5 KINGDOMS OF LIVING THINGS Division

Common
Body Form Locomotion
Photosynthetic
Name Pigments
Kingdom Organisms 2 flagella
chlorophylls a &
Euglenophyta Euglenoids unicellular (one of them
bacteria, cyanobacteria or blue- b, carotenoids
Monera is very short)
green algae (BGA) or spirochetes chlorophylls a &
protozoans, slime molds, and unicellular, c, carotenoids,
Pyrrophyta Fire algae 2 flagella
Protista some unicellular or some colonial including
unicellular/multicellular algae fucoxanthin
most
molds, yeasts, mildews, smuts, unicellular,
Fungi flagellated at
toadstools and mushrooms colonial, chlorophylls a &
Chlorophyta Green algae some stage in
siphonous, b, carotenoids
life, some
mosses, ferns, flowering and non- multicellular
nonmotile
Plantae
flowering plants chlorophylls a &
2 flagella on
sponges, insects, worms, fish, Brown
multicellular reproductive
c, carotenoids,
Phaeophyta
Animalia reptiles, amphibians, birds and algae including
cells
mammals fucoxanthin
most chlorophyll a,
multicellular, carotenoids,
I. Kingdom Protista: Algae Rhodophyta Red algae nonmotile
some phycocyanin,
 photosynthetic unicellular phycoerythrin
 eukaryotic organisms
 unicellular/multicellular organisms A. Division Euglenophyta/Euglenoids (900 spp.)
 occurs in salt or fresh waters, or on the surfaces of moist  freshwater
soil or rocks  unicellular and has 2 flagella (one is very short)
 when it moves through water, it changes shape
Divisions of Kingdom Protista: Algae
continually
A. Division Euglenophyta/Euglenoids
 outer covering (pellicle a proteinaceous strips
B. Division Pyrrophyta/Fire algae/Dinoflagellates
underneath their cell membrane and protected or
C. Division Chlorophyta/Green algae
strengthen through microtubules, ventrally and
D. Division Phaeophyta/Brown algae
dorsally) is flexible rather than rigid
E. Division Rhodophyta/Red algae
 eyespot (red to orange) – to perceive light direction
Algae  reproduce asexually (binary fission)
 paramylon – polysaccharide or energy reserve
 similar to plants
 when grown in dark, it loses their chlorophyll and
 have nucleus and membrane bound organelles
ingest organic matter
 have economic importance
 indicator of organic pollution (healthy pond)
 supply oxygen in water
B. Division Pyrrophyta/Fire algae/Dinoflagellates (2,000 –  Multicellular
4,000 spp.) - fragmentation
 two flagella in grooves – belt and in a longitudinal - pieces give rise to new
groove; colonial – loosely group of cells individual
 covered with cellulose plates with silica or silicon o Sexual
dioxide for strength  Isogamous
 store energy reserves as oils and polysaccharides - 2 gametes are identical in size
 2 types of fire algae: and appearance
o Fucoxanthin  Anisogamous
 a photosynthetic pigment - 2 gametes differ in size or
 special yellow-brown carotenoid motility
o Colorless dinoflagellates  Oogamous
 nonphotosynthetic - female gamete is larger and
 ingest microorganisms nonmotile whereas male
 produce asexually (cell division: mitosis) gamete is smaller and usually
 some forms cause “red tide” motile
o large blooms result in red-colored water Example: Spirogyra sp.
 zooxanthellae – are symbiotic with sea anemones, - haploid organism
mollusks, and corals - undergoes sexual phenomenon
(conjugation)
C. Division Chlorophyta/Green algae (17,000 species)
 diverse in structure but biochemically uniform
o body form in siphonous or tubular; sheet-like
 store starch (polysaccharide) as main energy reserve
 Cell wall:  Both aquatic and terrestrial:
o with cell wall – has cellulose (glucose) o Aquatic
o without cell wall – has scales  freshwater
 Reproduction is highly variable: o Terrestrial
o Asexual  damp soil, cracks in tree barks, moist
 Unicellular places
- cell division  as endosymbionts in bodies of sponges, mollusks, and
- form spores or reproductive cells flatworms
- zoospores – spores are motile  grow with fungi as dual organism called lichen
and flagellated
  Ecologically important: o underwater forests
o photosynthetic activity
o part of food web E. Division Rhodophyta/Red algae (4,000 – 6,000 spp.)
o oxygenate the water during daylight hours  complex body – interwoven filaments, delicate,
 Significant characteristics in common with plants: feathery, or flattened sheets of cells
o pigments, energy reserves, cell wall  Chloroplasts:
composition o phycocyanin (blue pigment)
o generally accepted that plants evolved from o phycoerythrin (red pigment)
green algal-like ancestors  polysaccharides – floridean starch similar to glycogen
 Reproduction is either sexual or asexual:
D. Division Phaeophyta/Brown algae (1,500 species) o Sexual
 giants of protists kingdom – underwater forests  male and female gametes
 Bodies – tufts (growing bunch), ropes, or thick, o Asexual
flattened branches ranges from several centimeters to  cell division
75 meters  fragmentation
 produces laminarin  found in warm tropical oceans, freshwater, and soil
o a carbohydrate  some incorporate CaCO3 into their cell walls
o main energy reserve  Commercial value:
 produce sexually by means of spending a portion of o Cell walls with polysaccharides
their lives as haploid organisms and a portion as  agar – food thickener and culture media
diploid organisms  carrageenan – food additive
 Kelps – largest (tough and leathery) o Edible – fresh, dried or toasted
o blades – leaf-like  Nori (Porphyra sp.) in Japan
o stipe – stem-like - sushi
o holdfast – used for - soups
anchoring - noodle dishes
o gas-filled float – used - sauces and flavorings
to increase buoyancy
 Commercially important: II. Kingdom Fungi and Lichens (70,000 spp.)
o cell wall with polysaccharide called algin  molds, yeasts, mildews, smuts, toadstools, and mushrooms
o algin – used as a thickening and stabilizing
agent (for ice cream, marshmallows, Characteristics:
toothpastes, shaving cream, hair sprays and hair  eukaryotic
lotion)  has chitin in its cell wall
 o N2 + polysaccharide - Septate hyphae – have walls and
o contributes to its rigidity and structure individual cells
o also found in external skeletons of insects and - Coenocytic hyphae – one long
crustaceans continuous cell without walls
 non-photosynthetic
 heterotrophic
 decomposers – decompose dead organisms
 parasites
 grow best in moist habitats
 found wherever organic material is available
 undergo resting stage
o way to survive in the environment
o develop reproductive spores
 Reproduction:
 range from unicellular to multicellular yeasts o Unicellular yeasts
 mostly with filamentous molds (true for multicellular  Asexually (budding)
fungi) – mildews, rusts, smuts, and mushrooms o Some fungi
 Sexually (mitosis)
- Plasmogamy
 hyphae of two genetically
distinct mating types
come together
 fusion of their cytoplasm
 resulting cell: two haploid
nuclei, one from each
fungus
- Karyogamy
 fusion of 2 haploid nuclei
o fungal/vegetative mycelium – non-reproductive  resulting cell: cell with a
body of most fungi, consisting of a branched diploid zygote nucleus
network of hyphae (meiosis) → haploid forms
 Hypha(e) – one of the threadlike  Asexually
filaments composing the mycelium of a - Spores
fungus; also used in absorption and  reproductive cells,
nourishment nonmotile/nonflagellated
  dispersed by wind or B. Division Ascomycota/Ascomycetes/Sac Fungi (2,300 spp.)
animals  Organisms
 produced on aerial o yeasts
mycelium (asexual) o powdery mildews
o molds
Divisions of Kingdom Fungi o morels
A. Division Zygomycota/Zygomycetes (1,060 spp.) o truffles
 Organisms
o black bread mold

 Reproduction:
o Sexual
 Plasmogamy  Sexual spores
 Karyogamy o produced in little sacs or asci
 spores are nonmotile and haploid usually contained in fruiting
 coenocytic hypha bodies or ascopores
o called conidia during asexual
 decomposers and parasites
reproduction
Example:  Conidia
o pinched off at the tips of conidiosphores
Black bread mold – best-known zygomycete
(conidia bearers)
o summer spores –
primary method of
reproduction
o various shapes,
sizes, colors in
Rhizopus nigricans Ehrenberg different species
  hyphae with septate
 common in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial
habitats
 can cause plant diseases
o powdery mildew on fruits and ornamental
plants

 mostly terrestrial
 saprophytic, parasitic, or mutualistic
C. Division Basidiomycota/Basidiomycetes/Club Fungi
(22,300 spp.) D. Division Deuteromycota/Deuteromycetes/Imperfect Fungi
 Organisms (25,000 spp.)
o mushrooms  polyphyletic group
o bracket fungi  sexual form of reproduction as never been observed
o puffballs  only their asexual form of reproduction is known
o rusts o produce spores by sporogenesis
o smuts  most have been reassigned to either Division
Ascomycota or Division Basidiomycota
 Manufacture of 2 types of cheese:
o Roquefort
o Camembert
 Ecological importance:
o as decomposers
o form symbiotic relationships with some
animals

Lichens → Fungus (ascomycete or

basidiomycete) and a photosynthetic organism
 reproduce sexually by forming basidiospores (green alga)
(reproductive spores)
Lichen-forming Fungi (13,000 spp.)  able to tolerate extreme temperature and moisture
 grow everywhere except in heavily polluted cities
 fungus separated from its photosynthetic partner –
 indicator of air pollution
fungus does not produce fruiting bodies
 1st organism to colonize bare rocky areas
 fungus as a part of lichen – fungus produces fruiting
bodies  play a role in the formation of soil
 Nature of Relationship:  Some produce colored pigments:
o Incorrect o Orchil
 Mutualism – symbiotic relationship  for dying wools
equally beneficial to both o Litmus
 as acid-base (pH) indicator
Algae – carry-on photosynthesis for both  reproduce asexually (fragmentation)
algae and fungus  some release special dispersal units called soredia that
contains cells of both partners
Fungus – obtains H2O and minerals from
algae and protects it from desiccation
o Correct
 Parasitism – fungal hyphae penetrate and
destroy some of algal cells
 Three General Growth Forms:
o Crustose lichens
 flat and grow lightly  in others, algae reproduce asexually by mitosis, whereas
 attached to the rock the fungus produces ascospores or basidiospores
 attached to whatever
they are growing on
III. Kingdom Plantae
o Foliose lichens
 flat lichens Non Vascular Plants
 with leaf-like lobes
 not so tightly attached  lack a specialized vascular or conducting system
o Fruticose lichens  rely on diffusion and osmosis to obtain required materials
 grow erect  go through alternation of generations (sporophyte and
 branched gametophyte stage)
 shrub-like  gametophyte is the dominant stage
 reproduce by spores
Divisions of Non Vascular Plants
A. Division Bryophyta/Mosses (9,900 spp.)
 small, non-vascular plants
 no true roots, stems or leaves
 grow in dense colonies or beds on
moist areas, rocks, or tree bark or
as thick mats on the forests floor
Moss gametophytes
 Individual plant has:
o Sporophyte
 short-lived
 capsule – where spores are produced
 Reproduction (Asexual):
 seta or stalk – holds the capsule
o by fragmentation
 foot – for anchorage and absorption
o by gemmae
o Gametophyte
o raindrops separate gemmae
 dominant stage
o by spores in capsule
 an upright, stem-like structure that
 spore capsule is
bears leaf-like blades
full of spores that
 tiny, hair-like rhizoids (for anchorage)
must mature
 once mature, the
spore cap
(operculum) comes
off releasing spores
 spores germinate
when they land on
moist soil
Example:
Sphagnum moss
- known for its
moisture
holding capacity
 - absorbs 20 times  alternation of generations with sporophyte
it weights in water  green, leafy gametophyte is dominant
- used by florists to  Reproduce:
keep plant roots o Asexually
moist  by gemmae (tiny
Peat moss (dried Sphagnum) cup structure) or
- important source of by growing new
fuel in some branches
countries  by fragmentation
- valued as soil o Sexually
conditioner  by haploid spores
- improves the water-
holding capacity of soil C. Division Anthocerophyta/Hornworts (100 spp.)
 small
 Ecologically important:
o stabilize the soil surface  gametophyte is leafy and dominant like liverworts
o reduce soil erosion  archegonia (female) and antheridia (male) form
o reduce the evaporation of water inside the plant
o make the soil fertile and control flooding  zygotes develop into long, horn-shaped sporophytes
o can initiate soil formation on any barren
terrain of land
o help in the recycling of the nutrients in forest
vegetation
o provide shelter for insects and small animals
o used as nesting material by birds

B. Division Hepatophyta/Liverworts (6,000 spp.)

 small, generally
inconspicuous plants
 grow on moist soil, rocks or  live in disturbed habitats, such
other moist surfaces as fallow fields and roadsides
 body form is flattened  horn-shaped sporophyte is
capable of photosynthesis
 thallus – lobed structure
 sporophyte is attached too, but
 life cycle the same as that of
not as dependent on
mosses
gametophyte
Vascular Plants Without Seeds  have deep growing root like
rhizomes
 have specialized transport or vascular tissues (xylem and
 live in moist woods and clearings
phloem) to carry food and water
 small leaves with single
 have true stems and most also have true roots and leaves
unbranched vein (microphylls)
 have sporophyte and gametophyte stages
 may be homosporous or heterosporous
 sporophyte is dominant
 form cone-shaped structures (strobili)
 reproduce by spores
 strobilus → sporophylls (modified leaves) → spores
Divisions of Vascular Plants Without Seeds
A. Division Psilophyta/Whisk ferns (12 spp.)
 with a photosynthetic, aerial forked stem
 looks like a small, green, twiggy bush
 with true stems, but no leaves or roots
o Sporophylls
 bear spore-producing sporangia
 megaspores – female
 microspores – male

 Only two living genera:

o Psilotum
o Tmesipteris
 have root-like stems structure called rhizomes
 Reproduction:
o Asexual
 from rhizomes
o Sexual  Uses:
 by spores made in sporangia o Medicinal uses
 tear or an eye wash
B. Division Lycophyta/Club mosses
 urinary tract problems
 commonly called ground pines and
 diarrhea
club mosses
 other digestive tract problem
 bushy, tree-like branches above, but
 headaches and skin ailments
unbranched at the base
 inducing labor in pregnancy
 o As Christmas ornaments  as diuretics to eliminate excess water
 ground pines –  osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and
green all winter rheumatoid arthritis
 repair bone fractures
 build cartilage for stronger joints
 boost calcium absorption by the bones
C. Division Sphenophyta/Horsetails
 upright plants with rigid D. Division Pterophyta/Ferns
stems surrounded by rings of  Parts of a Fern Sporophyte:
branches
 leaves are like tiny scales
around the stems
 stems with sunken stomata
 photosynthetic aerial stem
 underground rhizomes
 also called scouring rushes
 found in damp places, near rivers and lakes or in
swamps
 have two distinct stage in their life cycle o Fronds
 reproduce by spores at the tips of branches  large, conspicuous leaves
 some spores have elaters  for photosynthesis and reproduction
o Pinnae
 a distinct subdivision of the blade
o Stipe
 the petiole from the root stock to the
beginning of the leaf tissue
o Rhizome
 the underground
stem
o Fiddlehead
 young frond
 tightly coiled tips of
 Uses: ferns
o Medicinal uses  largest group of living vascular plants
 cure mouth ulcers
 Wide range habitats:  has tiny-hair-like rhizoids
o terrestrial
o aquatic
o arboreal – living in trees
o tree ferns – grow with a trunk elevating the
fronds above ground level
o epiphytic – grows on the surface of a plant and
derives its moisture and nutrients from the air,  prothallus starts the gametophyte stage
rain, water and from debris accumulating  male antheridia and female archegonia grow on
around it gametophyte
 dominant sporophyte stage has true roots, stems and  sperm swims to egg to fertilize
leaves
 can asexually reproduce by rhizomes (underground
stems)
 sporophyte forms spores by meiosis

Sporangia – spore cases

 spore production on the undersides of fronds  Uses:
 wind spreads spores that land on moist soil and o help prevent erosion
germinate into a prothallus o fiddleheads are eaten as food
 spores germinate and grow by mitosis into a o ornamental plants for yards and homes
gametophyte (prothallus) o helped form coal deposits millions of years
o Prothallus ago
 has no resemblance to sporophyte
 tiny, green
 heart-shaped and short-lived
 lack vascular tissues