Principles of Animal

Production and Economics

and Entrepreneurship

Pampanga State Agricultural University

College of Veterinary Medicine
AS 100
By: Aljolyn P. Pineda, DVM
CY 2018-2019
Introduction
 Outline
• Introduction to animal production
– general principles of livestock and poultry
management/production
• Local livestock and poultry industries: Status, problems &
prospects
• Animal health and the role of veterinarians
• Common terms/definitions related to animal production
• Animal agriculture: The role of animals, domestication,
husbandry and animal science
• Fundamentals of animal breeding and genetics
• Common livestock and poultry breeds
• Basic principles of animal reproduction (reproductive
physiology)
• Basic aspects of feeds and feeding in livestock and
poultry
Introduction to animal production,
general principles of livestock and
poultry management/production
 Animal Production
• Animals provide food, fiber and leather for
clothing, fuel and draft power for
transportation and soil tillage
 Modern Animal
Agriculture
• Is the business of producing, processing,
and marketing high-quality protein (milk,
meat and eggs), fiber and other animal
products for human consumption.
Local livestock and poultry
industries: Status, problems &
prospects
 Livestock Industry in the
Philippines
• Swine industry
• Poultry (broiler and layer) industry
• Duck industry
• Quail industry
• Cattle (dairy and meat) industry
• Carabao industry
• Goat and sheep industry
 Livestock Production in
Philippines
• Production in the livestock subsector grew by 2.15
%
• 18.89 % of the total agricultural output
• Except for carabao, all components of the
subsector registered output increments.
• Hog production increased by 2.55 %
• The subsector grossed PhP 74.7 billion or 8.81
% more than the previous year’s level.
• From January to September 2018, the livestock
subsector recorded a 2% growth in production.

Psa.gov.ph: 11/7/2018
 Poultry Industry in the
Philippines
• The poultry subsector produced 5.45
% more output last 2018.
• It contributed 18.44 % to the total agricultural
production.
• Output gains were noted for chicken,
chicken eggs and duck eggs.
• The gross value of poultry production at
current prices amounted to PhP 56.1
billion, higher by 19.19 % over the 2017’s
earnings.
• The subsector’s output grew by 5.31 % in
the last three (3) quarters of 2018
 Problems of Animal
Industry
1. Insufficient / unstable supply of feeds
2. Presence of many diseases
3. Frequent climatic disturbances
4. Lack of finances
5. Slow transfer of technology
6. Prevalent poor management practices
7. Record keeping
8. Adaptability problems of animals (dairy)
9. Lack of technical knowledge
 Animal Science
• Study of the biology and management of
higher animals.
• It refers to the different fundamental
disciplines that deal with animal’s life.
– Ex: nutrition, genetics, anatomy and
physiology, breeding and reproduction, animal
health, ethology, biotechnology and animal
husbandry
 Animal Husbandry
• Aka zootechniques
• Refers to the breeding, feeding, care, and
management of animals for the purpose of
making profit.
• The ultimate objective of animal husbandry
is to make profit out of the investment in
animal production.
• In order to do so, animal science, as well as
economic principles must be considered and
should be incorporated in the techniques and
management practices in animal production.
 Animal Science vs
Husbandry
• Both sciences are directed to improve
animal production and increase profit.
• Animal husbandry is applied or practical –
that is, commercial farm production level.
Application of appropriate technologies is
the emphasis to increase production.
• Animal science is directed towards
research activities and technology
generation or packaging from the results of
such research activities.
Animal health and the role
of veterinarians
 Animal Health
• Healthy animals contribute to the elimination of
hunger, to healthy people and to sustainable food
production.
• Healthy animals contribute to the elimination of
hunger, to healthy people and to sustainable food
production.
• Changes in livestock production increase the
potential for new pathogens to emerge, grow and
spread from animals to humans on a global scale.
Healthy animals are closely related to healthy
people and a healthy environment.
 Animal Health Issues
• Zoonotic diseases
• Transboundary diseases
• Insect-borne diseases
• Diseases of production and hygiene
• Veterinary public health
• Food safety
• Strengthening of veterinary systems
• Antimicrobial resistance
 Role of Veterinarians
• Veterinarians play critical roles in
environmental protection, research, food
safety, and public health.
• They work hard to address the health and
welfare needs of every species of animal.
 Protecting the Health of Animals and
Society

• Employment opportunities for veterinarians

include such diverse areas as:
– clinical practice
– teaching and research
– regulatory medicine
– public health
– military service
 Private or Corporate Clinical Practice

• Approximately two-thirds of veterinarians work

in private or corporate clinical practice,
providing veterinary care for a wide range of
species.
• Many treat only traditional or exotic pets such
as dogs, cats, birds, small mammals (e.g.,
hamsters, guinea pigs), reptiles, and fish.
• Some veterinarians exclusively treat horses.
• Others treat a combination of species.
• Some veterinarians limit their practice to the
care of farm/ranch animals and advise owners
on production medicine and protecting our
nation’s food supply from farm to fork.
 Teaching and Research
• Veterinarians in academia instruct veterinary
students, veterinary technology students, other
medical professionals, and scientists.
• Veterinary college faculty members conduct
research, teach, provide care for animals in the
veterinary teaching hospital, and develop
continuing education programs to help practicing
veterinarians acquire new knowledge and skills.
• Research veterinarians employed at universities,
colleges, governmental agencies, or in industry
are finding new ways to diagnose, treat, and
prevent animal and human health disorders.
 Teaching and Research
• Veterinarians in pharmaceutical and biomedical
research firms develop, test, and supervise the
production of drugs and biological products for human
and animal use.
• They usually have specialized education in fields such as
pharmacology, toxicology, virology, bacteriology,
laboratory animal medicine, or pathology.
• Management, regulatory affairs, technical sales and
services, agribusinesses, pet food companies, and
pharmaceutical companies.
• They are in demand in the agricultural chemical industry,
private testing laboratories, and the feed, livestock, and
poultry industries.
 Regulatory Medicine
• Veterinarians are employed by by regulatory agencies
(BAI, NMIS) to quarantine and inspect animals brought
into the country.
– They supervise international and interstate shipments of
animals
– Test for diseases that could threaten animal and human health or
our food supply
– Manage campaigns to prevent and eradicate diseases, such as
tuberculosis and rabies, that pose threats to animal and human
health.
– Ensure that only healthy animals enter our food supply
– Ensure that our meat, poultry and egg products are safe for
consumption through carefully monitored inspection programs
(NMIS).
– Responsible for enforcing humane laws for the treatment of
animals, protecting the health of our nation’s agriculture through
disease surveillance, and preventing foreign animal diseases from
entering the country and endangering the nation’s food supply.
 Public Health
• Veterinarians serve as epidemiologists investigating
animal and human disease outbreaks such as food-borne
illnesses, influenza and rabies.
• Ensure the safety of food processing plants, restaurants,
and water supplies.
• Evaluate the safety and efficacy of medicines, medical
products, pet foods and food additives.
• More than 100 veterinarians are employed by the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to protect
public health by investigating zoonotic diseases and other
diseases affecting the health of animals and people.
• CDC veterinarians are involved in investigating disease
outbreaks throughout the world and developing programs
to prevent the spread of diseases such as malaria, Ebola
and avian influenza.
 Veterinary Corps
• Health protection and preservation of the physical
efficiency of AFP-owned animals
• Prevention, detection, proper handling, and
surveillance of zoonotic diseases
• Establish and implement a system that will ensure
safe food and water for the troops
• Conduct damage assessment, prevent zoonotic
diseases, ensure food and water safety and
provide health care for animals affected during
disasters
• Conduct research and surveys on zoonotic
diseases, perform veterinary diagnostics and
procedures
 Other Professional
Activities
• Animal welfare, zoologic medicine, aquatic animal
medicine, aerospace medicine (shuttle
astronauts), animal shelter medicine, sports
medicine, animal-assisted activity and therapy
programs, and wildlife medicine.
• There are veterinarians involved in local, state and
local government units, working with legislators to
shape laws that protect the health, welfare and
well-being of animals and people.
Common terms/definitions
related to animal
production
 Terminologies
Livestock
• All animals, birds and other living creatures used
for the production of items/commodities that are
useful to man.
• In a narrow sense, it includes generally farm
animals.
• Eg. carabao, cattle, swine, poultry
Poultry
• Collective term for all domesticated fowls/birds
rendering economic services/ benefits to man.
• Eg. chicken,ducks, turkey, quails, pigeons,
ostrich, pheasants, guinea fowls etc.
 Terminologies
• Breed: animals having common origin and
characteristics that distinguish them from other
groups or animals within that same sub-species.
– Eg: cattle breeds - Bos taurus (humpless) and Bos
indicus (humped-back)
• Species: a group of animals having several
common characteristics that differentiate them
from others
• Type: the presumed relationship between
animals’body conformation (structure/built) and its
ability to peroform a given function
– Eg: milk type, meat type, draft, dual-purpose type,
layer, breeder, broiler
 Terminologies
• Purebred: an animal of recognized breed
which is eligible for registry in the official
herdbook of that breed
• Pedigree: a list of individual ancestors,
usually only of the five closest generations
(last 5 generation)
• Crossbreed: an animal resulting from the
mating of two differet breeds.
• Grade: an animal resulting from the
mating of a purebred and native female
 Terminologies
• Castration: the removal of the testicles
in livestock and other animals
• Caponization: the removal of testicles
of male chicken
• Culling: the process of eliminating or
removing undesirable and non-
productive animals
• Selection: the retention of certain
individuals in the population to be
parents of the next generation
 Terminologies
• Parturition: a general term for the act of giving
birth to a young
• Yearling: refers to a maleor female animal
especially cattle, horse, buffalo, during the first
year of their life.
• Sire: male parent
• Dam: female parent
• Litter: multiple offspring produced at one birth by
a multiparous mammal. Also called brood
• Production: is doing or performing all that is
necessary for the efficient and economic results
from livestock, their handling and marketing.
 Terminologies
• Domestic animal: an animal that has
been bred in captivityfor the purpose of
economic profit for man who maintains a
total control over its breeding and feeding.
• Companion animal: Those animals
associated very intimately with man so that
they are subjected to very affectionate
human care. (eg. cats and dogs)
• Farmed animals: are those animals that
are farmed by man that are used for the
production of important items for man.
 Terminologies
• Flock: a grouping of a species of livestock
(sheep, poultry)
• Polled: a naturally hornless animal
• Commercial farming system: is one in
which the farmer generally rears only a
single livestock species and all the products
are sold for cash. These are large units in
which large numbers of animals are reared.
All kinds of labour saving devices like
automatic feeding and watering units,
automatic milk / egg collection etc are used.
 Terminologies
• Extensive farming system: is one in which the animals
are let out for grazing in large areas of land that are not
suitable for agriculture. This is the most popular system of
livestock rearing in the tropics.
• Intensive farming system: is one in which livestock is
reared in confinement with limited access to land. Here,
most of the feed provided to livestock comes from outside
the production unit (purchased). Mostly, hired labour is
used.
• Semi-intensive farming system: is one in which there is
limited grazing and stall feeding of cut grass or tree
leaves. This system is in between extensive and intensive
production systems and is largely dependent up on the
availability of land.
 Terminologies - Cattle
• Bovine: scientific term for cattle
• Calf: young / sexually immature cattle
• Heifer: young female bovine which has not yet had a calf
• Cow: mature female cattle.
• Bull: mature male cattle
• Bullock: Adult male cattle that is castrated and used for
work purpose.
• Steer: a castrated male bovine
• Serving: the act of mating in cattle
• Calving: the act of giving birth in cattle
• Bellowing: sound produced by cattle
• Herd: group of cattle
• Beef: meat of bovine
Terminologies - Buffaloes
• Buffalo bull: Adult male of buffalo used for
breeding.
• Serving: the act of mating in buffaloes.
• Calving: the act of giving birth in buffaloes.
• Bellowing: sound produced by buffaloes.
• Herd: group of buffaloes.
• Carabeef: meat of buffalo
 Terminologies - Sheep
• Ovine: term used to denote • Flock: group of sheep.
animals under the species of • Wether: a castrated male
sheep sheep
• Ram: adult male sheep • Lamb: meat of <1yo sheep
used for breeding.
• Hogget: meat of juvenile
• Ewe: adult female sheep sheep (>1yo)
used for breeding.
• Mutton: meat of adult sheep
• Lamb: young (<1yo) sheep
of either sex. • Wool: textile fiber obtained
from sheep and other
• Tupping: the act of mating animals
sheep.
• Lambing: the act of giving
birth in sheep.
 Terminologies - Goat
• Caprine: refers to animals in the goat family
• Kid: young one of a goat of either sex.
• Buck (billy): adult male goat
• Doe (nanny): adult female goat
• Buckling: male growing goat.
• Wether: a castrated male goat
• Doeling: female growing goat.
• Band: group of goats.
• Serving: the act of mating in goat.
• Kidding: the act of giving birth in goat.
• Bleating: the sound produced by goat.
• Mohair and Cashmere: fiber products obtained from goats
• Chevon: goat meat
 Terminologies - Swine
• Swine: term used to denote animals from family of pigs
• Piglet: young one of a pig of either sex.
• Boar: adult male pig used for breeding.
• Sow: adult female pig used for breeding.
• Hog: mature swine (>120lbs)
• Boarling: young male growing pig.
• Gilt: young female pig.
• Coupling: the act of mating in pigs.
• Farrowing: the act of giving birth in pigs.
• Grunting: the sound produced by pigs.
• Barrow/shoat: castrated male pig.
• Drove: group of pigs
• Pork: meat of pigs
 Terminologies - Chickens
• Avian: class of birds pertaining to all species of birds including
domestic fowl.
• Chick: a newly hatched or a very young chicken
• Broilers: a chicken that is six to 13 weeks of age used for meat
production
• Layer: chicken used for egg production
• Pullet: Female bird under one year of age
• Hen: Female bird over one year of age
• Cockerel: Male bird under one year of age
• Rooster: Male bird over one year of age
• Caponization: removal of testicles in adult chicken
Terminologies - Avian spp
• Gander – Adult male goose
• Goose – Adult female goose
• Drake – Adult male duck
• Duck – Adult female duck
• Poult – Young domestic turkey
• Hen – Adult female turkey
• Tom – Adult male turkey
 Terminologies - Horse
• Equine: name of the family that includes horses, donkeys
and zebras
• Foal: an animal in the equine family, of either sex, that is
one year old or younger
• Colt: a male horse under the age of four
• Filly: a female horse under the age of four
• Gelding: a castrated animal of the equine family
• Pony: a mature horse that measures less than 14.2hands
• Mare: an adult female horse
• Stallion: an adult male horse
• Covering: Act of mating in horse
• Hand: a non-SI unit of measurement that equals four
inches
 Terminologies - Donkey & Mule

• Foal: an animal in the equine family, of either

sex, that is one year old or younger
• Jenny: a female donkey
• Jack: a male donkey
• Mule: is the offspring of a male donkey and a
female horse
• Donkey: a domesticated animal of the equine
family primarily used as a working animal
 Terminologies
Rabbit
• Kit: a young rabbit
• Dog: a female rabbit
• Buck: a male rabbit

Llamas
• Cria a young llama
• Dam: a female llama
• Gelding: a castrated male llama
• Stud: a male llama
End of Presentation.