● Recrystalization is a method of purification of a solid compound.

Solid/ solutes is
dissolved (soluble) in the hot solvent and then forms crystals again once the solvents
cools.
● Mother liquor remains after crystalization as the leftover filtrate (after filter the cryst from
sol) and aka Supernatant liquid remains above the precipitate
● Impurities remain in solvent liquid as crystal forms (very soluble in solvent in room tempt)
OR impurities dont dissolve at all and are filter out before the crystallization process
(insoluble in hot solvent = high bp)
● Solvents should not react with purified product or lose some product in recryst
○ Nontoxic, non flamable, cheap, volatile
○ Testing solute solubilty: Ethanol(soluble at room or low), methanol, ethly acetate,
acetone, dieethyl ether, water (insoluble at boil T), hexane
○ Can be a mixture of 2 solvent: these pair must be miscible (very soluble with
each other=homo, but have diff Ksp: A is good solvent and B bad solvent
○ Polarity is a spectrum: diaeltric constants?
● Hot saturated solution cools = supersaturated solution → crystal forms

Choose the appropriate solvent pair?

Separate the solid mixture​ by impurities never dissolve or always dissolved
Solubilty of your solute aka prodcut: max at high T and min at low T
dissolve the crude product with minimum hot solvent and let impurities stay
filter the solution to remove the solid impurities if present aka heterogeneous solution
If no impure and is a homeogeneous solution where everything dissolves to a solution,
let it cool and the product will form at cool temerature and the impurities are still in liquid state to
be filter
Decolorize solution with charcoal which is then filter out, contaminate are soluble and brightly
colored to be removed
Allow the solution to cool slowly soo ​crystal product will form slowly( fast will trap
impurities and meant there was less solvent) (too much solvent means no
recrystalization)
Filter the crystals and wash them cold
Dry the crystals to remove solvent
Weight he crystals into a tared balance

Gray impurities and yellow compound

Blue impure white good
Solvent is cricle A is oval B is triangle

TLC
Uses the difference polarity of compounds
Monitor the progress of rxn
Determine the number of compounds in mixture

Thin layer of appeared on plate and small sample is spotted

● Developed = solvent allowed to rise up TLC plate by capillary action
● UV light or stains like iodine are used to “see” the spot
● Stationary phase: adsorbent on plate (silica gel=silicon oxygen polymer with many
hydroxyl groups attached
○ Polar sample in nonpolar solvent love SP and no move, nonpolar sample in any
solvent hate SP and moves easy
● Mobile phase: solvent (or mixture of solvents) used to develop the TLC plate
○ As Solvent is rising up, compounds are moved. Compounds with more polar
functional groups move less than compounds with less polar because more polar
compound sticks more to polar stationary phase
● Rentention Factor (RF in cm)= (distance spot move)/solvent front (aka distance solvent
move)
○ Similar polarities =same RF
○ Want to be between .2 <RF<.8
● Polarity of compounds = determine order of plate
● Polarity of solvent = determine how far all spots move
● Nonpolar compound use less polar solvent
● Polar compound use more polar solvent
● Mix = medium
● Sphere = too much product
● Diagonal - place solvent and breaks in stationary phase
● Too close - change solvent
● None- ??
Hexane move nonpolar up
Nonpolar is not strong enough to detach the polar
Ethly acetate - nonpolar interacts whatever always on top