Fundamentals of measurement and automation technology 1 (WS 2019/20)

5th Exercise: 2. und 3. KW

Dynamic characterization of zero and first order transmission elements.

Note: For the solution of the following tasks, also use the script "Static and dynamic char-
acterization of measuring elements" available in the network

Problem 1L: Direct gravimetric particle mass sensor

The measuring principle of a direct gravimetric particle mass sensor follows the principle of a
spring pendulum clamped on one side and excited by an electric motor. The spring element is
formed by a hollow metal tube with the outer diameter R and the inner diameter r. This spring
element is magnetically excited by an actuator coil to natural frequency oscillations with fSystem . A
sensor coil registers the oscillations of the spring pendulum. At the free end of the pendulum there
is a replaceable filter cartridge in which the particles flowing in through the sampling hose (with
upstream filter) are deposited. As a result, the effective total particle mass mp is deposited in the
filter cartridge over time, causing the natural frequency of the spring pendulum to change to fw .

a) Consider the tube, clamped at one end, as a bending beam of the length L , at the end of which
a force F is applied across the beam. Determine the natural frequency of the spring pendulum
fSystem , i.e. the frequency of the oscillating system of the mass msystem without deposition of
particles. Notes: The modulus of elasticity E and the moment of inertia of area I are known.
The deflection of the beam can be interpreted as its deflection within the framework of the
model of a spring pendulum.
b) How is the accumulated particulate mass mp determined when the associated frequency fw
is measured. Note: For the determination of the moment of inertia per unit area, the cut sur-
face through the tube is considered to be an annular surface.
c) How does the frequency of deposition ( x a = ∆fw ) change in linear approximation depending
on the mass of particles ( x e = ∆mp )? The working point is the natural frequency of the spring
pendulum. Which type of transmission element results with which characteristics?

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 Fundamentals of measurement and automation technology 1 (WS 2019/20)
5th Exercise: 2. und 3. KW
Dynamic characterization of zero and first order transmission elements.

Problem 2: Step and rise response PIT0 element

From the differential equation of a PIT0-element determine the step and rise response and sketch
their progressions.

Problem 3B: room heating

A room heating system is considered, which should heat the air in a closed room, see picture. The
 of the heating system is used as the input variable and the output variable forms
heat flow Q zu
the temperature difference ∆ϑ= ϑ - ϑa. Set up the difference equation for the system using a bal-
ance equation. Which type of transfer element results with which characteristics? Note that the
room loses heat to the outside (constant outside temperature ϑa) via the walls.


Q zu - heat flow
ϑ - room temperature
ϑ a - outside temperatuere (constant)
m - room air mass
cp - specific heat
k - heat transfer coefficient
A - entire wall surface

Problem 4L: flow with pressure jump

A liquid flow with a flow velocity c0 shall be accelerated in a pipeline of diameter D and length L
(rusty cast iron pipe with λ = 0,06) by a pressure jump ∆p = 100 Pa between inlet and outlet.
a) Set up the differential equation for determining the change in velocity ∆c = f(∆p) using the
equilibrium of forces. Assuming a laminar flow, i.e. for the Reynolds numbers smaller than a
64 ⋅ ν
critical value of 2320, holds λ = . For the frictional force holds FR = U ⋅ L ⋅ τ and for the
c ⋅D
λ ⋅ ρ ⋅ c2
acceleration force FB = m ⋅ ∆c . The wall shear stress is τ = . The following parame-
8
ters are given: D = 3 cm, L = 100 m, ρ = 998 kg/m3, ν = 1,01⋅10-6 m²/s and c0 = 5 cm/s.
b) Determine the type of the transmission element. Calculate the characteristic values of the
differential equation. What speed is achieved in the steady state? Note: Use the DGL solu-
tions from the "Characterization of Measuring Elements".

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 Fundamentals of measurement and automation technology 1 (WS 2019/20)
5th Exercise: 2. und 3. KW
Dynamic characterization of zero and first order transmission elements.

Problem 5: gas pressure gauge

The picture sketched the function of a gas pressure gauge. The gas pressure p(t) acts on the piston
surface A, causing the piston-rod system to be pressed down [s(t)] until the friction (friction con-
stant r) caused by the liquid-filled cylinder-piston system brings the movement to a standstill. The
movable linkage system has the total mass m, whereby the weight force m-g is neglected for the
analysis. The input variable is the pressure p, the output variable is the change of movement over
time, v(t)= s (t). Set up the corresponding differential equation for the system. Specify the type of
transmission element and the corresponding characteristic values.

Aufgabe 6: pressure vessels

In the case of the gas-filled pressure vessel shown in the figure, the internal pressure p shall be
represented as a function of the position y of the inlet valve when isothermal changes of state and
an ideal gas are present. It is given: m
 zu = a ⋅ y , m
 ab = b ⋅ p − p a , pe=const., pa=const.; b is a
valve constant. What kind of transmission element is present and what are its characteristic val-
ues? Note: The necessary linearization is performed at the operating point (p 0 , p 0 ) .

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 Fundamentals of measurement and automation technology 1 (WS 2019/20)
5th Exercise: 2. und 3. KW
Dynamic characterization of zero and first order transmission elements.

Problem 7H: CR high pass

Given is the CR high pass shown in the picture. The transmission behavior of this network with the
input voltage Ue and the output voltage Ua is sought.

Ue R Ua

∆Ue ∆Ua

a) Describe the differential equation of this network using the mesh sets (balance equations) and
the relationships between the quantities Ue, Ua, R and C.
b) Determine the characteristic values of the differential equation (time constant and transfer
factor) if R=100 Ω und C= 10 µF. Note: 1 F=1 (A·s)/V.

Problem 8: piezoelectric pressure transducer

For a piezoelectric pressure transducer the following equivalent circuit diagram can be used.

dQL
IL =
dt

dUC
Ic = C
dt

UR
IR =
R

a) Determine the differential equation of the transmission element under the assumption that
the voltage measurement takes place without current consumption.
b) Determine the transmission behaviour of the pressure sensor and the characteristic values of
the transmission element.
c) Specify the equation for the transition function and sketch its progression. How are the time
constant and the transfer factor determined graphically?

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 Fundamentals of measurement and automation technology 1 (WS 2019/20)
5th Exercise: 2. und 3. KW
Dynamic characterization of zero and first order transmission elements.

Problem 9H: arithmetic operations using complex numbers

Convert the following complex numbers so that the denominator becomes real. Present the result
as z = Re(z) + i ⋅ Im(z) . Also calculate the absolute value of these complex numbers and summa-
rize the result as far as possible.

i⋅c D E
a) z1 = b) z 2 = a + i ⋅ c c) z 3 = 2
d) z 4 =
1+i⋅b 1+i⋅b 1− a +i⋅b id(1 − a2 + i ⋅ b)

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Note: Tasks with B are example tasks, tasks with H are to be solved as homework
and tasks with L are tasks for the learning group letter.