrow and myopic view. If storing data
and facts were the gauge of being educated, then the most educated beings would be
the supercomputers with capacities of trillions of bytes up in their memory units. And
if such were the objectives of education, Islam would not make it incumbent on every
Muslim - male or female - to learn, and receive education.
In a broader perspective, education is not only information-oriented but is also values-
based factor. It emphasizes more on practice than theory. In real connotation of
education, knowing is not enough, it must be accompanied by doing and practically
implementing what has been learnt. The core purposes of education should be
character-building, personality development, spiritual consciousness, to name a few.
Education should be so as to enhance the intellect and explore the hidden natural
talents and potential of a person to bring out his best. Furthermore, education, on the
basis of different ends it has to achieve, and functions it has to bring forth, can be
made to function in numerous areas of activities, most fundamental of which are the
moral, mental and spiritual development.
The first and foremost aim of education should be the mental nourishment of an
individual. It should expedite the fullest development and use of his/her mental
capabilities. In other words, it should be able to nurture his personality and make him
able to exploit his real God-gifted talent. Education should produce a well-disciplined
and cultured mind. Discipline is a matter of effective training and, more importantly, a
man with a disciplined mind is equipped with propitious training to deal with
problems that are bound to confront him in life. Such a person would be bold enough
to utilize his innate abilities to analyze situations and respond properly to them.
Education can make him communicative, farsighted, cultured and able to earn a
living. In a nutshell, it prepares him for life. Following are some aims which the
education must fulfil: Firstly, having received proper education, one should earn his
livelihood so as to avoid being a parasite or dependent on others. Self-esteem and
confidence in one's abilities are the essential features of an educated being. Secondly,
an educated person must have effective tools of communication. He must have a
gregarious attitude towards life, for one cannot live in isolation. Fellowship feelings
must be an integral part of his personality to preserve sympathy, consideration and
social attachment. Thirdly, education should make one capable to adopt him/her to
new changes and ideas because change is the law of life and it is the only thing that is
constantly occurring all around. Every age has experienced change but that of ours has
it with more rapidity. "History", one has said, "is ahead of schedule" and the current
changes and challenges substantiate the statement quite aptly. So entertainment of new
ideas is highly significant for us.
Fourthly, education should prepare one to get along with others. Living in constant
touch with others is one of the most serious requirements of our age. The history of
civilization in part is the history of man's learning to become involved in larger
relationships. The progress of "we" from family to tribe, tribe to clan, clan to nation
and nation to world order is a part of this development. We need to take interest in
others to live peacefully. To be educated is to put the statement "we are members of
one another" in practice.
Fifthly, to be educated is to be capable to entertain oneself, to create a rich and
dialectical inner life and a wide range of appreciation and self-control. Educated is the
person who has tolerance not to get frustrated though alone. Some people are so
lackadaisical that they break into tears if they have to spend one or two hours in
solitude. The present excessive use of grudges, alcohol and barbiturates clearly
manifests the seriousness of the issue and enlightens the need to learn self-control and
have a better understanding of life.
Another objective of education should be the moral and spiritual development of man.
Morality is what that draws the fundamental line of demarcation between human and
animals. Broadly speaking, spirituality is the ultimate end of creation. Morality may
differ from people to people but in the real sense it is found in the articulated saying of
Socrates: "know thyself."
This is the true essence of morality. Knowing your inner self is important at a time
when there exists a huge difference between our remarkable understanding and control
of our physical world along with the meagre understanding and control of ourselves.
Given the above-mentioned points, there should be practical steps taken to implement
the policies which serve the purpose of fulfilling these purposes. Thus only the
education will help improve the standard of life in our country.

Education in Pakistan: Causes of Failed State and Future Road Map

[Education has been accorded great importance in every religion and society. Islam
also attached utmost importance to it.]
1. Introduction
2. Importance of Education
3. Present state of Education: Dismal
a) Literacy
b) Equity
c) Quality
d) Access
e) Relevance
f) Environment
4. Technical Education
5. Higher Education
6. Causes of Failure
a) Historical and societal
b) Governance-related Factors
7. Impacts on society and development
8. Recommendations for improvement
9. Conclusion
Education in Pakistan is in a dire state when seen in terms of vitality for
socioeconomic development. Education is aimed at to develop human capabilities
through knowledge, skills and creative strength that, in turn, enhance the
socioeconomic growth. But ironically, in the present-day Pakistan, even the
importance of education has not been recognized. Given the multifarious importance
a. diverse role of education in building a stable society, it becomes imperative that in
Pakistan, the provision of education is ensured urgently and its uplift is sought through
prudent policies with a pragmatic approach. Education has been accorded great
importance in every religion a. society. Islam also attached utmost importance to it.
Muslims ushered an era of glory only with education but when they renounced it, they
fell into the depths of despondency and dejection. The West, today, dominates the
world only because it realized education's vitality to development. Article 26 of the
UN's 'Universal Declaration of Human Rights' reads: "Everyone has the right to
education". It is the second objective in UN's Millennium Development Goals
(UNMDGs) which requires education for All (EFA) by year 2015. The World Bank
also underscores "the positive outcomes of education" as "reduction in poverty and
inequality, improvement in health status and implementation of socioeconomic
policies."
However, the state of education in Pakistan is far from satisfactory. The statistics of
education present dismal picture in all the six important indicators that include
literacy, access, equality, quality, relevance and environment.
Here is a brief view of the above-mentioned indicators:
The literacy rate for age 10 years and above in Pakistan, according to World Bank, is
SS per cent (67% for males and 42% females). This is the lowest rate in the
developing nations in Asia. Sri Lanka has 90.7%; Indonesia has 90.4% while literacy
rate in Vietnam, Iran and India reach 90.4%, 82.4% and 61% respectively. In contrast,
in developed countries, it is almost 100%.
The second indicator means that access to education is a crucial factor in enhancing
literacy. It's obligatory on state to provide all the citizens with equal opportunities to
improve their living standards. For education, it means "access to quality education
for all", irrespective of family income, gender, religion and ethnicity, etc. Pakistan's
main problems are the paucity of funds and gender discrimination. Moreover, most
villages are without schools and students of many villages share one school. In
addition, the parents don't allow girls to study in coeducation system. Girls' schools,
particularly at secondary level, are not in sufficient number.
The inequality in education system is a serious concern as well. It has many forms
including gender-disparity, rural-urban divide and class structure. As regards gender-
disparity, the literacy rate shows a gap of 25% between male and female. "A gap of
more than 10 per cent is internationally considered a serious concern".
Rural-urban divide, another serious concern, is caused mainly due to economic
disparity and condition of schools. People living in rural areas are relatively poor and
standard of education in those areas is also unsatisfactory. "They assume that
opportunity cost of sending children to school is greater than the benefit education is
likely to bring", says Dr Shahid Javed Burki.
In addition, public and private sector divide is also there. Most people cannot seek
education in private institutions due to high fees and other expenses. These institutions
have their own curriculum and examination system. This further widens the class
divide in society; the rich become highly-educated while the poor remain poorly
educated. To bridge this gap, there is neither policy to ensure a uniform system nor
regulations to check the fee structure of private schools.
As regards the third indicator i.e. quality of education, it has been least emphasized in
Pakistan. It's basically determined by curriculum, textbooks, teachers' skills and
assessment system that are far below the international standards. These system flaws
undermine the competence level of the students. This factor, in fact, helps students
gain a foothold in market. But an average Pakistani student is unable to compete in the
job market even of the national level, let alone the international competition. How
ironic is that not a single Pakistani university is among the World's top universities.
Fifth; the relevance is as much important as quality. What is taught in institutions must
be relevant to what is in demand in the outside world. Currently, there is a
disconnection between education and employment sector as there is no system of
consultation between academia and economic managers. Resultantly, the
unemployment among the educated people surges.
Sixth indicator i.e. environment is also a crucial factor in improving access to
education. A wide disparity is there in the environment in schools in rural and urban
areas. Approximately, 12737 schools have been reported as non-functional (Ghost
Schools).
The above indicators present a grim picture at every tier from schools to technical and
higher education. To improve the technical education, there is no vocational awareness
at middle and secondary levels. At present, there are 1140 government and 382 in
private vocational institutions in the country. The output quality is poor owing to the
unqualified and untrained faculty and absence of collaboration with industry.
In the sphere of higher education, unfortunately, only 3.7 per cent of Pakistani youth
of 18-23 age group is enrolled. This is very low as compared to other developing
countries as Malaysia has 12% while India has 7%. Although due to scholarship
programs, the situation has improved, still there is paucity of trained faculty a.
laboratories. Only 25% of university teachers are PhDs and only 20 per cent of them
are active researchers. Government is ought to give special treatment to this sector but
ironically, it not only curtailed the funding of HEC but also attempted to disband it. It
may cause the positive enrolment trend to revert and that would be a lethal blow to
human resource development as it is crucial to translate the dream of knowledge
economy into reality.
Such neglect of education sector in Pakistan is the result of many factors ranging from
historical and societal to governance-related issues. In past, the education system
which the British introduced in the Subcontinent didn't go well among the religious
leaders. Hence, the Muslims eschewed the education. On the other hand, the Madaris
were confined to religious education. Women were not allowed to seek education in
public institutions hence a big portion of population remained illiterate.
Another big reason behind this fiasco is the feudalism. Feudal lords influence the
policymaking due to their political contingencies. They denounce education to ensure
cheap labour in their fields and to maintain their political base.
Poverty is another factor which prevents majority of rural population from educating
children. More than 30% of Pakistan's population is living below the poverty fine.
Pakistan's is an agro-based economy and its 65% population fives in rural areas. Most
people cannot afford the cost of educating their children, that's why they take their
children to work with them in fields at an early age just to increase the family income.
These impediments could have been removed had there been realization, vision,
planning and seriousness among our leaders. Unfortunately, there has always been
lack of commitment to education development on part of those at the helm of affairs.
This is evident from the paltry resource allocations in the annual budgets. The funding
to education in Pakistan has always been below or around 2.5% of GDP that is
extremely low.
It is further perplexing that even this meagre amount is not spent .1Iy for development
of education sector. About 10 to 30 per cent of education budget remains unutilized.
Then there is embezzlement of funds as well because corruption is rampant in the
education department. This grave situation is the outcome of two main factor i.e. no
accountability system and undue political interference.
All the areas of education - primary, secondary, technical and higher education -
reflect neglect of education sector. Though there have been policies formulated and
goals set, but when it comes to their implementation, there is a lack of commitment.
So, the education system has failed which has resulted in deteriorated social
conditions and a vulnerable economy.
This dismal state of education has placed Pakistan at 134th place among 177 countries
of the world as education is a major indicator in human development index. It also
exhibits that the education has a serious impact on the image of a country in the
globalized comity of nations.
It's a universal fact that the education develops 'thinking of man' but in our society its
failure has led to the widespread discontent and chaos. World has genuine concerns
that poorly-educated people pose serious threat not only to Pakistan but also to world
security. Former VP of the World Bank and a renowned economist Shahid Javed Barki
writes:
"The education system of Pakistan is deteriorated to the point where it now threatens
economic, political and social stability not only within the country but also poses a
real danger for the world at large." Keeping in view the multifaceted role, education
has to be the top priority. Our education system requires an overhaul and in addition to
additional resources, there is an urgent need to redesign educational system for
promoting productivity in socioeconomic sector. Following are some
recommendations that provide a pragmatic roadmap to reform the education sector in
Pakistan.
1. Primary education must be made compulsory. The textbooks and uniforms should
be provided free of cost to the indigent children and rewards may be offered to them
on passing examinations. Usher, Zakat and Benazir Income Support Program (BISP)
should also be linked with enrolment of child in school.
2. Technical education should be encouraged. Introductory technical subjects should
be taught at the middle level to enhance awareness and encourage interest of students.
The network of polytechnic colleges should be expanded to cover the remote areas as
well.
3. The 19th century was of steam and coal, 20th was of electricity and the 21st is of
information technology (IT). Therefore, due importance should be given to IT.
Computers with trainers should be made available in secondary schools.
4. Government must develop a uniform curriculum to eliminate the multi-tier system
of education that furthers the class divide. It should enable the child to compete at
national and international levels. The curriculum of private schools may be adopted
with little modifications. It would be convenient as the private schools will be less
resistant to such change.
5. Education must be relevant and responsive to national environment, culture, society
and economy. The social and religious values must be embedded in the children to
make them good citizens. The education should conform not only to the local industry
but also to international market.
6. Higher education deserves serious attention in this regard. Steps should be taken to
attract youth to higher education. The investment in this sector should be increased to
meet the demands of universities. An effective reform of the higher education system
in Pakistan requires a down to up approach; without the improvement of colleges, it is
out of question to improve the quality of university graduates.
7. A uniform and sound system of national testing should be promoted. The National
Education Assessment System (NEAS) should be entrusted with more such tasks. A
federal council to ensure uniformity in all the universities' examinations can be
another prudent step.
8. The importance of teachers in education need not be overemphasized. The
remuneration and incentives for teachers should be increased to attract the intellectual
and competent persons. In-service teachers should be required to qualify some exams
to go into the next pay scale.
9. A qualified and motivated teacher also needs training and grooming. Therefore, the
capacity of training institutes should be enhanced with expert trainers. A well thought-
out syllabus and policy should be formulated containing modern teaching techniques.
10. Importance of private sector cannot be undermined as it has saved Pakistan's
education system from complete collapse. It's difficult for government to uplift the
education sector single-handedly, so the private sector should be encouraged to invest
more. The establishment of private education foundations on non-profit basis may be
a good option. The private schools should be made to give admissions to poor
students.

Reforming Our Education System

[A new reform drive in the educational sector of Pakistan has been embarked on
recently. Media reports suggest that international donors have pledged one billion
dollars for development in the educational sector of our country. But there is a serious
problem. The problem is not that there was no need for reforms, but these donor
countries who are showing concerns and are extending financial loans to NGOs are
themselves in serious trouble.]

Recently an English language daily published a story that Cambridge International

Exam Chief Executive Michael O’Sullivan expressed his concern on Pakistani
students achieving higher grades in 0 & A level exams. He lamented that Pakistani
students and their parents are obsessed for higher grades and their teachers also focus
on higher grades. They compel the students to spend more time in classroom, which is
not an ideal learning experience for students keeping in view their physical and health
requirements.
In all fields of education, from primary to higher level, reforms are direly and urgently
needed. But the need is probably greatest in primary and secondary education. One
problem is that in Pakistan feudal lords have grabbed power in politics and their first
aim is to keep the poor on their lands uneducated. If the poor children would get
education they would demand better lives and the power of the landlords would
evaporate in the thin air. This attitude evinced when former Education Minister of
Punjab, Abdul Hameed Dasti, told the cabinet that the government cannot afford the
luxury of educating people.
This mindset present in the corridors of power. Colossal amounts of money were
misappropriated in the name of ‘Adult Education Program' in the sixties, and even
today, every seventh school in Sindh, reportedly, is a ‘ghost school'. The situation
seems to be especially bad in Sindh where Nai Roshni Schools experience failed
during Junejo rule, and now not only the number of ghost schools is the highest but
the teaching performance in the operating schools is also very disturbing: about 60%
of children in class of five cannot even read fluently a story in Urdu or Sindhi.
The situation in Punjab schools is also not encouraging. In the early years of Pakistan,
a network of corporation schools existed in every locality catering for classes 1 to 5
against a nominal fee of half a rupee per month. Besides, there were middle and high
schools under city district administration where education quality was good. We also
had missionary schools for affluent society and a few private schools. Till then, the
education was neither commercial nor an industry, which today is, and that is the
dilemma of our society and the country. Danish schools, a cherished project of
Khadim-e-Aala Punjab, are also infested with separate standards for the rich and the
poor. There is an acute dearth of schools and teachers in rural areas. What is holding
the present rulers back from pursuing “Education for All" without any duplicity in
curricula or different standards? KP government has tried to enforce discipline but
private schools have not only opposed this move, they have also taken the matter to
court.
Pouring money into the educational sector without analyzing the problems wouldn't
serve the purpose. For instance, during Musharraf regime, huge money was invested
in education sector but little improvement was seen. One major reason for this debacle
was that the provincial and federal education departments' inefficiency and ineptness
which is as clear as day in form of open cheating in examination centres and leakage
of papers before exam. This is not, at all, possible without the collusion of invigilators
with the students. Funds are misappropriated and no heed is paid to monitor the
working of schools and that of teachers.
Another problem is the non-availability of teachers committed to their noble
profession. Besides reforming teachers' education, the employment of teachers with a
teaching certificate must also be ensured. The recruitment process should also be
transparent and meritocracy should rule.
First of all, we need workable professional structures manned by honest and
competent people, who devote their lives for imparting education to the students. The
Pakistani students who had developed their educational base in their motherland have
shown remarkable achievements in every walk of life in West, that is why World Bank
& IMF are worried about reconstruction of their education by learning from East.
Pakistan needs to revamp its multi-tier educational system and revert back to its old
government-funded school system where children of the rich and the poor may study
together to take the future responsibility as leaders of our nation and not look forward
to go abroad to work for other nations and countries.

The Suffering Soul in the Scientific Age

[“Our scientific power has overturned our spiritual power. We have guided missiles
and misguided men.” - Martin Luther King, Jr.]
There can be no two opinions about the veracity of the statement that the Modern Age
is the age of science. Science undoubtedly has revolutionized the world. Every day
there are new inventions, may that be in medicine, electronics, space sciences, nuclear
technology and so on. Everything that modern man is using in this contemporary age
has been given to him by the scientific advancement. He cannot live without science
even for a single day. Science has given eyes to the blind, ears to the deaf and limbs to
the crippled. It has made man fly in the sky like birds, swim in the water like fish. It
has achieved wonders and thus has brought about irreversible changes in the world.
Science, however, is perceived both as a blessing as well as a curse. Apart from
bringing uncountable blessings in the lives of human beings, it also has turned out to
be course and has resulted into human sufferings which have now assumed horrible
proportions and are beyond human control.
It is said that modern civilization is a scientific civilization. It is true as far as the
material aspects of civilization are concerned, man lives in great comfort today. He
enjoys cinema, radio and television. He can talk with his friends thousands of miles
away from by telephone. Science has increased human comfort and lessened human
drudgery. He has no longer to travel on foot. He can travel comfortably without any
fatigue in cars, air-conditioned trains, buses, etc. he has no longer to bear the
hardships of weather. In summer, he can cool his house by electric cooler and in
winter, get heat by electric heaters. Day and night make no difference to him, for night
can turn into day by electric lights.
He does not work hard like his forefathers. He does not follow barbarous practice of
having slaves. Science has given him slaves of a new kind, which do all work for him.
Machines are the slaves of modern scientific civilization. These slaves do all the work
for him while he himself lives like a lord. They cook his food for him and even serves
it to him. They manufacture everything that he uses from morning till night. They
plough fields for him, sow seeds and reap crops for him.
Human pain and suffering have been lessened by science. Modern civilized man has
not to suffer like his forefathers. Many diseases have been eliminated or have become
curable, and surgeries can be performed without inflicting pain to the patients. Many
wonderful drugs have been discovered and man's life on this earth has become longer
and happier. Man lives in comfort like the lord and master of nature. He has
conquered even outer space, mastered weather and all other living creatures.
But there is another side also to this picture. Science affects only the material aspects
and makes man materialistic. Radio, television, cinema and costly furniture and
dresses are all symbols of this artificial civilization. But civilization has material as
well as spiritual elements. Science helps only the growth of the material aspects and
has no influence on the spiritual element. Science has made man morally bankrupt. It
has degraded him. He is no longer inspired by noble ideas. He thinks only of the body
and not the soul. Science has created distance between man and religion. He has lost
faith in God. He is no longer truth-loving and self-sacrificing. In order to satisfy his
wants and desires, he uses dishonest means. By hook or by crook, he wants to possess
the luxuries provided to him by science. No moral considerations influence his actions
or his thoughts.
Art and literature are also essential aspects of civilization, but science does nothing to
promote them. Rather it has an adverse effect on the growth of art. There is inherent
opposition between art and science. Science is utility, observation and experiment,
reason and good sense, while art is the worship of beauty. It is an inspiration. Science
has killed the artistic sense of man and has made him a worshipper of worldly wealth.
He now dissects and kills objects of nature instead of enjoying their beauty. To quote
from poet William Wordsworth, man now murders to dissect, and perhaps he would
botanize even on his mother's grave. His emotions and passions have all dried up and
he has become a monster guided by reason alone.
No doubt science has given man the powers used to be attributed to the mythological
gods alone, but it has not increased his wisdom or his morality. It has given him
weapons. It has given him machines, but machines are now becoming his masters.
Man today does not know when to save and when to kill. He has got the atomic
energy but he does not know how to use it for his own good and wellbeing. In this
way, science has brought human civilization to the verge of disaster.
Much has been said and talked about the importance of science and technology.
However, as the saying goes, every rose has its thorns. Science also has added to the
human sufferings owing to the adverse impacts it has on the environment.
Environmental issues are the biggest concerns the planet earth is facing, let that be in
the form of global warming, floods, earthquakes, hurricanes etc. Moreover, no doubt,
medical science is no less than a blessing to mankind. Medicines produced all over the
world are perceived to be a foolproof cure to a person's illness. However, there is
some negativity associated with medical science too.
Today, excessive consumption of drugs can lead to death. Moreover, incorrect dosage
may lead to fatal maladies. Where medical science has advanced to an unbelievable
extent, it carries with itself perils of all kinds, and just a slight ignorance may prove to
be a matter of life and death. Technology has provided ease of all kinds to man.
However, it has made us too busy to even see our loved ones in person.
Technology might have made our daily life easier, but it has rendered health issues as
well. Tremendous reliance and dependence on electronic gadgets, appliances, and
most importantly, computer technology has made human life so lethargic that people
are experiencing old age much before they actually grow old. With almost zero
physical activity, science might have proved its mettle as an amazingly efficient
service to its users, but has got the world adversely hooked to it!
There are no qualms in accepting the fact that science is the biggest revolution ever
happened to planet Earth. However, a normal human being has no idea to what extent
has this field advanced today. Technology can actually harm society if one chooses to.
Competition between companies or even cities can sometimes make our lives even
worse. When a city builds more roads to attract tourists, the result is more traffic load.
Even things we take for granted such as the automobile have negative effect on us.
Because the automobiles cause pollution and that can surely harm us slowly.
Technology is making one so busy that he can't even find time to spend with our
closed ones. It would be surprising to know that people are in contact through chat and
online messaging though they are in same city, because they think it's faster and
effective but they forget that meeting personally can never replace online chatting.
Before the advent of television and internet, people had ways of having fun together
every day. Many of these traditional methods of fun have almost disappeared in the
modern world. People used to talk with each other, they would play games, but now
they play games on computer giving no reaction that people are drifting away from
one other.

TERRORISM THE BIGGEST THREAT TO PAKISTAN

[Pakistan Faces Various Forms of Terrorism]

1. Introduction
2. History of Terrorism in Pakistan: An Overview
3. Pakistan Faces Various Forms of Terrorism
a. Ethnic / Sectarian
b. Nationalist / Separatist
c. Jihadi / Islamist
4. Causes of Terrorism in Pakistan
a. Augmenting Illiteracy
b. Increasing Social Injustice
c. Swelling Poverty
d. Derailing Democracy
e. Heightening Religious Intolerance
f. Unending Afghan War
9. Crippling Economy
5. Is Terrorism a Great Threat to Pakistan: YES
I. To Democracy
II. To Sovereignty
111. To Economy
IV. To Governance
V. To Progress
VI. To National Security
VII. To National Integrity
6. Recommendations:
1. Using the Influence of Religious Leaders
II. Utilizing Civil Society
III. Employing Media Effectively
IV. Revamping Education System
V. Achieving Peace in Afghanistan
VI. Ensuring Competent Intelligence
VII. Dealing Effectively with Militants
VIII. Economic Recovery & Poverty Alleviation
IX. Ensuring Speedy & Affordable Justice
7. Conclusion Essay

Terrorism is second to none amongst the threats faced by Pakistan. The cost it has
incurred, overweighs the losses bore in any other turmoil in history of the country. The
complexity of this multifaceted menace lies in the fact that it is caused by multitude of
factors ranging from internal situation to external developments. It has been damaging
not only the economy, political stability, social sector and social fabric of the country
but also national security and integrity. The country's image abroad and its foreign
relations are severely affected, as well. Moreover, the risk of being termed as a failed
state was born out of the implications of no other problem but terrorism. Nevertheless,
the increasing realization and resolve of the political, civil and military leadership to
combat this threat with iron hands harbingers a strong action to eradicate terrorism.
However, this problem will not go away easily given the isolated responses from state
institutions. A comprehensive and integrated counter-extremism and counter-terrorism
strategy is need of the hour. The emerging clarity among institutions and political
consensus among major stakeholders is a positive sign in this regard.
The origin of terrorism in Pakistan can be traced back to two important events that
brought obscurantism, intolerance and resultantly terrorism in Pakistan. Before 19805,
religion has never been a controversial issue in Pakistan. The sectarian militants
emerged in Pakistan after the 1979 Iran Revolution which transformed the nature and
magnitude of sectarian violence in Pakistan.
Besides, Soviet occupation of Afghanistan was the most critical event leading to the
spread of militancy. A fundamental change that altered the very character of society in
Pakistan occurred after the outbreak of Soviet-Afghan war. However, the real damage
was exposed only after the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, when there emerged
weaponization and violence in Pakistan. Lately, in the wake of US attack on
Afghanistan, and Pakistan's entry into War on Terror as an ally, the extremism and
terrorism soared.
With its multifarious nature, the magnitude of terrorism has become greater. Ethnic,
sectarian; nationalist, separatist; and jihadi terrorism are some forms of it.
Ethnicity has been haunting Pakistan since its emergence as an independent state. This
was the ethnicity factor that led to dismemberment of the country in 1971. Arson,
bombings, assaults, vandalism and even murder have been some aspects of this
nuisance.
Separatist terrorism is another threat to Pakistan. The Balochistan province has been
facing the intermittent guerilla wars. The tribal militants, allegedly patronized by
foreign powers especially India, carry out heinous acts of terrorism and even resort to
target killings to advance their separatist agenda.
The so-called jihad is another form of terrorism that is most widespread nowadays.
This type of terrorism emerged with Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the late 19705.
After the Soviet withdrawal, this armed struggle transformed into a sort of civil war,
and later Afghanistan became a breeding ground for terrorists.
Furthermore, after 9/11 attacks, when Pakistan entered in war against terrorism, some
of these sham Jihadi groups turned their guns against Pakistan.
This violent phenomenon has become complex in nature due to multitude of the
causes. The situation in Pakistan is more complicated due to its underdevelopment,
strategic location, diverse cultures and religious orientation of society. The first and
foremost cause is widespread illiteracy in Pakistan. Pakistan ranks 113th among the
120 nations in the literacy rate index.
Since, people lack the knowledge of the true teachings of Islam; they are easily carried
away by the emotional and sentimental speeches of religious fanatics.
Secondly; injustice or lack of justice is also one of the core causes of terrorism. People
are suffering from many social injustices including, but not limited to, unequal
resource distribution, restricted access to quality education, the elite's hegemony in
political system, lack of basic health facilities, and non-availability of necessary
commodities to major portion of the population. There is plethora of examples in
history when deprived and marginalized people rebelled and even resorted to violence
to gain their rights. In Pakistan, the underprivileged and depressed class is prone to be
exploited by the terrorists.
Thirdly; poverty is also a major cause of terrorism. According to a study conducted by
the Sustainable Development Policy
Institute, every third Pakistani is living below the poverty line i.e. 58.7 million out of
180 million are living in abject poverty. A survey conducted by Benazir Income
Support Program (BISP) revealed that around 45.7% population of Pakistan is poor.
These people, caught in the vicious cycle of poverty, join terrorists for monetary
benefits.
Fourthly; derailing of democracy by military dictators also contributed to the spread of
terrorism in Pakistan. History of the county manifests that these were the decisions of
militag rulers that put Pakistan in this guandag. It was Zia's decision to involve
Pakistan in war against Soviets in Afghanistan. Again, it was Gen Pervez Musharraf's
decision to become a frontline US-ally in war against terrorism.
Fifthly; the ever-growing religious intolerance in Pakistan also fosters terrorism. In
recent past, more than 100 Shiites were killed in Quetta in one attack. In addition,
many Sunni/Shia processions were attacked and churches were set ablaze.
Sixthly; Pakistan's participation in Afghan War has also plagued the country with
terrorism. Pakistan still ails from the disease it acquired during Soviet-Afghan war.
Now, those militias have become so unbridled that they even challenge the writ of the
government in various parts of the country.
Seventhly; the crippling economy also gives rise to terrorism. The faltering economy
has increased inflation, poverty and unemployment. Almost 50% of the Pakistani
workforce is unemployed, reveals the survey released by the Pakistan Economy Watch
(PEW). Miseries compel people to find additional sources of income and the terrorists
lure these marginalized people. Thus, economic frailty makes recruitment for terrorists
easier.
Terrorism is the biggest threat to a viable state. The first and foremost threat, it poses,
is to democratic system of the country. Pakistan has had only a wobbling democracy.
Proper democratic transition is taking place for the first time in the country's history.
However, the elections were marred by terrorist attacks on election campaigns. If the
environment of insecurity prevails, democracy would never flourish and people will
lose trust in the democratic process.
Terrorism also threatens the sovereignty of Pakistan. The presence of terrorists invites
drone attacks which is a serious challenge to the country's sovereignty. One of the
major reasons behind the crippled economy of Pakistan is terrorism. The terrorist
activities in Pakistan have led to flight of capital and investors. The investors are
reluctant to invest here due to law and order situation. The estimated losses are around
$7obn. Moreover, tourism industry of Pakistan is also in a dying state. Furthermore,
the threat of terrorism also compels the government to divert resources to security
spending.

Terrorism also hampers the prospects of good governance. The government finds itself
hapless to improve the law and order situation in the country. The schools are bombed
and demolished which deprives people of the light of knowledge. The proponents of
education are attacked; the case of Malala Yousafzai is an example in this regard.
Terrorism thwarts the progress of the country as well. Pakistan couldn't make any
progress in the last decade rather all the economic and human development indices
show a considerable fall. Pakistan ranks 145th on the Human Development Index. The
country has spent more than $20 billion on war against terror and is compelled to
increase its defense budget. Resultantly, the spending on the social development has
seen new lows. Hence, terrorism causes underdevelopment which leads to increase in
miseries of the masses.
Terrorism endangers the national security as well. A fleeting look at the current
situation reveals that the country is suffering from worst security crisis. Terrorists
carried out, successfully, attacks even on most secure and strategically important
places. The attacks on GHQ, Mehran Naval Base and Kamra Air Base are testimony
to this fact. The magnitude of losses can be gleaned from the fact that only one Saab-
2000 aircraft fitted with an Airborne Early Warning & Control System (AWACS)
destroyed at Kamra was worth $250 million.
Terrorism, lastly, is a great threat to national integrity. It is threatening the very roots
and fabric of the society. Pakistanis are being divided into small sub-nations fighting
to assert their existence and separate identity.
Despite the above-mentioned facts, Pakistan has all the capacity and potential to
eradicate terrorism. All it requires is a comprehensive and coordinated strategy. First
of all, religious leaders and scholars can play a vital role in this regard. They should
use speeches and writings to preach the message of peace.
Two; the civil society also needs to come forward and play its role in sorting out the
problems face by the nation. Moreover, a huge campaign is required to defeat the
ideologies of terrorists. This campaign or mass movement can be used very effectively
with collaborative efforts.
Three; uniform system of education can play a viable role in eradicating terrorism.
The curriculum should be free of all the biases, religious bigotry and fanaticism. It
shall include religious and modern education in equal proportions. The minds of
younger generation need to be washed of all the rigidness; then only peace will prevail
in society.

Four; media can be the most effective tool in eliminating terrorism. Media can be used
to educate people and bring them on board about challenges faced by the country. Soft
corner for militancy in the general public can only be eradicated by well- organized
media effort.
Five; peace in Afghanistan is one of the prerequisites for curbing terrorism in
Pakistan. Presence of NATO and Allied Forces in Afghanistan is a major cause of
instability in the region.
Sixth; an effective strategy to counter militant and extremist groups hinges in the
capability to gain timely and accurate intelligence. The local intelligence needs to be
strengthened in terms of organization, equipment, training and coordination. The
intelligence agencies should be made completely free of political interference.
Seventh; a coherent strategy on using force as last resort should be evolved. The
foreigners cannot live among the locals unless they are sufficiently motivated to
support these militants. The local tribesmen should be taken into confidence and must
be encouraged to stand up against the foreign elements.
Eighth; economic and social disparity leads to increase in recruitment of terrorists.
Economic recovery should be given the top priority, especially in the underdeveloped
areas. Comprehensive plans to ensure revival of industry to generate economic
activity and jobs should be devised.
Lastly, there is, undoubtedly, a need for providing speedy and affordable justice to
poor masses. As 'Justice delayed is justice denied', the people feel themselves
alienated from society. The performance of lower judiciary has resulted in loss of trust
of general public in courts and thus the Taliban-type speedy justice system attracts
public support in certain areas. Therefore, justice system should be reviewed to ensure
that people get speedy and affordable justice. Moreover, the prosecution needs to be
made effective in order to curtail the large acquittal ratio of terrorists.
There is no denying the fact that Pakistan is facing great threat of terrorism. It's a
country which is plagued with multifarious terrorism caused by several intricate
problems. It poses threat to essential ingredients of the state, from democracy to
national security and integrity of the country. However, combating terrorism is not an
insurmountable task for this resilient nation. The enormity of the challenge has led to
the momentum that is underway with regard to building of consensus on the policy to
combat terrorism. This would lead to a conclusive strategy to eliminate this menace.
The policy accompanied with political resolve is bound to win this war and achieve
the stability and prosperity in the country.

Global Warming
[The distinction between weather and climate is an important one. For example,
weather forecasts can be fairly specific but are little use more than a few days into the
future.]
Ql. What exactly is the climate?
Climate, like weather, describes the state of the atmosphere in terms of factors such as
temperature, wind and rainfall. But whereas weather describes conditions as measured
in hours, days or weeks, the climate is average weather conditions measured over the
longer term: months, years or decades.
The distinction between weather and climate is an important one. For example,
weather forecasts can be fairly specific but are little use more than a few days into the
future. By contrast, climate predictions focus on expected changes in average
conditions, while recognizing that individual days, weeks, months or years will always
buck the longer-term trend.
Each area of the world has its own climate, though scientists also study the planet's
overall climate system. The term climate comes from the Greek klinein, or "slope",
describing how the angle that the sun hits the earth varies in different regions.
Q2. What is climate change?
Any process that causes adjustments to a climate system - from a volcanic eruption to
a cyclical change in solar activity - is creating "climate change". Today, however, the
phrase is often used as shorthand for anthropogenic climate change i.e. climate change
caused by humans. The principal way in which humans are understood to be affecting
the climate is through the release of heat-trapping greenhouse gases into the air.
Climate change is used interchangeably with "global warming", reflecting the strong
warming trend that scientists have observed over the past century or so.
Q3. Is the world really getting warmer?
Yes. There is agreement among the scientists that the earth has warmed in the last
century. Here's how the world's most prestigious scientific bodies put it in a joint
statement signed by the heads of the national science academies in Brazil, Canada,
China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Russia, the UK and the US: "Climate
change is real. There will always be uncertainty in understanding a system as complex
as the world's climate. However, there is now strong evidence that significant global
warming is occurring. The evidence comes from direct measurements of rising surface
air temperatures and subsurface ocean temperatures and from phenomena such as
increases in average global sea levels, retreating glaciers, and changes to many
physical and biological systems."
In other words, we know that the planet is warming because temperature
measurements show it and because these measurements are borne out by observations
such as rising sea levels, retreating snow cover and glaciers, longer growing seasons
and shifting wildlife. There's a good summary of ten different warming indicators - all
of which support the theory that temperatures are increasing - in this report by the US
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
The same academies listed above - which represent the definitive voice of science in
each country - have restated their position on global warming a number of times since
that original statement was issued in 2005. The most recent joint statement from 2009
said that "climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated".
The IPCC, a UN scientific body convened to assess and surmise science relating to
climate change, stated in its last assessment of the evidence that "warming of the
climate system is unequivocal... The same report - drawing on the full range of
published science papers on the subject - points to a rise of about three-quarters of a
degree celsius in the past century, with much of that warming taking place over the
past few decades.
Of course, the fact that the world is warming doesn't mean that it is getting hotter in a
uniform way. The long-term rise in temperature is affected by shorter term factors
such as changes in solar activity and regional cycles such as the oscillation between El
Nino and La Nina conditions in the Pacific. And some regions - such as the Arctic -
are warming significantly faster than others.
Taken as a whole, however, and averaged out over decades to remove year-to-year
variability, the warming trend is clear.
Q4. Are humans definitely causing global warming?
The world's most respected scientific bodies have stated that there is strong evidence
that humans are driving the warming. The 2005 joint statement from the national
academies of Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Russia, the
UK and the US said:
"It is likely that most of the warming in recent decades can be attributed to human
activities."
Countless more recent statements and reports from the world's leading scientific
bodies have said the same thing. For example, a 2010 summary of climate science by
the Royal Society stated that:
"There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has
been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes
in land use, including agriculture and deforestation."
There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has
been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes
in land use, including agriculture and deforestation."
The idea that humans could change the planet's climate may be counter-intuitive, but
the basic science is well understood.
Each year, human activity causes billions of tonnes of greenhouse gases to be released
into the atmosphere. These gases capture heat that would otherwise escape to space -
the equivalent of wrapping the planet in an invisible blanket.
Of course, the planet's climate has always been in flux thanks to "natural" factors such
as changes in solar or volcanic activity, or cycles relating the Earth's orbit around the
sun. According to the scientific literature, however, the warming recorded to date
matches the pattern of warming we would expect from a build-up of greenhouse gas in
the atmosphere.
The only way to prove with 100% certainty that humans are responsible for global
warming would be to run an experiment with two identical Earths - one with human
influence and one without. That obviously is not possible, and so most scientists are
careful not to state human influence as an absolute certainty.

World Order: Unipolar to Multipolar

[History has witnessed cycles of rise and fall of civilisations, empires and regional as
well as global powers. In past, military power was the only decisive factor in "balance
of power" among nations.]
Outline:
1. Introduction
2. Brief history of World Order
3. United States' Unipolar Status
4. Determinants of World Order
a) Economic strength
b) military power
c) International political clout
d) Ideology appeal
5. The Paradigm shift
6. Catalyst factors:
a) Energy resources
b) Iraq war
c) Financial crisis
d) Globalization
7. Future scenario- Multipolar World
8. Would the multi-polarity be beneficial to world?
9. Conclusion
Essay:
History has witnessed cycles of rise and fall of civilizations, empires and regional as
well as global powers. In past, military power was the only decisive factor in "balance
of power" among nations. Its strength ensured their expansion and influence while its
weakness precipitated their fall and disintegration. Though, it is still an important
element, many other factors like economy, ideology, political stability, statesmanship
and diplomacy have played substantial role in determining the status of a country
among the comity of nations in this globalization world.
The World Order has been more dynamic due to the unprecedented developments in
international affairs in the last century-ranging from multipolar, bipolar and unipolar.
The US has enjoyed unilateral and unparalleled status in the international affairs. But
as history repeats itself, the might of American power is visibly diminishing due to
neoconservative and imperialistic policies, and new centers of power are emerging to
shape the "multipolar world order".
Naturally, whenever any major power or state has shown its ambition to conquer the
world and set up hegemonic empire, it has created resistance from other forces or
alliance of forces. This clash of power has been the characteristics of all the periods,
though; the 20th century is significantly an example of unprecedented struggle
between the countries to acquire world supremacy. In the multipolar world, the
conflict between European countries led to the World War-I. Till then United States of
America followed isolationist policies in international realm. During first three years
of war, Washington remained out of war and then declared war on Germany on April
6, 1917. The success in war established an international foothold for the US.
The League of Nations could maintain peace only for two decades. The imperial
designs of Germany and Japan renewed the conflict of power, which resulted in the
World War-".
This deadliest war of history came to an end with of the deadliest weapons (nuclear
bombs), which ushered in a new era of nuclear competition. As the military strength of
both the US and the USSR (former) had played significant role in defeating the "axis",
they established their enormous influence in the world affairs. The resulting conflict of
interest and ideology between the US and the USSR shaped "Bipolar World Order". In
the aftermath of World War-II, United Nations Organisation (UNO) was created to
maintain peace. However, this forum was also unable to diffuse the tension between
the US and the former USSR which marked the second half of the 20th century. The
period is known as the Cold War.
Eventually, Cold War ended with the disintegration of the USSR and emergence of the
US as sole super power of the world-economically, militarily and politically. The then
president of the US Bush coined the term "New World Order", which was
significantly "Unipolar". The US has enjoyed a prominent status and role since then;
its economy grew with tremendous pace, its military strength has been unmatched, its
political influence in the international affairs has been uncontested, and its ideology of
democratic principle earned its world leadership.
Simply, the US holds supremacy in every element of global eminence. Richard Nixon,
the ex-president of the US, in his book "In the Arena", has described ingredients of
global political clout as: economic power, military forces, ideological appeal,
domestic political cohesion, skill in statecraft and commonality of interest with other
major powers. In the light of these ingredients the US still enjoys upper hand over
other countries of the world. Some of these are enumerated here.
America is the largest economy of the world with the GDP of over $14 trillion, having
per capita income of $46000 for population of 306 million. Its exports exceeded $1.5
trillion with machinery and equipments as major components.
The US also possesses a strongest military in the world with 1.4 million active
personnel force. Its combat force consists of the largest number of carrier ships, fastest
fighter planes with precision guided missiles and bombs. It has successfully tested
anti-ballistic missile shield capacity.
More importantly, the US has led the world ideologically- for the purpose of
democratic principles. It was this ideological perception on the basis of which League
of Nations after the World War-I and the United Nations after the World War-II were
created.
Moreover, it has maintained commonalty of interest with other major powers.
However, it has not been able to acquire absolute power due to increasing competition
from other major powers, particularly emergence of China, resurgence of Russia, and
union of European countries globally and Iran, Venezuela regionally. "The scope of
America's global hegemony is admittedly great but its depth is shallow, limited by
both domestic and external restraints." Says Birzinski, the former US National
Security Advisor.
The US has posed and acted as a most powerful state in the last two decades, but the
shallowness of its power. Other powers have challenged the hegemony of the US in
the international affairs. Though, no any power has individually surpassed the US in
any of the elements of balance of power, they are poised to do in the near future, given
the changing paradigm.
Economically, the US is still the largest economy of the world but closely followed by
Japan and China. The per capita income of Japan is higher than that of the US. China
has a very growing economy with sustained growth rate of over nine per cent for the
last one and a half decades. The US faces trade deficit of $800 billon while China has
trade surplus of $150 billion a year. EU, collective GDP is now greater than that of the
US. Since the launch of Euro currency in 1999, dollar had been losing its value
against it constantly. Economy of Russia has been bloating since 2000 and its GDP
has been tripled. The rising oil and gas prices have added enormous impetus in
Russian economy. Commenting on the challenges to unipolarity of the US, Richard N.
Hass, a scholar at US Council for Foreign Affairs, wrote in "Foreign Affairs
Magazine": "Although US' GDP accounts for over 25 per cent of the world total, this
percentage is sure to decline over time given actual and projected differential between
US growth rate and those of Asian giants".
Militarily, US military force is said to be the strongest in the world but its superiority
is not assuredly marked to contrast to the military forces capabilities of other major
powers like Russia, China, France, Germany or if the capability of communist
countries is combined on the one hand and that of the EU is combined on other hand.
Almost all the major powers are nuclear states. Russia claims to have antiballistic
missile capability successfully developed and tested during the Cold War; China has
tested a direct 'anti-satellite missile' and 'carrier cruse killer'. Moreover, in the current
scenario militarism and terrorism have undermined the strength of quite larger armies.
The 9/11 attacks showed how a small investment by terrorists could cause
extraordinary level of damage.
Politically, the influence of the US and its unilateral posture has been seriously
checked. This is manifested from nuclear imbroglio with North Korea and Iran. China
proved to be the best able to influence Pyongyang. Iran has faced four sets of
sanctions by the UNSC on the insistence of the US but does not seem to be ready to
compromise its stance. The degree of sanctions was significantly softened due to the
stand of Russia and China. "Washington, ability to pressure Tehran has been
strengthened by the participation of several western European countries and weakened
by the reluctance of China and Russia to sanction Iran", says Richard N. Hass.
Meanwhile, writ of the US has been significantly challenged by Venezuela in Latin
America, which is supported by Argentina and Brazil. While challenging the US
authority, Venezuela is developing close relations with Russia and China. Russian
President Dimitry Medvedev visited Caracas in mid-2008 and signed a nuclear deal
with his counterpart Hugo Chavez. Their military cooperation is also strengthening
after this result. In South Asia, India is emerging as a global power due to its robust
economic growth and large population of over 1 billion.
Ideologically, US had prominence due to its ideological appeal but the practical
approach to the democratic cause has been contrary to the ideology. Washington,
dealing with other countries has been influenced by its economic and hegemonic
interests rather than democratic principles and justice. The US has been supportive to
dictatorships and kingdoms, while it has been calling others for democracy. The factor
which has most stigmatized America, reputation is its policy in the Middle East where
it has been biased. It calls Israel, 'state terrorism' as 'right of self-defense', while it
terms the legitimate resistance of Palestinians as 'terrorism'.
Though, emergence of new powers was natural, the status of the US could remain
unchallenged, had Washington transformed its attitude and policies from a unilateralist
to multilateralist approach. But the unilateral and unjustified policies of the US on
several accounts from Iraq war to climate change crises have only unveiled fissures in
its power structure. The most controversial issues, which have placed the US at the
opposite pole from rest of the world, are energy crises, Iraq war, climate change,
financial crises and globalization. These factors have rather proved catalyst in the shift
from unipolar to the multipolar world.
Energy resources are vital element in foreign policy formulation, particularly in
contemporary scenario of energy crises. The US energy policy is a driving force
behind the end of unipolarity. Since there is increase in demand of oh, it has two-fold
effects on geopolitical front. First; the increase in demand raised the world oh prices
from just over $20 a barrel to over $150 a barrel in less than a decade until the
financial crisis plunged the oil prices. This increase in oil cost resulted in enormous
transfer of wealth and leverage to energy rich countries. Secondly in order to secure
energy supply, all the major powers have common interest in the energy rich
countries. This competition has resulted in confrontational politics on the international
stage. This is the energy demand which led the US to war in Iraq.
The Iraq war has significantly contributed to the dilution of the US power in the
world. It has proved to be expensive in terms of almost all elements of power and in
human terms. Historian Paul Kennedy had outlined in his book 'Imperial Overstretch'
that the US would eventually decline by overreaching just as other powers had in the
past. The war has cost America deaths of more than 4,500 troops and over $700
billion as loss. Resultantly, the US fiscal position has declined from surplus of $100
billion in 2000 to a deficit of $700 billion in 2007. This also manifests that
Washington cannot fight anymore war unilaterally.
On the diplomatic front, the US could not obtain approval from the United Nations
Security Council (UNSC) for going into war in Iraq. The issue of pre-emptive war
divided the US and the UK from their European partners — France and Germany —
and other global powers — Russia and China.
The financial crisis of 2008 hit the backbone of the US economy whereas Russian,
Chinese and other Asian economies have displayed quite stability. The crisis damaged
not only its economy but image as well. "The financial crisis is causing major damage
to US image as the stable anchor of the world economy, and American leadership, as
the dominant financial superpower with free and innovative markets, is in question",
says Yeongseop Rhee, of Brookings institution. In a short, the financial crisis has
defined the economic multipolarity of the world.
Besides, the globalization has transformed the world into an interdependent multipolar
world. Nation States have been losing their monopoly on power and are being
challenged by regional and global organizations, and non-governmental organizations
(NG0s) and corporations. Globalization has strengthened ties and connection in
economy, politics, science and technology, culture and society around the world. It is
the impact of globalization and leverage of environmental NGOs that 186 countries
though reluctantly signed the Kyoto Protocol, Copenhagen Accord and now the
'Cancun Agreements' on climate change.
Above issues have reflected upon a point that no country can independently address
such global issues like climate change, terrorism, proliferation of weapons of mass
destruction, economic crisis and above all the world peace and security. It has been
proved that unilateral and hegemonic efforts have been failed to change the objective
law of world politics, rather, they have aroused resistance across the world.
Hence it is becoming evident that the age of 'unipolarity' is 'dissipating' and the world
is 'moving towards' natural 'multipolarity'. In other words, there emerged multipowers
or centres power. However, multipolarity is not an immediate reality the rather it is
developing trend. As the emerging powers are strengthening and their inter-
dependence increasing, world is being pushed towards multipolarity.
In the future multipolar world order, power would not rest with a few major countries
but with several countries. Each having its specific prominence will have assertive say
in the world affairs. Besides the US, Japan, China, EU and India would have
economic strength. Iran, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, members of the African Union and
Brazil would have leverage due to their vast energy resources. Russia would have both
advantages. Some countries would have importance due to their geostrategic location
like Pakistan, Central Asian States, Ukraine, and Turkey as these countries are located
on the energy routes through which energy resources will be routed to rest of the
world. Besides, the international organizations like UNO, World Bank, IMF; regional
organizations like SAARC, EU, SCO, ASEAN, AU and NGOs including
environmental, social and humanitarian would be on the list of power centres.
Here a question arises; whether the multipolar world with so many power centres
could ensure peace and security? There are serious concerns because previous
multipolarity had led to two World Wars. The answer is assuredly affirmative. The
future multipolarity is not going to be like the previous one based on independent
power base of countries. On the contrary, the emerging multipolarity is the age of
growing inter-dependence and mutual cooperation. The countries would not be
asserting their influence individually but through regional and international
organizations on the basis of democratic principles.
The strength of economy, technological advancement, availability of energy and
human development depend upon the cooperation of all countries and civilisations.
And a multipolar world can best serve this purpose by creating balance in exercise of
power and boosting competitive atmosphere in technological and economic fields. In
this regard, a scholar of Chinese People Association for Peace and Disarmament, Yu
Zhongrong says, "A multipolar world is characterised with coexistence of multiple
forces and multiple entities." To be precise, collective security, mutual cooperation
and inter-dependence would be the earmark of multipolar world.
To achieve this purpose, all the existing and emerging powers need to develop
consensus on some prerequisites. The international relations are required to be
democratised. And to achieve the goals, UN is a best forum. Firstly its charter's basic
principles of equality of states, majority as core of democratic system and mechanism
of institutions shall be followed in true spirit in dealing with all international issues.
Secondly, UN's authority must be safeguarded and enhanced to play its role to balance
the power of various forces and to find just and rational solution to international
conflicts like Palestine, Kashmir, Iraq, nuclear proliferation and humanitarian crises. It
shall facilitate dialogue and exchange of views between different civilisations and
cultures of all religion, region and countries.
As the chronicles of international politics have proved that hegemony and imperialism
are the biggest threat to world peace and are the root causes of conflicts and wars, the
multipolar world of 'inter-dependence' and 'coexistence' is a bid to create a
harmonious world of economic stability, social justice, collective security and
common development. In this way, human will see the world to embark on the path of
peace-the ultimate goal.

NOT IGNORANCE BUT IGNORANCE OF

IGNORANCE IS TRUE IGNORANCE
[The fact that not ignorance but ignorance of ignorance is true ignorance encompasses
the justification of existence of behaviours which are antagonist to all.]
True ignorance prevails when intellectual, social and moral maturities cease to
exist in a society. Not condemning the despicable behaviours which come in the
sphere of ignorance causes states to lag behind other states. It affects people not only
on individual level but on national level as well. Countries with such framework based
on true ignorance attract anti-state factors to come into play leading to collapse of the
whole system. Thus, adoption of appropriate measures to overcome appalling
outcomes of true ignorance is the need of the hour.
Civil society should endeavor to cultivate the sense of maturity among all segments of
society. Media should present strategies to equip the society with moral, ethical and
intellectual maturity to counter the effects of true ignorance.
Being ignorant from true ignorance is the reason why societies' dreams to be called
civilized ones remain unfulfilled. Ineptness to differentiate behaviours that are against
the societal norms doesn't exhibit a lack of education; rather, it manifests that the
society is devoid of social and moral consciousness. Unintentional acknowledgment
of unacceptable behaviours laid the foundation of true ignorance.
Our Pakistani society couldn't get rid of such ignorance in real sense. Here, people
couldn't recognize the behaviours which are unwanted in a civilized setup. For
instance, in a civilized society, daughters don't remain bachelorettes only because the
family would lose a part of land if they marry. Such behaviour speaks volumes on
moral, social and intellectual immaturity that prevails in Pakistani society.
The paucity of such maturities has paved the way for acceptance of unwanted
behaviours in society. Nations immature socially, morally and intellectually never
stand out among others. Pakistan though vociferously supports humanitarian causes
but presence of vices like karokari, wani, gender discrimination, and violence against
women casts doubts on her stance.
The societies which don't curb the attitudes against their norms instigate the loss of
moral obligations in their citizenry. Moral obligation is a self-check that makes people
to realize their responsibilities toward society as well as the state. Unfortunately, in
Pakistani society, such ignorance is leaving its loathed mark on the lives of the
masses. Loss of this obligation has halted the internalization of social responsibility
among individuals. Hence they don't care for the duties they owe to society as well as
state. For instance, a person who witnesses an accident shirks helping just because he
doesn't want to indulge in an activity that won't pay him anything. Such an attitude has
eroded the selflessness among the members of Pakistani society.
Emergence of individualistic approach marks the prevalence of true ignorance in
Pakistan. Those societies are doomed to fail where every member has a self-centered
approach in each and every matter of life. They care only about themselves. Instead of
collective benefit, they prioritize individual interests only. Egoistic approach deprives
the social setup from sense of humanity. Hoarding eatables in hours of flood may be
an example of this negative attitude.
 Egocentric people in Pakistan are letting jazzy rituals to thrive. For instance,
despite all efforts against Hindu tradition of dowry, many people have a mindset
which favors this custom. This ignorance has resulted in many girls turning into
spinsters as their parents couldn't arrange for their dower.
Another outcome of existence of such phenomenon in Pakistani society is
social disintegration. A pivotal force which creates a robust social system is unity
among individuals. It gives them a collective binding which results in a cohesive
system. Such a system not only fulfils the peoples' basic needs like food, shelter,
justice, equality, etc., it also safeguards them from the factors which manipulate them
according to their whims and wishes. True ignorance unleashes injustice and iniquity
in every aspect of life thus people have to lead their lives in a frail, imperfect social
setup which cannot ensure providence of equal opportunities to all without any
discrimination of cast and creed. Furthermore, it deprives the people of their basic
rights and arouses feelings of animosity toward society. This ensues in lessened social
coherence and integrity making the society vulnerable to be controlled by the aliens
with a system that protects their vested interests. Lack of justice is another factor that
is increasing woes and is producing irregularities in every aspect of life. Rampant
corruption, cronyism, and disregard to law, etc., create belligerence and weaken the
social bond. That, why anti-societal factors like feudal or tribal lords, etc., still rule the
roost in Pakistan.
Antiquated and bigoted mindset of different stakeholders in social setup
furthers the inhumane customs. Such customs harbor the phenomenon of true
ignorance. In some parts of Pakistan, freedom of women is still an elusive dream and
a curse for the family norms, education of girls amounts to challenging ancestors'
values. All these attitudes breed such behaviours unchecked. These behaviours are in
different shapes a. inculcate in society with alternate forms. Illegal landholding,
exploitation of manpower, acid throwing, curbs on women to vote are some forms of
this detrimental effect to our social framework.
In Pakistan, practices conforming to true ignorance are leading to use of illegitimate
means. No civilized society can allow human trafficking, child labour, smuggling, or
such other vices. Those who let this happen are the true embodiments of senseless
people who have no moral obligation and indulge into true ignorance. Tax evasion,
corruption, nepotism, abuse of power, etc., are the ramifications of this irresponsible
behaviour. Every individual owes some inescapable duties to his or her state. Minds
which resort to such practices are a part of social setup discouraging those who
perform their duties religiously. Tax evasion haunts the economy of country. A major
chunk of country, finances is to be spent on providing basic amenities to the citizens.
This elaborates the need of collection of revenues in form of taxes. Tax evasion is
damaging the whole setup and a vicious cycle of unavailability of basic necessities
still prevails.
Acceptance of corrupt means in Pakistani society is an outcome of being ignorant,
knowingly or unknowingly, from the phenomenon of moral values which bound
everyone to condemn and stop any immoral act. Corruption in any form i.e. cronyism,
favoritism, etc., is a never tolerated in civilized societies. It negates merit in every
aspect of life. The corrupt people are weakening the social fabric that is nearing
collapse fast.
In Pakistan, the prevalence of true ignorance lets sectarianism and extremism prosper
and thrive. Anti-social factors rise in presence of an environment that helps them go
on to pursue their ulterior motives. Raja Bazaar Rawalpindi incident or Shia leaders'
killings are carried out by anti-state actors as they want to derail the system and work
for chaos in Pakistan. These savage elements approach the affectees of terror incidents
and instigate them to rebellion against the state. These vile practices are encouraging
an extremist a. fanatic approach among some cadres of society. Mobilizing all the
resources of brainwashing innocent young boys, results in suicide bombing and mass
killings. Such episodes are creating panic and chaos in society leading to the creation
of conflict a. frustration at all levels.
Inability to condemn a. eradicate such negative behaviours ensued from true ignorance
prove detrimental to interfaith harmony in Pakistan. Mullahs, the pseudo-scholars,
come with their own bigoted interpretation of Islam. It is creating a wave of disdain a.
hatred among followers of other religions. As this creates a sense of insecurity among
minorities, peace in the society remains a far cry. Islam teaches to be tolerant and
modest in each a. every matter, a. being not among those who spread mischief on
earth. This true ignorance is tearing the social fabric apart and is halting the social
connection and coherence.
In Pakistan, attitudes based on such mindset are consequence of true ignorance.
Acts like street violence, destruction of public a. private property, mass agitation, etc.
are further adding to the woes of people who are already mired in deteriorated law and
order situation. All these actions challenge the writ of the state. Once the writ of the
state is challenged, the door to anti-state groups to implement their destructive
thinking opens. Unknown abductions, target killings, extortion, kidnappings for
ransom wreak havoc in the country. This had imparted an opportunity to those anti-
state elements who aspire to fulfil their malicious designs and create a state within a
state that is detrimental to the ideology of a country. Notwithstanding, the whole
scenario seems to be absurd but it, not impossible to turn the tables. Various strategies
can be evolved and measures adopted to rout and annihilate these anti-state elements
thus countering the destructive impacts of true ignorance which has affected us at
individual as well as national level. Internalization of self-check approach is the key to
overcoming all repercussions caused by true ignorance on individual level. It can be
internalized through informal ways of social control along with proper education.
Once a sense of self-check is restored, a society based on responsible citizens well
equipped with moral obligation towards each other a. state would take its roots. It
would put a .11 stop to self-centered approach and would create a social setup
featuring social integration. Education system should be made capable of inculcating
moral, ethical and social values in individuals. This is the only way to overcome the
hazardous effects a true ignorance in Pakistani society. Such system would produce
citizens who would abolish the outdated customs in society a. would be a source of
social change to ensure eradication of all negative attitudes and behaviours. Civil
society must come forward to get the culprits, who tarnish the image of the country
with their wrongdoings, penalized. An awareness campaign to discourage such
behaviours which favors the assimilation of culture of tax evasion, corruption etc, is
direly needed.
Media is playing an unprecedentedly tremendous role as a watchdog to
eliminate all the behaviours which are trademark of true ignorance in our society.
Media should also present the content that should create awareness on responsibilities
a. duties of the citizens to end social menaces. Media must people that they must not
become a puppet in the hands of anti-state actors. It should inculcate the sense of
nationalism in citizens and enable them to safeguard the ideology of Pakistan.
In nutshell, the notion "not ignorance but ignorance of ignorance is true ignorance"
consists of philosophy upon which basis of all the anti-societal behaviours lie.
Whether a nation is a civilized one is determined by its foundation on social and moral
consciousness. The societies which are lack such consciousness represent a typical
example of true ignorance. Pakistani society has become an embodiment of true
ignorance which, in tum, is dismantling the whole setup a. entangling individual as
well as collective lives of people in its ramifications. The champions of outdated
customs and traditions openly follow their absurd traditions.
True ignorance is damaging all spheres of life equally a. is creating a catastrophic
paradigm in society by allowing anti-social and anti-state elements to carry on with
their nefarious agenda. It is jeopardizing national sovereignty a. is putting its security
at stake. There is no denying the fact that there is absolutely nothing which can
redeemed. As someone has rightly said that "Impossible" means "I am possible". So,
timely measures should be taken to get Pakistani society out of the tangle of
obnoxious repercussions of true ignorance. Internalization of self-check approach,
education system capable of embedding moral, ethical a. social values in individuals,
a living civil society a. vibrant media are some steps which should be taken to
eradicate the curse of true ignorance from Pakistan once for all.

Country life is better than urban life

1-Introduction
2. Urban life emerged as civilizations flourished
3. Urban life blessed man with the comforts of life
4. Life in countryside
a. Serenity and tranquility
b. Clean environment and healthy surroundings
c. Rich culture and simple lifestyles
d. Sincere and trustworthy people
e. Lesser crimes
f. Stronger social bonding
g. Agricultural self-sufficiency
5. Country life lacks basic amenities
6. Concept of suburbs
7. Conclusion
Introduction
Man is a social animal by nature and he cannot live in isolation. Throughout history,
human beings have gathered to form civilizations some of which flourished in such a
way that they reached the zenith of development. All these civilizations were
characterized by their peculiar and unique settlements and culture patterns. Human
settlements form a feature that has been a defining element between the two distinct
forms of societies - rural and urban. The debate on "country life versus urban life" is
as old as the hills. Whereas country life presents the very basic form of living, urban
life is blessed with more comforts and facilities. Urban settlements emerged as
civilizations progressed and people required a closer interaction for their economic,
social and political needs. Urban life comforted man with basic amenities as well as
sheer luxuries of life and has become a hallmark a prosperity a. growth. Country life,
on the other hand, offers a natural setting, impossible to be found in urban dwellings.
The serene beauty a. absolute purity of country environment, its traditional and rich
culture and simple lifestyle, stronger social bonding a. sincerity among people a.
remarkably fewer rates of crimes make country life a preferable form of living.
Though country life, in many cases, lacks access to the civic amenities that are
indispensable for a trouble-free living, most people still prefer to live in rural areas.
As mentioned above, man cannot afford to live alone. No child can be brought
up normally in isolation. The essential characteristics of a human being that turn him
into a 'social man' from a 'social animal' are developed through interactions in society.
A child acquires the qualities of learning, reasoning, socializing and communicating
with others from the society. Human settlements are the defining feature of societies.
Thus, the two basic forms of societies - rural and urban - are defined by human
preferences of socialization. It is their desire for stronger political and social
interactions that drives them to form urban settlements. Even the earliest civilizations
of human history - Sumerians, Egyptians, Babylonians and Indians, to name a few,
were centred on one or more cities. In fact, the word 'civilization' itself means living in
cities or urban areas. Urban settlements serve not only as political power-centres; they
also provide opportunities for greater prosperity of civilizations.
The maximum comforts of life are available only in urban environments. Modern
facilities of health, education and civic amenities are the most striking feature of urban
areas. Country folks can only dream of these facilities. Parks, recreational activities,
better employment opportunities, modern banking and financial services,
communication networks are provided in urban areas though some of them are
available, to some extent, in villages as well. From universities to security
arrangements, and from hospitals to shopping-malls, all these facilities are found in
urban areas.
Despite all these modern services and facilities, urban centres fail to cater the needs of
human beings that can be fulfilled by villages only. The modern facilities in cities
come at the cost of peace of mind and true and sincere relationships. Today, people are
fed up of the fast and artificial life in cities. They travel hundreds of kilometres to
enjoy the scenic beauty of nature that is an essential feature of countryside. Living in
countryside still offers many attractions for the human beings.
The most important and foremost among them are the serenity and tranquility found
there.
The extreme overcrowding of cities is nowhere to be found in villages where one lives
absolutely free of such irritating disturbances. The refreshing atmosphere of
countryside ensures calmness and peace of mind which urban dwellers cannot even
think of.
Environment in rural areas is pure and clean. The fresh air, cleaner water, lush green
fields, fresh fruits and vegetables are some benefits of countryside. Unlike urbanites,
country folks do not face the problems like air and noise pollution, filthy gutters, and
menacing traffic jams. They do not suffer from diseases and epidemics that are caused
by contaminated water and overcrowded dwellings.
The rich culture and simple lifestyle also at tract those who aspire to have a
serene living. There is a high regard for culture and traditions in countryside. The
culture, in its purest form, is celebrated only in villages. People are proud of their
traditions and each social event is celebrated with great ardor and fervor. Another
important feature of country life is its sincere and true people who are always there to
help each other. Show-offs and exhibitionists are seldom found there and people know
each other personally and very well. Frauds, forgeries and deceits that are rampant in
urban societies, find little space in the fabric of rural society.
As people know each other, these settlements have a tight community which results in
strong social bonding. They share work in fields, take care of each other and are
together through thick and thin. This creates a stronger sense of community unlike
urban life where one may not know even his next-door neighbor for years.
This close social bonding ensures lesser nuisance and crime rate in countryside.
Urbanites are victims of street crimes, land-grabbing, extortion and even murders. In
countryside, the conflicts are resolved through social control. The verdicts of elders
are accepted and respected by everyone and disputes are settled amicably. This is in
total contrast with the urban society where litigations and complaints are common.
Another benefit of countryside is self-sufficiency in food as most people are involved
in agriculture. The issues of food security or grains shortage are not known to them.
Moreover, the cost of living is fairly lesser there. Contrarily, it is too high in urban
areas. Accommodations are hard to find even at exorbitant prices. The standard of
living is also low. Squatters are common in cities and people are forced to live in
unhygienic and congested environment.
 The benefits of living in countryside are countless. However, everything has its
price. The cost of enjoying pure and natural environment is the lack of basic amenities
of life. The modern systems of sanitation, solid waste management and supply of
drinking water supply are found in cities only. Urban dwellers enjoy modern facilities
of health and education at their doorstep.
The concept of suburbs is getting common as it offers a mixture of simplicity and
purity of countryside and modern facilities of urban life. Suburbs are the hamlets or
neighborhoods that are outside of but reliant on nearby large city. Nowadays, people
prefer living in such areas where they can enjoy natural beauty along with availing the
modern facilities.
To conclude, it's purely a matter of choice which way one wants to live. Countryside
and urban areas are two distinct societies offering peculiar benefits and facilities.
Country folks aspire to have a reach to the modern civic amenities whereas urban
dwellers long to live in serene and peaceful atmosphere of countryside. Many a people
find ways to enjoy benefits of both and believe that the principle in Chinese adage
'making money in big cities and retirement in the country' is the best choice. However,
country life serves as an attraction to most people fed up of the busy lives in noisy and
turbulent cities.