31295018985316

AN AQUARIUM FOR SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS
PROFESSOR BEN K. SHACKLETTE

MICHAEL COSTANTINO
ADVISOR MICHAEL T. MARTIN
ARCH 5692 FALL 2004
OASIS: AN AQUARIUM FOR SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS
by
Michael Costantino
Submitted to the Architecture Faculty

of the College of Architecture
of Texas Tech University
In Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of
MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE
/ Date
K List of Illustrations 1
Abstract 7
Chapter 1
Introduction 9
n Chapter II
Thesis Statement 10
Architectural Epistemology 12
Case Studies
The Florida Aquarium 14
Ocean's Pavilion 19
Aquarium of the Pacific 24
Monterey Bay Aquarium 28
Context and Site 32
Client Profile 37
Chapter III
Facility Program 39
Site and Context 76
Architectural Technologies 82
Special Architectural Issues 84
Preliminary Cost Estimate 86
Chapter IV
Hypothesis 89
Chapter V
Design Process 94
Design Development 95
Preliminary Review 98
Qualifying Review 100
Final Design Response 103
Chapter VI
Conclusion 124
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Illustrations
Figure
1. Example of Goldfish from early breeding. (Algone. The History of the Aquarium. 2004. Internet on-line
http://www.alqone.com/aquarium history pf.htm [10 February 2004].
2. Example of Goldfish from early breeding. (Algone. The History of the Aquarium. 2004. Internet on-line
http://www.alqone.com/aquarium history pf.htm flO February 2004].
3. Drawing of Boston Aquarial Gardens. (The Aquarial Gardens, Bromfield Street, Boston. 2004. Internet on-line
http://www.butlerart.com/Web Shows/homer/Paqes/aquarial aardens.htm [10 February 2004].
4. The Florida Aquarium exterior at night. (Pearson, Clifford A. "Total Immersion." Architectural Record, June 1995,
page 80.)
5. Interior view showing fake trees covering duct work. {Architectural Record, June 1995, page 85.)
6. The Florida Aquarium exterior view. {Architectural Record, June 1995, page 81.)
7. Exterior Public Space. {Architectural Record, June 1995, page 82.)
8. The Florida Aquarium exterior at night. {Architectural Record, June 1995, page 81.)
9. Interior View of Lobby. {Architectural Record, June 1995, page 82.)
10. Floor Plans. {Architectural Record, June 1995, page 84.)
11. Interior wall of glass for tank. {Architectural Record, June 1995, page 83.)
12. Interior cave like exhibit hall. {Architectural Record, June 1995, page 85.)
13. Oceans Pavilion Exterior View. (The Sunday Times Syndication Website. Gabion: Chermayeff at Lisbon. 2003.
Internet on-line http://www.huqhpearman.com/articles/cwa20.htm [5 February 2004].
14. Oceans Pavilion Exterior View. (The Sunday Times Syndication Website. Gabion: Chermayeff at Lisbon. 2003.
Internet on-line http://www.huqhpearman.com/articles/cwa20.htm [5 February 2004].
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure
15. Oceans Pavilion Exterior View. (Lisbon Oceanarium. Oceans Pavilion. 2000. Internet on-line
http://lrm.isr.ist.utl.pt/isqm/albuns/expo98/pavoceanos en.html [5 February 2004].
16. Oceans Pavilion Exterior View. (Lisbon Oceanarium. Oceans Pavilion. 2000. Internet on-line
http://lrm.isr.ist.utl.pt/jsqm/albuns/expo98/pavoceanos en.html [5 February 2004].
17. Cross Sections showing clear spans. (Ivy, Robert. "Oceans Pavilion: Lisbon, Portuga\." Architectural Record,
August 1998, page 108.)
18. Cross Sections showing clear spans. {Architectural Record, August 1998, page 108.)
19. Oceans Pavilion, Site Plan. {Architectural Record, August 1998, page 106.)
20. Oceans Pavilion Floor Plans. {Architectural Record, August 1998, page 111.)
21. Oceans Pavilion Floor Plans. {Architectural Record, August 1998, page 112.)
22. Entrance to Aquarium of the Pacific. (Aquarium of the Pacific: Visitor Information. Aquarium Architecture. 2004.
Internet on-line http://wvtfw.aquariumofpacific.orq/VISITOR INFO/aqua arch.html [12 February 2004].
23. Exterior View of Aquarium from across the bay. (Aquarium of the Pacific. 2004. Internet on-line
http://www.aquariumofpacific.orq/VISITOR INFO/aqua arch.html [12 February 2004].
24. Aerial view of aquarium with the bay. (visit-Los-Angeles.com. The Long Beach Aquarium of the Pacific. 2004.
Internet on-line http://lonq-beach-aquarium-of-the-pacific.visit-los-anqeles.com/ [13 February 2004].
25. Interior aquarium viewing wall. (visit-Los-Angeles.com. The Long Beach Aquarium of the Pacific. 2004.
Internet on-line http://lonq-beach-aquarium-of-the-pacific.visit-los-anqeles.com/ [13 February 2004].
26. Interior view of acrylic tunnel under the sea lion and seal exhibit. (University of California, Irvine: School of
Information and Computer Science. Long Beach Aquarium. 2003. Internet on-line
http://wvtfw.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/pix/lbaq2/ [14 February 2004].
'^^t^B- Sm/sm^
Figure
27. Interior view of one of the large porthole display windows. (University of California, Irvine: School of Information
and Computer Science. Long Beach Aquarium. 2003. Internet on-line
http://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/pix/lbaq2/ [14 February 2004].
28. View of lobby with lifesize whale. (Aquarium of the Pacific: Visitor Information. Aquarium Architecture. 2004.
Internet on-line http://www.aquariumofpacific.orq/FACILITIES RENTAL/fac rent info.htm [12 February
2004].
29. View of exterior children's courtyard. (Aquarium of the Pacific: Visitor Information. Aquarium Architecture. 2004.
Internet on-line http://vtfww.aquariumofpacific.orq/VISITOR INFO/aqua arch.html [12 February 2004].
30. View of Monterey Bay Aquarium from across bay. (Monterey Bay Aquarium. Visitor Guide. 2004. Internet on-line
http://www.mbayaq.orq/vi/vi aquarium/vi aq visit.asp [16 February 2004].
31. View of outdoor spaces. (Wylson, Anthony and Particia. Theme Parks. Leisure Centres, Zoos and Aquaria , New
York: Longman Singapore Publishers Ltd., 1994, page 130.)
32. View of interior display areas. (Wylson, Anthony and Particia. Theme Parks. Leisure Centres. Zoos and Aquaria ,
New York: Longman Singapore Publishers Ltd., 1994, page 129.)
33. Viewof three story kelp tank. (Monterey Bay Aquarium. Aquarium Exhibits: Kelp Forest Exhibit. 2004. Internet on-
line httBl//wywvjTibayaa,^^ [16 February 2004].
34. Floor Plan.(Wylson, Anthony and Particia. Theme Parks. Leisure Centres. Zoos and Aquaria , New York: Longman
Singapore Publishers Ltd., 1994, page 126.)
35. Floor Plan. (Wylson, Anthony and Particia. Theme Parks. Leisure Centres. Zoos and Aquaria , New York: Longman
Singapore Publishers Ltd., 1994, page 127.)
36. Building Sections. (Wylson, Anthony and Particia. Theme Parks, Leisure Centres. Zoos and Aquaria , New
York: Longman Singapore Publishers Ltd., 1994, page 127.)
Figure
37. Design Development Sketches
38. Design Development Floor Plan Schemes
39. Design Development Floor Plan Schemes Continued
40. Preliminary Review Floor Plans
41. Preliminary Review Elevations and Axonimetric
42. Preliminary Review Building Sections
43. Qualifying Review Site Plan
44. Qualifying Review Second Floor Plan
45. Qualifying Review First Floor and Basement Plans
46. Qualifying Review Perspectives: (Clockwise from Top Left: Upstairs Interior Mezzanine, Exterior Front Fagade,
Interior Corridor, Exterior Approach)
47. Qualifying Review Building Sections and Construction Details
48. Final Site Plan
49. Final First Floor Plan
50. Final Second Floor Plan
51. Final Basement Plan
52. Final South Elevation
53. Final East Elevation
54. Final North Elevation
Figure
55. Final West Elevation

56. Building Section D_D
57. Wall Panel System Detail
58. Wall Section
59. Building Section B_B
60. Dome Connection Detail
61. Interior Wall Section
62. Aviary Section C_C
63. I MAX Section A_A
64. Aviary Glazing System
65. Aviary Compression Ring Detail
66. First Floor Circulation and Building Use Plan
67. Second Floor Circulation and Building Use Plan
68. Basement Circulation and Building Use Plan
69. Exterior Entry Perspective
70. Interior Lobby View from Upstairs Balcony
71. Exterior Approach from Parking Lot
72. Interior Exhibit Perspective
73. Interior Aquarium Tunnel Perspective
Figure
74. Interior Aquarium Exhibit Entrance

75. Model Photographs
n
An oasis is defined as a place that provides refuge,

relief, or pleasant contrast. This aquarium will establish
a refuge for the people of San Antonio as well as create
a contrast to the Hill Country.
Much like a water source in the middle of the desert

provides relief for a weary traveler, this aquarium will
remedy the stresses of everyday life for the people of
San Antonio. Located on the downside of hill and visible
from a distance, the oasis will draw people in for its
aesthetic beauty and its educational opportunities.
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER
The purpose of this project is to develop an
environment in which the public can learn about
ecological systems that may be foreign to them. The
San Antonio Hill Country is one of the fastest growing
areas in the nation. This great population increase
creates a need for buildings of necessity and those of
leisure. The aquarium will be a place where all people
can learn about species from waters around the world.
The location of the aquarium is in the Hill Country, due
north of downtown San Antonio. The site overlooking a
valley, allows for excellent design opportunities. The
hills, covered with cedar trees and limestone rock, can
also be used to influence the design. Other than the
swimming pools in the surrounding neighborhoods, the
aquarium will be the only source of water in this region;
therefore, the aquarium is a literal and metaphorical
oasis in the Hill Country. Not only will it provide a
needed area of water, but it will also establish a place of
refuge for the San Antonio population. Located on the
downside of hill and visible from a distance, the oasis
will draw people in for its aesthetic beauty and its
educational opportunities.
INTRODUCTION
This hesis /viii use erfec:ive circuJationand;
programmaiic space ! eauirements^ whileûtilizingrth^
natural aspects of *he siie, o craaiânôasisîn'th^Hill
Country.
THESIS STAlByEINIT
CHAPTER II
The practice of taking care of fish in captivity dates back
to the Sumerians in 2500 B.C., which they would keep
the fish until they were ready to eat them. It is also
known, in Egyptian, Greek, and Roman times, that
^^^^^1
people kept fish for other reasons than eating. The
Romans kept eels for a culinary treat, as well as for
pets. The first, and most popular, fish that was kept in
captivity was the Goldfish. By 968-975, in the Sung
i
Dynasty, ponds were stocked with Goldfish and the
eating of them was strictly prohibited. At this point in
time keeping gold fish was something that was primarily
for the privileged. However, by 1510 Goldfish were
beginning to be bred and were now a commonality for
Wm k ^
all, not just the privileged.''

Figure 1 Example of Goldfish from early breeding.
From this point, the Goldfish, and home aquariums
began to spread around the world. In 1691, the
Goldfish made its way to Portugal, and by 1728 it had
arrived in England. Breeding Goldfish in Europe was
first done in 1780 by Holland. Up until the 1850's, fish
had been kept in primitive means. At this point, it was
based on the works of Chemist Priestly and Zoologist
Johnson that Robert Warrington built the first aquarium.
It was found by Warrington that one could build a glass
structure with sand at the bottom, live plants, snails and
fish and create a sustainable system. Then, in 1853,
the first public Aquarium opened in Regents Park,
London. This then gave rise to more public aquariums
in the British Isles within the next 15 years.
Figure 2: Example of Goldfish from early breeding.
ARCHITECTURAL EPISTEMOLOGY
In 1855-1856, the first American Aquarium was
opened by Phineas T. Barnum at the American
Museum in New York. In 1871-1872, public aquariums
were opened successfully in England and Germany.
Since Barnum's introduction of the aquarium in the
United States, there have been many revolutionary
ideas that have been applied to the aquarium. One of
the first aquariums other than the American Museum
was the Boston Aquariual Gardens. It was opened in
1859, and contained many ideas taken from the
American Museum. In the 1950's the underground
filter was finally perfected and applied to aquariums.
The introduction of the filter allowed filtration and
cleaning of the aquariums to be easier. Prior to 1952,
all aquariums had been using live food for the fish. At
this time, Dr. Baensch Atlas invented food flakes, and
thus revolutionized the way that fish were fed. ^ Figure 3: Drawing of Boston Aquarial Gardens.
Since these innovations in the functionality of the

Aquarium, the design and flow of aquariums has
continued to evolve. Due to the introduction of
different materials modern aquariums have been able
to become more daring in their design. Large
expanses of steel, large tubes of thick glass and use of
acrylics are just a few of the innovative materials that
are being used. These uses can be seen in some of
the case studies that are to follow.
ARCHITECTURAL EPISTEMOLOGY
Basic Project Data
•Location: Tampa, Florida
•Owner: The Florida Aquarium, Inc.
•Architects: Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum, Inc. and Esherick,
Homsey, Dodge & Davis
•Structural Engineering Consultants: Walter P. Moore &
Associates
•Mechanical Engineering Consultants: Syska & Hennessy
•Civil Engineering Consultants: Geiner
•Exhibit Design Consultant: Joseph A. Wetzel & Associates
•Building Size: 152,000 Square Feet
•Budget/Cost: $84 Million
Figure 5: Interior showing fake trees covering duct work.
CASE STUDY The Florida Aquarium

Tampa, Florida
This facility was a joint venture as a public-private project that
would help to revitalize an industrial area which had
deteriorated. Some of the surrounding context which
provided inspiration for the design of the building is the
cranes, sheds, and containers which provide the industrial
fabric of the area^. There were also two architectural firms,
HOK and EHDD, working with an exhibit designer to create a
unique experience. It was said by the manager of the
aquarium's learning lab that "A key part of this project was to
tell the story of Florida's water, from its underground source
to the open sea.'"*
Figure 6: Exterior View
vs
IS
Figure 7: Exterior Public Space.
The Florida Aquarium

CASE STUDY Tampa, Florida
The structure that is used to create the iconic sea shell dome
is "1,100 panes of glass and epoxy-coated steel trusses,
tubes, and cross-bracing."^ The idea behind this dome was to
create an icon for the whole shipping district. This shell has a
radius of 135 feet and a clear span of 65 feet above the
second floor. Each steel truss of the dome rests on a curving
concrete buttress inside the structure. Also used throughout
the Aquarium is clear acrylic panes, ranging from 1 V2 inches
to 11 % inches, which allows for water features to flow above
the visitors heads. The dome itself is made of "two layers of
3/8 inch thick glass and PVB with a heat reflective film
sandwiched in between."^ Figure 8: Exterior at Night
The mechanical system of the Aquarium is uniquely disguised

throughout the building. Its main air ducts are camouflaged
with fake cypress trees under the dome. This not only allows
for additional beauty to be seen, but also to disguise a very
necessary part of the facility.
Some creative ways to keep the overall cost down on the
building was to put certain activities outdoors. This can be
seen in the outdoor decks which allow for dining, or
relaxation between exhibits. Another unique approach to the
layout of the building is that the service spaces, are not
located in hidden tunnels, but rather out front in the public
space. This not only cut down on the number of closed
support spaces needed, but it also increased the educational
opportunities for the public.
Figure 9: Interior View of Lobby.

Tampa, Florida
mmwm SECOND FLOOR V-- i.--
FIRST FLOOB WiS'.l.vVl* ^'•^ '^"-^
1. Lobby 7. Multi-purpose IS. Reservoir

t. Gift shop 8. Classroom li. GaUery
S. Restaurant 9. Members' entry 15. Terrace
i. Kitchen 10. AdminiMivUon 16. Wet tab
5. GiUf exhibit It. Life support 17. Coral-reeftank
6. Envinrnmenlal exhibit Ig. Mechanical 18. Bay and beach exhibit
Figure 10: Floor Plans

Tampa, Florida
Figure 11: Interior wall of glass for tank.
Figure 12: Interior cave-like exhibit hall.

CASE STUDY Tampa, Florida
Basic Project Data
•Location: Lisbon, Portugal
•Owner: Parque Expo '98
•Architects: Cambridge Seven Associates
•Associate Architect: Promontorio Arquitectos Associados
•Engineering: Ove Arup & Partners
•Habitat Builder: David L. Manwarren Corporation
•Graphic Design Consultant: Hermayeff & Geismar, Inc.
•Lighting Consultant: Quentin Thomas Associates
•Building Size: 215,000 Square Feet Figure 13: Oceans Pavilion Exterior View
Figure 14: Oceans Pavilion Exterior View
CASE STUDY Oceans Pavilion

Lisbon, Portugal
A single concept inspired the design of this aquarium: "all of the
world's oceans form one great sea."^ This not only provided for
the design inspiration, but also for the organizing element of the
building. This building was designed for Portugal's world
exposition in 1998, and was one of the few structures that was
to remain after the expo was gone. It was part of the design to
integrate completely the visitor with the undenwater life that they
were viewing.
Part of the idea driving the interior architecture is the idea of a

theater. With this in mind, the interior architecture is intended to
disappear placing all focus on the sea displays.^ One rather
large exhibit acts as the primary organizational element for the Figure 15: Cross Section showing clear spans
aquarium. A 1.22 million gallon tank, 110 feet square by almost
22 feet deep, lies at the center of the plan.^ The building sits on
concrete piers above the Dock Olivais. The exterior is
comprised of Portuguese stone, winding metal stairs, and most
notably the glass roof which has trusses which resemble the
mast of a ship.
Building Cross Sections show the clear span that is allowed by

the exterior truss system.^° It is also evident in these cross
sections that the building itself is four stories. The middle two
are the ones that the public accesses. The bottom floor has
animal support and mechanical systems. The top floor allows
the staff access to the tanks and mechanical equipment for the
Figure 16: Cross Section showing clear spans
tanks.

Lisbon, Portugal
Some of the unique elements that are possible in this
aquarium are the use of the four corners of the building as
separate aquarium spaces. These four corners represent
areas of the four oceans, and create unique displays with
the natural light coming in from the roof. Also unique in this
aquarium is an idea of contemplation rooms. These spaces
are intended for smaller groups and more intimate
gatherings and information sessions.
Figure 17: Oceans Pavilion site plan
Oceans Pavilion
CASE STUDY Lisbon, Portugal

Lisbon, Portugal
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Oceans Pavilion
CASE STUDY Lisbon, Portugal
Basic Project Data
•Location: Long Beach, California
•Owner: City of Long Beach
•Architects: Hellmuth, Obata, & Kassanbaum and Esherick,
Homsey, Dodge, and Davis
•General Contractor: Turner/Kajima
•Developer: Kajima International
•Exhibit Consultant: Joseph A. Wetzel Associates
Figure 20: Entrance to Aquarium of the Pacific
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Figure 21: Exterior View of aquarium from across the bay.
CASE STUDY Aquarium of the Pacific

Long Beach, California
The main design influence for this 156,735 square foot was the
pacific ocean itself. The curving, wave like roof is meant to
imitate the sweeping curves of the Pacific ocean.^^ The five acre
site on Rainbow Harbor which the aquarium is located, is as
close to the ocean as they could possibly get it. This gave the
opportunity for many outdoor decks and outdoor exhibits. It was
also taken into consideration that the building should not
overwhelm the fish themselves. The structure rather, shall
compliment the fish, and enhance the visitors experience.^^
The structure of this facility takes into some unique

considerations. Being located in California, the Architects and
Engineers had to make the structure and support systems
survive an earthquake. Therefore the structure which is used is
basically big floating rafts. "These rafts consist of 1,800 rock Figure 22: Aerial view of aquarium with bay.
columns that are build 85 feet into the ground. The rock columns
are large holes filled with % inch gravel."^^ This structure will
allow all of the support system to be stabilized in the event of
seismic activity.
On the interior of the aquarium are many dynamic spaces. For

example there is a seal and sea lion display which a six inch
thick acrylic tunnel separates the 206,000 gallon tank. This
tunnel allows the visitors to pass through and gain insight from
"within" the tank. Also within the aquarium is a large hall, known
as the Great Hall of the Pacific, in which two life size mock ups of
blue whales are suspended from the ceiling.
Figure 23: Interior aquarium viewing wall.
CASE STUDY ^Bff

Aquarium of the Pacific
This aquarium also has many outdoor spaces so that the users
may enjoy the sound and smell of the ocean. Not only is there
an outdoor deck for the restaurant, but also an outdoor play area
for the children. This play area is modeled after the Pacific
Ocean, and has a giant whale skeleton for them to play around.^^
Using interior and exterior spaces together, HOK and EHDD,
designed a successful and beautiful building.
Figure 24: Interior view of acrylic tunnel under sea lion and seal exhibit.
Figure 25: Interior view of one of the large porthole display windows.
Aquarium of the Pacific

CASE STUDY Long Beach, California
Figure 26: View of lobby with life-size whale
Figure 27: View of exterior children's courtyard
CASE STUDY Aquarium of the Pacific

Basic Project Data
•Location: Cannery Row, Monterey
•Owner: City of Long Beach
•Architects: Esherick, Homsey, Dodge, and Davis
•General Contractor: Turner/Kajima
•Developer: Kajima International
•Exhibit Consultant: Joseph A. Wetzel Associates
Figure 28: View of Monterey Bay Aquarium from across bay.
Monterey Bay Aquarium

CASE STUDY Cannery Row. Monterey
The site on which the Monterey Bay Aquarium is located is
located on the site of the old Hovden Cannery. This not only
provided the site for the aquarium, but also influence for the
design decisions.^^ The aquarium tries to maintain the
architectural character of the canneries on the exterior
elevations. It also incorporates the natural site into the design of
the building and exhibits. The original factory pump house and
boilers are preserved within the building itself.""^
Some of the materials that are used to make the building

sustainable for all the uses within the facility. Often plastic
materials are used to help prevent corrosion. Being that many of
the exhibits are salt water ones, this is an important factor. Also
any steel reinforcing is epoxy coated to keep the corrosion to the
Figure 29: View of outdoor spaces
minimum. All tanks are designed with no exposed metal parts.""^
A kelp tank, which is almost three stories high is made up of 7
inch thick acrylic panels. At the top of the kelp tank is an open
skylight, which helps the kelp to grow. Another unique element
of this aquarium is a stream that runs through the entire facility.
The stream is stocked with trout and salmon, and terminates in
the bay.
Figure 30: View of interior display areas.
Monterey Bay Aquarium

CASE STUDY Cannery Row, Monterey
Figure 31: View of three story kelp tank.
CASE STUDY Monterey Bay Aquarium

Cannery Row. Monterey
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SECOND FLOOR
Figure 33: Second Floor plan.
Figure 32: Second Floor plan. Figure 34: Building sections
CASE STUDY Monterey Bay Aquarium

Cannery Row, Monterey
This Aquarium is to be located in San Antonio, Texas. San
Antonio, which is located in Bexar County, has a population
of 1,144,646, according to the 2000 United States Census.
The site that has been chosen for the Aquarium is located in
the northern part of the city, towards the city limits. It is
located at the intersection of Hardy Oak and Wilderness
Oak. It is a corner lot that is located in an area of San
Antonio which is currently undeveloped. The city is growing
in this direction but as of right now this site has plenty of
room for the current facility plans, as well as room for future
expansion. This would allow the aquarium to be an "oasis"
in the middle of the hill country.
San Antonio has a total population of 1,144,646. The area

surrounding the site has a current population of 17,355.
Within the city of San Antonio itself, the percentage of
population which is white is 70.8%, however within this area
where the aquarium will be placed, the white population
constitutes 90.9%. This area also consists of primarily
upper income families as well. This shows that the area will
be strong for a good duration of time, and this aquarium will
help to bring life to this continually growing part of the city.
One of the main objectives of this aquarium is to be an

educational facility as well as entertainment. The city of San
Antonio provides ample opportunity for students to come
and participate and utilize this facility. Within the city itself,
there are twenty school districts, with numerous schools
from kindergarten through 12th grades. This will give a
good client base for field trips to the aquarium.
CONTEXT AND SITE

As well as grade schools, there are also 19 Colleges and
Universities which serve the San Antonio area. With all
the educational programs and resources at this facility, it
will allow the Universities in the area to create new
marine based programs if they do not exist already.
San Antonio is a city that is full of history and culture.

Founded in 1718, out of San Antonio de Bexar Presidio.
This began a series of missions which were placed along
the San Antonio River. San Antonio has also long been
a site of military action. The most famous of its battles
during the Texas Revolution at the Alamo. Today, San
Antonio continues its involvement in the military with five
air force bases.
Following the Civil War, San Antonio grew as a cattle,

distribution, and military center. Many railroads came
into the city in the late 1800's, thus increasing the
population. By 1900 San Antonio was the largest city in
the State of Texas. The first Texas skyscraper was built
in San Antonio, but due to urban sprawl, there were not
many more skyscrapers built in the city. It however,
started to grow northward, which it is still doing today.
San Antonio became one of America's four unique cities,
because of the influence of all the cultures which came to
live in San Antonio. Each successive group left their
mark on San Antonio and the culture of the city.
CONTEXT AND SITE

i?# .^:j^^^9sw i
Tourism is one of the cities biggest industries. Among
the attractions are Fiesta Texas, Sea World, the
Riverwalk, athletic events held at the Alamodome, as
well as the Alamo. As the city has grown, and aged,
historic preservation has become an issue. An area of
downtown, known as the King William District, has been
actively restored.
Some of the climate issues are demonstrated in the

graphs to follow.
CONTEXT AND SITE

Average Monthly Temperatures for San Antonio, Texas
I Highs
I Lows
/ .^" ^" J"

/ y • ^^ ^ <r
Month
CONTEXT AND SITE

IVIonthly Rainfall Averages
I Rainfall
/ / /
Month
CONTEXT AND SITE

The client for this aquarium would most likely be a private
organization. This facility would need to be able to
provide a space for a variety of uses. This aquarium
would need to not only cater to tourist, but also to the
residents of San Antonio. There should be spaces that
can be used not only directly with the aquarium, but also
possibly separate from the main aquarium spaces. For
example a large restaurant or lobby which could be
converted into a banquet hall during the night hours.
Being able to utilize the facility at various hours would
allow the owners to make more money on the facility
faster. The facility would also need to accommodate the
needs of the many students which reside in the city of San
Antonio, from kindergarten to college. This facility would
then not only make money from the tourist point of view,
but also from the educational base which is quite strong in
the city as well. The location of the facility will be able to
draw people in off of the streets nearby. This facility will
also be one that will be the reason for which people travel
to North San Antonio.
CLIENT PROFILE
This facility will provide people with an interactive,
educational experience. People will be able to see and
learn about fish and mammals that they otherwise might
not be able to come into contact with. Aquariums tend to
be environments that are relaxed in nature and soothing
to the visitors. Water in itself is a soothing element of
design, so I would hope that this facility is going to prove
to be a place where its patrons can come into a stress
free environment. In the same manner I would like for the
different areas and types offish to evoke different
feelings, or auras. For instance small bright "fun fish"
would evoke feeling of comfort, whereas the larger
sharks would create a deep sea, and almost mysterious
feeling. All joining together to provide an enjoyable
experience. It would also be an environment in which
learning would be stimulated.
Using architectural precedents and previous theses as a
guide, a rough facility program of spaces has been
compiled. These spaces will allow the public, private,
and service spaces to act separately, as well as together
as a cohesive unit. The spaces can be divided up into
five major areas: public space, administrative space,
exhibition space, service spaces, and educational space.
The public spaces include the lobby, ticket booth,
information and security desk, restaurant, and the rest
rooms. These spaces are those that will be experienced
by all who enter the facility. The administrative spaces
will contain all of the offices where the business itself
FACILITY PROGRAM
takes place. This is where all of the people who maintain
the facility will work and do their business. The exhibition
space will house the numerous aquariums, the petting
pool, and aviary. These spaces will be accessible to only
those who have purchased a ticket into the aquarium.
The most private of the spaces will be the service
spaces. These are the shipping and receiving, shop,
kitchen, mechanical room, and pump and filter room.
These are the spaces which actually allow the building to
function. The last set of spaces is the educational
space. These are the spaces that will consist of
classrooms, laboratories, and the theater. These will be
used for classes and lectures for the public. People will
only be allowed into these spaces with appointments and
ticket purchases.
FACILITY PROGRAM
ACTIVITY
The lobby will serve as the area in which visitors will
be welcomed and able to orient themselves within
the aquarium. This will be the main entrance for all
public activities at the aquarium
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
Square Footage: 4225 sq ft. p^>^
SPATIAL QUALITIES
The lobby will be a large volume space, with
excellent acoustical qualities due to the large space
and the high traffic of the area. This space will be
bathed in both natural and artificial light. By taking
advantage of the south facing front of the building,
there will be an abundance of filtered natural light. \^j\H)V-h^
There will be a 30 foot cylindrical aquarium in this
^rc'r\&^
space in order to welcome the visitors into the space
with a dramatic element.
SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS
The lobby will be the central hub from which all other
spaces come off. The administration, restaurant, gift
shop, ticket booth, public restrooms, and information
desk will all be located directly off of the lobby.
There will be a main entrance leading in from the
parking lots to the south of the building. A
second story balcony of the aquarium will also be
accessible from the lobby by way of either stairs or
elevator.
—FACILITY PROGRAM
ACTIVITY
The ticket booth will serve as a space in which
visitors may purchase admittance into the exhibits,
including the aquarium, IMAX and aviary.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
Square Footage: 200 sq ft.
SPATIAL QUALITIES
The ticket booth will be a small enclosed space,
which 1-4 ticket vendors may sit and sell tickets.
This space will have four windows at which people
'^t^"
may purchase tickets.
The ticket booth will be located on an exterior wall
so that two windows may be on the exterior and two
on the interior of the lobby. This will allow for there
to be less congestion in the lobby, but also give a
place where people can buy tickets during inclement
weather. The ticket booth will be located directly
next to the lobby. Located at the back of the ticket
booth will be a small room that will be used as
display either for upcoming attractions or the latest
merchandise at the gift shop.
FACILITY PROGRAM TICKET BOOTH

ACTIVITY
The information desk will provide a place for visitors
43
to inquire about the aquarium, exhibits, and
directions. This will also be the desk at which the
security guard will be located for the aquarium.
^*^?5
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
.^^ciipfiY rtJ«?-
SPATIAL QUALITIES
This space will be an enclosed space with two
transaction windows. There will be a large desk with
computer accessibility, and views of the entire lobby
space itself. This space will have seating for two
people, an information person and a security guard.
This area will be located directly next to the lobby
itself. It will have its own separate entrance off of
the lobby, as well as an employee restroom next to
the office.
FACILITY PROGRAM INFORMATION & SECURITY DESK

ACTIVITY
The concession stand will serve refreshments to the
visitors of not only the aquarium exhibits, but also
the IMAXDome Theater.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
SPATIAL QUALITIES
This space will be an enclosed space with two
transaction windows. One window will serve the
IMAX area when the aquarium is closed, and the
other will be in the area between the main lobby and
the IMAX lobby. There will be some storage and
food preparation areas.
This space will be located off of the hallway which
connects the main lobby to the IMAX section of the
facility.
FACILITY PROGRAM CONCESSIONS

ACTIVITY
The gift shop will be a space which will house
aquarium related merchandise that can be
purchased by the patrons.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
SPATIAL QUALITIES f/H pf'ns
The gift shop will be a dynamic space that will
showcase the merchandise. It will be located on an
exterior wall of the aquarium in order to take
advantage of natural light, and the free advertising ^jif^^^j-^
that the front facing glass fagade will allow. The
space will have a storage room, a small office, and a
check out counter.
The gift shop will be located directly off of the lobby
itself. It will be a space that can be locked up after
hours, so that the lobby may be utilized in other L.o^-7
fashions. The gift shop will also have an entrance
from the exhibits themselves. There will be a direct
path out to the lobby it one does not wish to shop,
but it will entice people to stop and shop after visiting
the exhibits themselves.
FACILITY PROGRAM GIFT SHOP

ACTIVITY
The restrooms will be spaces used for personal
hygiene and disposal of human waste.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
Square Footage: 1790 sq. ft.
SPATIAL QUALITIES
There will be four public restrooms
See Chart for exact numbers of water closets,
urinals, and lavatories.
The restrooms will be located as to provide the
patrons easy access in any area of the facility.
SPACE WATER CLOSET URINAL LAVATORY

IMAX Restroom Mens-1 Mens-1 Mens-1
290 sq ft. Womens-4 Womens-0 Womens-1
Class Restroom Mens-2 Mens-2 Mens-3
430 sq ft Womens-4 Womens-0 Womens-3
Cafe Restroom Mens-3 Mens-2 Mens-4
Lobby Restroom Mens-4 Mens-3 Mens-3
^^
FACILITY PROGRAM PUBLIC RESTROOMS

ACTIVITY
The restrooms will be spaces used for personal
hygiene and disposal of human waste for the
employees of the aquarium.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
SPATIAL QUALITIES
There will be four employee restrooms
See Chart for exact numbers of water closets,
urinals, and lavatories.
The restrooms will be located as to provide the
emplyees easy access in any area of the facility.
SPACE WATER CLOSET URINAL LAVATORY

Lobby Restroom 1 0 1
63 sq ft.
Admin Restroom 1 0 1
63sqft
Lounge Restroom 1 0 1
2 @ 63 sq ft.
Base Restroom Mens-2 Mens-2 Mens-3
FACILITY PROGRAM EMPLOYEE RESTROOMS

ACTIVITY
The restaurant will provide a place for the visitors to
eat, drink, socialize, and rest during or after their
•/'f-W'
exhibition viewing.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES ^

SPATIAL QUALITIES i2 ^
The restaurant will be a space in which takes
advantage of the external as well as internal views.
It will be located so as to have a wall of windows that
look out through the lobby onto the valley beyond
the site. Inside there will be an opening in the middle
of the dining floor in order to allow the aquariums
beneath to be seen. There will also be a mezzanine
around the exterior of this space also able to look
down upon the aquarium exhibits. Above this grand
space is the geodesic glass dome which will allow
natural light to flood the area, and creating a very
dramatic space. This will be a semi-public space
that will be open at night after the aquarium is
closed, in order to create more revenue. During the
operational hours of the aquarium the space will be
The restaurant will be located off of the lobby, on
an informal dining experience. However, after
the second floor. There will be access to the
hours, there will be more of a formal atmosphere. In
administration and the classrooms off of this space
order to help accomplish this, there will need to be
as well. The public restrooms will be located at the
many controls for lighting and sound in the space.
back of the cafe.
FACILITY PROGRAM RESTAURANT/CAFE

ACTIVITY
The aquariums will be large tanks with different
exhibits in them, showing fish in a simulated natural
environment.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
Square Footage: 25,600 sq. ft.
SPATIAL QUALITIES
The aquariums will be in different shapes and sizes.
They will use thick acrylic panels as the viewing
glass. They will range in height from 6 feet to 18'
feet. The tanks will contain many different species
offish. Some will contain larger fish such as sharks,
and mammals as manatees and belugas. Within
the tanks there will be natural looking environments
or the fish to live in. Some tanks will be cylindrical
tubes, two sided, and penetrate through floors.
Different passages will go through an aquarium
under an acrylic tube allowing visitors to "go inside"
an aquarium.
The aquariums will be within the exhibition space.
Located just past the information desk off of the
lobby. The aquariums will surround the petting pool,
and they will terminate into the aviary.
FACILITY PROGRAM AQUARIUMS

ACTIVITY
The petting pool will be located with in a larger
space, where visitors can pet such animals as
sharks and stingrays.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES l--=
Square Footage: 1,600 sq. ft. /'
SPATIAL QUALITIES J\
The petting pool will be a small open top aquarium r/

what will have acrylic panels on the sides. It will
only be about 36 inches off of the floor to allow
access for all visitors including children and the
handicapped. There will also be a space where
there will be steps up to the tank in the event that
the visitor can not reach on their own. This will be
a hands on experience for all the visitors.
The petting pool will be located between the
aquarium exhibits and the aviary entrance. It will
serve as a transitional element between the differen
exhibits. It will also be located next to benches in
the area for visitors to rest while others enjoy the
petting pool.
FACILITY PROGRAM PETTING POOL

ACTIVITY
The aviary will be a space that is dedicated to the
display of birds in a simulated natural environment.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
SPATIAL QUALITIES
The aviary will be a pyramidal structure and
allow plenty of space for birds to roam. There will be
rock features, artificial and real plants, and plenty of
water features. There will also be some individual
cages for birds which can not be flying around in the
/
fj^ r \
space. The birds displayed will be native birds to
/
San Antonio as well as exotic birds.
The aviary will be located in the exhibit area. It will
be next to the aquariums and the petting pool. It will
terminate into the gift shop.
FACILITY PROGRAM
ACTIVITY
The directors office will be used for the chief
administration of the aquarium. This is where
business will take place concerning the operation of
the aquarium and its finances.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
SPATIAL QUALITIES
The directors office will have space for the directors
desk, as well as space and seating for visitors. This
might be a space that is a little more formal than
most of the other spaces in the aquarium, primarily
because this is where business deals will be
conducted.
The directors office will be located off of the lobby in
the administrative area of the aquarium. It will be
directly located next to a secretary, which will
provide a buffer to prevent direct access to the
directors office. The other administrative offices will
be located adjacent to the directors office. This will
allow for easier communication between the
administration. Also located near the directors office
is the conference room.
FACILITY PROGRAM DIRECTOR'S OFFICE

ACTIVITY
The coordinators office will be used for the person
who coordinates the educational aspect of the
aquarium.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
SPATIAL QUALITIES
The coordinator's office will have space for the a
desk, as well as space and seating for visitors.
There should also be space for storage of materials,
books, etc that would relate to the educational
portion of the aquarium.
The coordinators office will be located off of the
lobby in the administrative area of the aquarium. It
will be directly located next to a secretary, which will
be shared by the other administrators. The other
administrative offices will be located adjacent to
the coordinators office. This will allow for easier
communication between the administration. Also
located near the coordinators office is the
conference room.
FACILITY PROGRAM COORDINATOR'S OFFICE

ACTIVITY
The curator's office will be used for the person
who coordinates the exhibition aspect of the
aquarium.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
SPATIAL QUALITIES
The curator's office will have space for the a
books, etc.
The curators office will be located off of the
lobby in the administrative area of the aquarium. It
will be directly located next to a secretary, which will
be shared by the other administrators. The other
administrative offices will be located adjacent to
the curators office. This will allow for easier
communication between the administration. Also
located near the curators office is the conference
room.
FACILITY PROGRAM CURATOR'S OFFICE

ACTIVITY
The aquarist's office will be used for the person
who maintains the aquariums in the facility.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
SPATIAL QUALITIES
The aquarist's office will have space for the a
books, etc that would relate to the maintenance of
the aquariums.
The aquarist's office will be located off of the
in the service area behind the aquariums. It
will be directly located next to the Biologist's office. It
will be in close proximity to the animal examination
room, food and supply storage as well as the staff
lounge. Access to this office can be achieved
through a corridor from the main lobby.
FACILITY PROGRAM AQUARIST'S OFFICE

ACTIVITY
The biologist's office will be used for the person
who maintains the fish, animals, and ecosystems of
the aquarium.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
SPATIAL QUALITIES
The biologist's office will have space for the a
books, etc that would relate to the maintenance fish
in the aquariums.
The biologists office will be located off of the
in the service area behind the aquariums. It
will be directly located next to the aquarist's office. It
will be in close proximity to the animal examination
room, food and supply storage as well as the staff
lounge. Access to this office can be achieved
through a corridor from the main lobby.
FACILITY PROGRAM BIOLOGIST'S OFFICE

ACTIVITY
The shipping offices will be used for the people
who receive shipments and maintain the record of all
the supplies in the basement.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
Square Footage: 2 200 sq ft.
SPATIAL QUALITIES
The shipping offices will have space for the a
books, etc that would relate to the logging of all
supplies and shipments going in and out of the
aquarium.
The shipping offices will be directly off of the
shipping and receiving storage area. It will be next
to the loading dock and the service elevator. It will
have easy access to the mechanical room and the
shop.
FACILITY PROGRAM SHIPPING OFFICE

ACTIVITY
There will be two secretarial spaces that will be used
for answering phones, making appointments, filing,
and any other work that the administrators deem
necessary.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
SPATIAL QUALITIES
The secretarial spaces will be small spaces with a
desk, file cabinets, phones, and computers. There
will be natural light into the space, with carpeting on
the floor.
One of the secretarial spaces is going to be located
directly outside the director's office. This secretary
will be used only by the director. The other
secretary will be centrally located between the other
two administrators and will aid them in their work.
They will also be located near the the conference
room.
FACILITY PROGRAM
ACTIVITY
The storage room will be used for keeping old files,
office supplies, and other materials the
administrators might need.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
SPATIAL QUALITIES
The storage room will be plain space that will be
outfitted with shelves, cabinets, copiers, and file
cabinets. There will be only artificial light, as this
space will be entirely internal.
The storage room will be located adjacent to all of
the administrative spaces. It will be accessible to
he administrative staff only.
FACILITY PROGRAM STORAGE ROOM

ACTIVITY
The conference room will be a space for small
meetings of all the administrators.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
SPATIAL QUALITIES
The conference room will be a larger room that will
house a large conference table. At one end there
will be a retractable viewing screen. On one of the
sides will be entirely of glass, into the rest of the
office. The glass in this wall will be privacy glass
that can change from clear to opaque with the touch
of a switch. The space will be a little more formal
than the other spaces because this would be where
important meetings will take place.
The conference room will be located off of the lobby
in the administrative area. This will be directly
accessible by all of the administrators. It will be
located adjacent to the storage room and the
secretarial spaces.
FACILITY PROGRAM CONFERENCE ROOM

ACTIVITY
The break room will be used for the employees to
sit, eat, drink, and relax during their lunch hour or
their breaks.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
Square Footage: 1,200 sq ft.
SPATIAL QUALITIES
The break room will be one that creates a warm and
relaxed environment. There should be a table for
eating and a few chairs and couch for the
employees to relax on. There should also be a
refrigerator, sink and microwave for the storage and
preparation of food. There will be natural light, and
a separate entrance from the employee parking
below. There will also be three showers and two
restrooms in the lounge for employees to clean up
after working with the animals. Locker space will be
provided here as well.
The break room will be accessible from the
exterior as well as from an interior hallway. Seeing
as how this space is not just for the administrators, it
must be accessible to the rest of the employees.
This should not however be a public entrance, so it
would be back down a hallway off of the lobby.
FACILITY PROGRAM BREAK ROOM

ACTIVITY
There will be two classrooms that will be used for
educational classes, seminars, and some private
exhibitions.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
Square Footage: 2 800 sq. ft.
SPATIAL QUALITIES
The classrooms will be set up in a traditional
classroom format. There should be a small
countertop workstation at the front that could be
used for demonstrations and double as a podium.
There will be seating that the students can be use
while in the lectures. There should be a recessed
projector and screen that can be used for
presentations. There will be artificial light that
will provide ample light for reading, writing, etc.
There will also be natural light that could be let in
from clerestory widows to provide indirect light.
The classrooms will be located next to the library
and the elevator lobby on the second floor. They will
be located on a south facing exterior wall to take
advantage of getting natural light into the building.
Heat reflective tinting will be applied to the windows
in the space as to reduce the amount of heat in the
room.
FACILITY PROGRAM CLASSROOM

ACTIVITY
The library will be used for research, casual reading,
and relaxing.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
SPATIAL QUALITIES
The library will have shelves to store books,
computers for research, tables, and chairs for
reading. There will be ample natural and artificial
light for reading. There will be space for a librarian
to sit and aid those in the library. There will be a
small office for the librarian to store personal items
and to hold private meetings. There will be a
periodical section, reference section, and a section
where books can be checked out.
The library will be located off of the elevator lobby on
the second floor. It will be next to the classrooms
and a restroom. It will be all interior spaces with a
wall of glazing opening up onto the mezzanine
underneath the dome. This will allow for ample
natural indirect light to fill the space.
FACILITY PROGRAM LIBRARY

ACTIVITY
The laboratory will be used for educational as well
as research purposes. Sick and injured animals will
be treated here, marine life will be observed and
studied in this room as well.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
SPATIAL QUALITIES
The laboratory will have many small workbenches,
as well as one large workbench. It will have
observation windows where visitors can see what
goes in in the laboratory. There will be a small
storage closet within the space as well. Three small
holding tanks will be in the space in order to house
the sick or injured animals while they are in the
laboratory.
The laboratory will be able to be accessed from both
the public hallway as well as from the service area
on the first floor. It will directly connect to the animal
treatment and examination room. The aquarist and
biologist offices will be located near by.
OG R A I V I LABORATORY
ACTIVITY
The IMAXDome Theater is to be used for
educational as well as recreational films.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
SPATIAL QUALITIES
The IMAX will seat 330 people in a stadium format
as suggested by the IMAX Company. It will have a
dome screen suspended from the structure as to
create the IMAXDome theater. All acoustic, lighting,
and material choices will meet the design criteria set
by the IMAX Company.
The IMAXDome Theater will be located off of the
main lobby, accessible by a corridor. Located in
front of the IMAX is a lobby/staging area for the
theater lines. There will also be a small office for the
person who runs the theater located just off of the
lobby. Outside of the IMAX area is the concession
stand which may be used by the patrons of the
theater. There will also be a gate that may close off
the aquarium after hours while the IMAX may remain
open to increase revenue. There are entrance and
exit doors from the corridor just outside the lobby.
FACILITY PROGRAM IMAXDOME THEATER

ACTIVITY
The shipping and receiving area will be a space in
which deliveries can be accepted and stored until
they are needed in their respective spaces.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
SPATIAL QUALITIES
This area will contain a loading dock will contain a
pad at the correct height for receiving shipments
from trucks. The shipping and receiving area will be
open shelving and storage. There will be enough
room for a small fork lift to operate to move supplies
around. There will be large garage doors to receive
shipments as well as a normal access door to the
side of the garage door. There needs to be a bell
on the outside of the building that may be pressed to
notify employees of a shipment.
Shipping and receiving is located directly next to the
loading dock, mechanical room, shop, and shipping
offices. It may be accessed by stair or the service
elevator, or directly from the service pit outside the
basement level.
FACILITY PROGRAM SHIPPING/RECEIVING

ACTIVITY
The shop will be a space in which repairs to
machines and all the equipment that runs the
aquarium will be done.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
SPATIAL QUALITIES
The shop will have a concrete floor and storage
space for tools and machines. There will be ample
workspace for repairing tanks and machines that
allow the aquarium to operate. There shall also be
ample ventilation in this space. Shipping and
receiving will be connected to this space with a large
garage door. This will allow supplies to be easily
delivered into the space.
The shop will be directly connected to shipping and
receiving. It will be in close proximity to the service
elevator and the mechanical room as well.
FACILITY PROGRAM
ACTIVITY
The kitchen will be primarily used for cooking and
storing food which will be used in the restaurant. It
will also serve provide the food services for any
banquets which might be held in the lobby.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
SPATIAL QUALITIES
The kitchen will have dry storage space, cold
storage space, food preparation spaces, and space
for dish washing. It will be a space that can be
easily cleaned and highly functional for the workers.
This space will have to be acoustically sound so that
the noise does not interfere with the dining
experience.
The kitchen will be located towards the back of the
restaurant. There will also be exits located into the
restaurant as well. The kitchen will be connected to
the service elevator in order to more efficiently get
the goods to the kitchen.
FACILITY PROGRAM Sgi?

ACTIVITY
The mechanical room is a room in which the
machines which run the HVAC system and the
electrical systems will be housed.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
SPATIAL QUALITIES
The mechanical room will be located in the
basement. This room can be used to house some
of the pumps and filters in addition to the supplies
that are in the pump and filter room.
The mechanical room will be located in the
basement. It will located next to the shop and
shipping/receiving. It will also have access to the
aquarium drainage system, and will be connected to
the pump/filter room through a series of corridors.
FACILITY PROGRAM MECHANICAL ROOM

ACTIVITY
The food and supply storage area will be a space in
which food and supplies can be stored until
they are needed in their respective spaces.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
SPATIAL QUALITIES
This space will be confined only by the walls of other
spaces. This area will The food supply and storage
area will be open shelving and storage. There will
be enough room for a small fork lift to operate to
move supplies around.
This space is located directly next to the service
elevator, animal examination room, and the
hospital/laboratory. The close proximity to the
service elevator will allow for shipments to be easily
moved to the first floor and distributed where they
need to go.
FACILITY PROGRAM FOOD SUPPLY/STORAGE

ACTIVITY
The animal examination and treatment room will be
the space where sick and injured animals will be
treated here.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
SPATIAL QUALITIES
This space has tile and non-porous countertops and
work stations. There will be a small storage closet
within the space as well. Three small holding tanks
will be in the space in order to house the sick or
injured animals while they are in the space.
The examination room will be accessible from the
supply food storage area as well as the laboratory.
This space will be more private and secluded as to
allow the animals a peaceful recovery. It will be
located next to the staff lounge, as well as the
service elevator.
FACILITY PROGRAM
ACTIVITY
The filter/pump room is a room in which the main
pump and filter for the aquarium tanks.
SPATIAL QUANTITIES
SPATIAL QUALITIES
The filter/pump room will be a space that is in the
basement and that will prepare the water for all of
the tanks. It would be a service space which the
employees would be able to maintain the water and
the filter. It prepares and cycle the water constantly
through the tanks. This would help to ensure the
system stability within the tanks themselves.
The filter/pump room will be located in the
basement. There also should be ample ventilation
for all of the machines that are needed to filter the
water. All of the drain pipes from the tanks will go
into this space and be filtered and disposed of if
needed. There will also be direct lines from the
exterior water storage tanks into this space for water
to then be distributed into the tanks.
FACILITY PROGRAM FILTER/PUMP ROOM

PUBLIC SPACES
• Lobby 4,225 sq ft.
•Ticket Booth 200 sq ft.
•Information/Security Desk 200 sq ft.
•Concessions 600 sq ft.
•Gift Shop 2,200 sq ft.
•Public Restrooms
• Class Restroom (2''"' F oor) 430 sc ft.
Cafe Restroom 2'" loor 600 sa ft
• 0 )bv Restroor (1=' Floor) 760 sq ft.
1,790 sq ft.
•Restaurant/Cafe 4.000 sa ft.
13,215 sq ft.
EXHIBITION SPACES
• Aquariums 25,600 sq ft.
• Petting Pool 1,600 sq ft.
• Small Aviary 11,000 sq ft.
• IMAXDome Theater and Support 11.000 sq ft.
49,200 sq ft.
FACILITY PROGRAM
EDUCATIONAL SPACES
• Classrooms (2 at 800 sq ft ea.) 1,600 sq ft.
• Library 4,300 sq ft.
• Laboratory 2.550 sq ft.
8,450 sq ft.
SERVICE SPACES
• Shipping, Receiving, andOpen Storage 5,000 sq ft.
• Shop 3,200 sq ft.
• Kitchen/Food Storage 4,250 sq ft.
• Mechanical 3,000 sq ft.
• Food/Supply Storage 5,760 sq ft.
• Animal Examination/Treatment Room 1,440 sq ft.
• Pump/Filter Room 3.200 sa ft.
25,850 sq ft
FACILITY PROGRAM
•• 1
ADMINISTRATIVE SPACES
• Directors Office 300 sq ft.
• Coordinators Office 200 sq ft.
• Curators Office 200 sq ft.
• Aquarist Office 250 sq ft.
• Biologist Office 250 sq ft.
•Shipping Offices (2) 400 sq ft.
•Secretarial Spaces (2) 200 sq ft.
• Storage Room 500 sq ft.
s c;
•Conference Room 500 sq ft.
• Break Room/Lounge 1.200 sq ft.
4,000 sq ft.
TOTAL SQUARE FOOTAGES

• Public Spaces 13,215 sq ft.
• Exhibition Spaces 49,200 sq ft.
• Educational Spaces 8,450 sq ft.
• Service Spaces 25,850 sq ft.
• Administrative Spaces 4.000 sq ft.
100,715 sq ft.
FACILITY PROGRAM
The site is located almost due north of the main city
of San Antonio. The area in which it is located is
highly wooded with the Cedar tree which is native to
the area. The site is located east of Interstate 10 and
west of US Highway 281. It is also located north of
Anderson Loop 1604, which is the outer loop in the
city of San Antonio.
The terrain of the area is rolling hills made up
primarily of limestone. The limestone will provide for
a very sturdy foundation. It will also allow for there to
be ample rock that may not only be used on the
exterior of the building, but also in the landscaping,
exhibits and interior finishes. There is little natural
water in this area aside from a few natural springs.
Therefore having the aquarium in this area would be
an oasis in the middle of the hill country.
t.com. Inc.; ©2004 QDT. Inc.
SITE AND CONTEXT SITE MAP

Downtown San Antonio, much like other
cities, is no longer the central business
district. The main thriving business area is
located at US Highway 281 and Loop 1604.
Therefore, this aquarium will be located
approximately 5 miles away from the busiest
business intersection in the city. This will
provide a great opportunity for drawing
people out to this area.
Across the street from the site to the north is
a residential subdivision. Across Wilderness
Oak from the site there is vacant land in
which no plans for development have been
made yet. If this project were to be built, this
would be an ideal place for restaurants to be
built. To the east of the site, across Hardy
Oak is the site of a future business park.
. Inc.; C2004 Navigatbn Technobqies /

The site itself is highly sloped. From the base
of the site to the highest point it is a difference
in grade of 34 feet. This gives a great
opportunity to make the front of the building
very dramatic and project off of the site
increasing the visibility from a distance. It also
allows for great views to the south of the valley
below. There are rolling hills behind the site
that would provide a nice view out of the main
lobby and the administrative offices.
The natural contour of the site allows for a
possible entrance off of Wilderness Oak as well
as off of Hardy Oak. The natural slope of the
site also allows for there to be a service 'pit' on
the site, which would be hidden from the
intersection of Hardy Oak and Wilderness Oak,
as well as from approaching cars. With the
rising site from the street level, there would be
service access to the pit without having to have SITE PLAN INDICATING SECTION MARKS
ramps down into the area. There is also ample AND PICTURE LOCATIONS
natural drainage on the site itself so when the
building is built and the contours are adjusted,
the rain water will be able to drain effectively off
of the building and down the site natural pattern.

n L
SITE AND CONTEXT SITE SECTIONS

View looking Southwest on Wilderness Oak
View across intersection of Hardy Oak View across Hardy Oak

and Wilderness Oak
SITE AND CONTEXT VIEWS OF SITE

View looking West on Hardy Oak View across Hardy Oak
East View from site
NNE View from site
SITE AND CONTEXT VIEWS OF SITE

^^w^
HEATING AND COOLING

The heating and cooling system which will be used in
this facility is a dual-duct variable air volume system.
This system is very similar to a single-duct variable air
volume system, except there is a pair of ducts next to
each other. This allows for better local temperature
control. Each zone will have its own thermostat to be
able to control the volume of air that is released into
each space. Variable air volume systems are the most
widely used heating and cooling systems for large
buildings.
The dual duct variable air volume system has two air
streams at each zone with are proportioned to meet
the desired room temperature. The major components
of this system are a boiler and chimney, chilled water
plant, cooling tower, fan room, vertical supply and
return ducts.
Hoi water or steam
FACILITY PROGRAM TS
t«dbya
fluid under
it its use to
ELEVATOR SYSTEM
The elevator system which will be used is a hydraulic
elevator system. Hydraulic elevators consist of a car
supported by a piston that is moved by or moves
against a fluid under pressure. A penthouse is not
required, but the hydraulic elevator's lower speed and
piston length limit its use to buildings up to six stories
in height, which is suitable for this facility with three
floors. Machine room houses the hoisting machinery,
control equipment, and sheaves for raising and
lowering an elevator car. The maximum dimensions
for the shaft would be 5'8" by 8'9". This will help with
the ADA compliance of the building.
linary
icturer
FACILITY PROGRAM
PRIVACY (ELECTRIC) GLASS OUTERLAVER
GLASS OR INSULA! r C
POLYCARBONATE CLASS
The privacy glass, also known as electric glass, will be LlOUlO
riLM
used in the conference room as well as the stage in CRYSTAL SPACER
the theater. This will allow for there to be privacy when

needed and open when not. n
-ADHESIVE -GLAS
INTERLAYER
The privacy glass can be used for many different
OUTERLAVER
applications. It could also be sandwiched in between GLASS OR
POLYCARBONATE
acrylic panels so that it can be walked on. The SPACER
maximum glass panel width is 39 inches and the

maximum height is 110 inches. This glass is a liquid
«ir.
APPLIED ELECTRIC
CURRENT M
ADHESIVE
GLASS
LAYER
crystal film laminated between two double panes of
window. This then can be switched from clear to
opaque in a matter of seconds.
For exterior use, the curtain wall system has a photo
eye that enables it to change clear to opaque as the
sun rises and sets. This is ideal for large expanses of
glass that may not necessarily be on the north fagade.
At any time one can override the photo eye in order to
see out of the glass. There is also a highly water tight
frame which may be used not only at the top of the
aquarium, but also outside to prevent rain from
entering. Overall this is a unique product that will allow
a little more versatility within this facility.
FACILITY PROGRAM
AQUARIUM SPACE REQUIREMENTS
#of Tank Total

Species Tanks Size Gallons Heigtit
Beluga 1 50,000 50,000 12'
Shark 1 11,100 11,100 10'
Dolphin 1 11,100 11,100 10'
Game Fish 3 2,100 6,300 6' 3.84 GAL/SQ. FT @ 1F00T DEPTH
Sea Lion 1 3,000 3,000 8'
Seal 1 3,000 3,000 8' 99,750/7.36 (AVE TANK HEIGHT) = 13,553 SQ FT

I Tropical 3 2,100 6,300 5'
• Penguins 1 1,500 1,500 5'
I Educational 3 1,250 3,750 5"
1 Hospital 1 700 700 6'
• Misc. 5 600 3,000 6'
99,750 total gallons
FACILITY PROGRAM SPECIAL ARCHITECTURAL ISSUES

The preliminary cost estimate was derived from
previous case studies. The most recent aquarium that
was built, The Florida Aquarium, would most likely
have the most accurate costs to date. Therefore the
cost per square foot can be inferred for this facility
from these numbers.
Total Cost / Total Square Footage = Cost per Square Foot

$117,000/156,735 sq feet = $746 per sq foot
This Facility
$746 per sq foot x 100,715 sq feet = $75,133,390
FACILITY PROGRAM
[I] Algone, p. 1.
[2]NEAqHistory, p.1.
[3] Architectural Record, 1995, p. 80.
[4] Ibid, p. 80.
[5] Ibid, p. 80.
[6] Ibid, p.84.
[7] Architectural Record, 1998, p 106.
[8] Ibid, p. 106.
[9] Ibid, p. 108.
[10]lbid, p. 111.
[ I I ] Aquarium Architecture, p. 1.
[12] Long Beach Aquarium of the Pacific, p. 1
[13] Aquarium Architecture, p. 2.
[14] Ibid, p. 4.
[15] Wylson, 1994, p. 128.
[16] Ibid, p. 128.
[17] Ibid, p. 129.
END NOTES
CHAPTER IV
The purpose of this thesis is to show that this Public Aquarium,
located on Wilderness Oak Drive in San Antonio, Texas, can fuse
effective circulation and the programmatic space requirements,
while utilizing the natural aspects of the site itself, to create an
oasis in the hill country.
By fusing these variables into one, a cohesive facility will result.
Circulation which is highly important in any facility, should be paid
careful attention in this design. This facility is divided up into five
different areas of operation: public, administrative, educational,
exhibition, and service. All of the spaces, yet quite different in
their functions, must all still flow together as one cohesive plan.
The circulation issues may be addressed by having the large
central lobby with the individual activities radiating off of it. Also
by having like spaces adjacent to each other, it will increase the
effectiveness of the spatial planning. In the history of aquariums,
there were two types of circulation. One consisted of a single
path in which the visitor could go, and the other was more of a
wandering way, where the visitor could go and view as they
please. In this design a combination of the two will be tested to
see if that in fact would be a better design.
The programmatic space requirements as discussed in Chapter
III, will determine greatly the shape in which the building will take
on. By using these spaces and the natural shape and contour of
the site, the facility will begin to take shape. The facility will have
multiple floors to increase the circulation, as well as to
accommodate all of the spaces. The mechanical room, loading
dock, and other service spaces may end up being on a basement
level that is in a service pit. Thus from the street level one would
not see the service spaces, but yet they will be located in an
appropriate space. The large space that is allowed
HYPOTHESIS
for the restaurant would be ideally located on the portion of the
site which can take advantage of the site beyond. By using
glazing, possibly the privacy glass, the space could be utilized at
all times of the day, and could continually take advantage of the
view. Through the use of vertical circulation, such as elevators,
escalators, and stairs, the different levels of the aquarium will be
easily linked.
The idea of creating an Oasis in the hill country stems from the
fact that in the area this is located there is not an abundance of
water sources. Thus by having an aquarium in this area, it will be
like an oasis in the desert. This will be someplace that will attract
people from miles around, and it is something that people will look
forward to coming to. Once inside it will be as if they are
energized to explore the exhibits and learn about areas that are
unknown to them. All of the applications of knowledge will help to
create this facility and along with all of the other secondary issues,
a functional and beautiful building will result.
The architectural design methods which will be used to solve this
design problem will vary in many different ways. Some will look at
space requirements and adjacencies. Others will look at the
surrounding built context and help this facility to use those
characteristics in its design. To help with the spatial design
problem many different diagrams can be used to decide upon the
correct adjacencies and locations for spaces. Bubble diagrams,
as used in the previous chapter, can show very quickly and easily
spatial relationships. This will allow the design to flow better
between the parts and to have a more effective circulation pattern.
This will also help to show the access patterns from space to
space, and allow the design to keep separate the public from
HYPOTHESIS
private space. These bubble diagrams will begin to show patterns
for effective egress as well. In the event of a fire, there needs to
be clear and effective paths of egress, by planning out roughly
where spaces are going to go, the design can then reflect this in
the paths to the exits. Once the spaces are roughly laid out in the
bubble diagrams, the square footages can be applied, and the
spaces can actually begin to take their form.
Another method of solving the spatial organization is through a
building matrix. This will be able to show the direct, indirect, or
lack of relation between spaces. This will help the design, once
again, to have a very strong and effective circulation pattern. This
will most definitely show which spaces it is imperative that they
are adjacent, and which spaces it is not necessary at all if they are
next to each other. Being that this project has five different areas
of operation, this method will help to keep these areas separate,
but also allow some connection so that the building is a cohesive
whole.
Another method in which will help the facility to fit in with the
surrounding context and site, is the use of site analysis. This
method will allow the design to conform to the slope of the site, to
take advantage of the views, as well as to incorporate all of the
natural surroundings into the design. As discussed previously, the
area of this site is primarily of limestone, and that is reflected in
the existing built context. Therefore using the site information,
and the surrounding built context, the design itself can incorporate
these elements which will tie it to this site directly.
Site analysis will also be able to show where the best place for the
entrance to the parking lot is to be, as well as the direction and
orientation of the spaces themselves. For example, it would be an
HYPOTHESIS
optimum choice to have the restaurant overlooking the view of the
hill country, and to have the spaces, such as the aquariums,
which do not have any windows to face the west to block the heat.
This then begins to have some interaction with the bubble
diagrams which were previously discussed in order to effectively
arrange the spaces, and take full advantage of the site itself.
Once the spatial relationships have been determined, the design
will begin to take a more rigid shape. This will then lend itself to
the creation of the structural system, aesthetic qualities, and
operation of the building design. By doing all of these in a
progressive pattern an effective design solution will evolve.
HYPOTHESIS
CHAPTER V
94
This chapter will outline the design process and response

to this thesis. With the aid of text and images, the
evolution of this project will become apparent. The issues
that became the most important will be highlighted and the
decisions made to respond to those issues will be
discussed. This is an overall collection of the design
process and response from beginning of the project to the
conclusion.
DESIGN PROCESS
These are just a few examples of the numerous sketches
that took place to come up with the final exterior and
interior form. Along with numerous floor plan schemes, as
seen in the following two pages, there were many fagade
schemes that were developed as well. This idea of
creating an exterior plaza was one that was important to
the design, and is shown in some of these sketches.
Once the idea of using the primal forms, the cube, sphere,
and pyramid, this was developed as the primary design
strategy. There were also many studies done with
concentrating the center of the dome in plan as the center
of the entire building. All of these sketches as well as
many others eventually led up to the design of the final
project.
Figure 37: Design Development Sl<etches
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT SKETCHES

96
This was the earliest plan in the design, showing the detailed This plan began to address egress, and placing the service
planning of the aquarium spaces. However this plan did not area at the center of the behind the scenes action. This
address egress within the facility. allowed for the service corridors to all come from one point.
This plan further addressed egress and the classroom This plan, much like the previous plan, reduced further the
awkward angles. It also added in the appropriate amount of
spaces began to develop. This plan also began to square off
restrooms, and other service areas.
and simplify some of the awkward angles.
Figure 38: Process Drawings: Various Floor Plan Schemes
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT FLOOR PLAN SCHEMES

97
ig;^^
This plan, although not fully developed was the point in which
it was discovered that the completely organic shape of the
aquarium exhibit space might not be the correct way to go This is when the final plan began to take shape. The center
about the design. of the aquarium exhibits became the central point in the
building. The aviary and IMAX were designed, and the office
spaces, as well as other support spaces were organized.
/ /
This plan is when the curved fafade was introduced,

This plan shows the development of the site, and the reversal
furthering the radial design.
of the plan on the site itself. The curved fa?ade has been
implemented, and this plan then led directly to the final plan.
Figure 39: Process Drawings: Various Floor Plan Schemes
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT FLOOR PLAN SCHEMES

Throughout the design process there were numerous design
reviews, both formal and informal. These reviews were an
excellent opportunity to have outside opinions and criticism
on the project itself. It sometimes takes a fresh eye to point
out the simplest of corrections. The first review was a
preliminary design review. In this review, the floor plans had
begun to take shape, and using the schematic review notes
from the previous semester the building program was being
executed. In these floor plans, shown at the right, the
circulation within the aquarium exhibits themselves were
focused on highly. The circulation here was decided to be
one of a directed path, but yet it was also a leisure path to
follow. With in this plan the different areas of use were also
separated out to increase the effectiveness of the building,
as well as to keep the service circulation and public
circulation separate as much as possible.
Some of the main suggestions discussed were to simplify

the exterior form, and apply an overall unifying structure to
the building. The floor plans at this point were very organic
in nature, this would therefore, not be difficult to build, but it
would prove to have a more elaborate structural system. In l-Caf&Restaurant
2-Kitchen
simplifying the plan, the awkward angles could be removed, 3-GiflShop

4-Lobby
thus allowing for a more regular structural grid to be &^dmtnJstration
established. Also by creating a unifying structural system, 6-Ubrary

7-C[3ssrooms
public spaces could be articulated by different systems than &-Laboratory
service spaces. Thus increasing the ease of circulation and g-Aquarium Exhibits
10-IMAX TTieater
clarity of spaces. 11-Aviary
F i g u r e 4 0 ; P r e l i m i n a r y F l o o r P l a n s (Top Second Floor, Bottom First Floor)
PRELIMINARY REVIEW
other suggestions that came out of this review was that of
increasing the service spaces for the IMAX area. In the
plans previously there were no restrooms, concessions, or
lobby space for the IMAX itself. Therefore, so that the IMAX
could function as a separate entity apart from the aquarium.
It was also discussed to allow the IMAX to have its own
entrance so that it may be used after hours, to increase the
revenue for the facility. The other main suggestion was to
develop the facades of the building. Up to this point the
facades were merely solids, as shown to the right. The next
logical step was to put glazing and other forms to articulate
the exterior fa9ade. It was suggested that the entry lobby
and the gift shop have glazing that would allow for window
shopping to occur. Also to allow this space to be flooded Figure 41: Preliminary Elevations and Axonimetric
with natural light.
The next step after this review that was taken was to
simplify the floor plan, unify the structure, and work on the
exterior facades.
Figure 42: Preliminary Building Sections
PRELIMINARY REVIEW
After numerous intermediate informal reviews, the qualifying
review was the next design review. The month that was
between the preliminary review and the qualifying review
was spent taking into consideration all the suggestions, as FUTURE BUSINESS PARK
well as pushing forward to finish the project.
The biggest, and most evident change was in the floor plan
and site orientation. As can be seen in the images to the
right and the images on the following page, the floor plan
was simplified from the previous review, and orientation on
the site was reversed. The floor plans were developed
much further and in much more detail than previously. Still
keeping with the circulation issue, the aquarium space was
redesigned around a central point in the middle of this large
geodesic dome structure. This central point provided an Figure 43: Qualifying Site Plan
organizing feature for the building. Where the building
previously faced north, it now faces south with a service pit
on the north of the building. By repositioning the building to
face the south, it took greater advantage of the natural
aspects of the site. This allowed for sheet draining of water
away from the building. It also increased the visibility of the
building from approaching roads. Whereas previously the
building had its back facing the approaching traffic from
Hardy Oak and Wilderness Oak and the front facing the
intersection, the building now faces the two most traveled 1-Kitchen/Food Storage
approaches. This continues the Oasis idea by drawing 2..flestaraunt

3-AiirriristrB6on
people into the building from afar. This also put the service Figure 44: Qualifying Second Floor Plan
4-Mezzanine
pit on the north of the building. Due to the slope of the site, 5-Library
6-Classroom
this pit would not be visible from the approaching streets or
QUALIFYING REVIEW •'.-H^ •-.'"^BlSiSKsJ'^-' •

the intersection above. It also enabled there to be a
separate service drive off of Hardy Oak, thus continuing to
take into consideration the separation of service and public
circulation, even in the vehicular sense.
In this qualifying review, the advisor and instructor were

present to examine the architectural work. Several of the
suggestions included the reduction of the geodesic dome,
better integration of the mechanical system, and the removal
of some awkward spaces. The lessening of the dome was
not only an aesthetic decision, but also one of structural
concern. The large span would have created an enormous
amount of outward force on the walls; therefore, by
downsizing the dome, the thrust also diminished. A collar
beam was added on top of the roof structure to assist with
the column system below as well. The professors also
suggested that backfilled earth be used to fill in the
basement to support the aquariums. Being that the column
system is already in place, this would be the easiest and
most effective way to support the massive weight of the Treatn ent Room
aquariums.
During the review, the evaluators also suggested that the S-Concessions/lnfo/Securir /Ticket Booth
aquarium spaces be broken into zones because of the shear

volume of the facility. The zones would be conditioned by
roof-top units rather than boilers and chillers in the
basement. Using this method would allow for easier
temperature control of the spaces. Furthermore, if one zone
was to go out, the others would compensate for it and the
entire complex would not loose heating or air. Since the
QUALIFYING REVIEW
f '
temperature of the water is so vital to the survival of the

animals, the heating and cooling method is crucial to the
design. In the original design of the building, a glass
enclosed front corridor was connected to the aviary and
the IMAX at an awkward intersection. The reviewers
suggested squaring off the intersection of these areas in
order to decrease the amount of awkward space. This
resulted in not only a more natural entry, but also created
an exterior, open arcade in which patrons could enjoy the
San Antonio weather.
Figure 46: Qualifying Perspectives: (Clockwise from Top Left: upstairs

Interior Mezzanine. Exterior Front Fafade, Interior Comdor. Exterior Approach)
vA^x'
\XX>
V-^'s^'v^
J^î
Figure 47: Qualifying Building Sections and Construction Details
QUALIFYING REVIEW
This thesis is based upon circulation, space requirements,
and the natural site. Therefore, these three aspects
prevailed as the primary concerns for the project. When
beginning the design of this facility, all of the spaces were
drawn out to scale in block form. This then allowed for the
issue of circulation to be addressed. By starting first with
these two issues, the plan was able to take shape and like
spaces were able to be grouped together. By keeping
spaces that have primarily the same use, this increased
the effectiveness of the spaces, as well as keeping the
service circulation separate from the public circulation.
Once the spaces were roughly laid out, the integration of

the site began to take place. In the early stages of the
design, the building was located on the southern portion of
the site facing north. The thoughts behind this was that
the service area would be hidden behind the building, and
thus not visible from the front of the facility. Although
numerous plans were designed and adapted to this
solution on the site, it did not take full advantage of the
site itself.
The final design response is the result of many different

schemes, issues, and solutions. This design response
that is demonstrated graphically, with clarifying notes to
the left, in the pages that follow was determined to be the
most successful solution to the problem at hand. The final
design response section will journey from the site plan
and orientation through the floor plans and elevations, all
the way to structural details. This will demonstrate a
comprehensive view of the design of this Oasis Aquarium.
FINAL DESIGN RESPONSE

Figure 48: Final Site Plan
FINAL DESIGN RESPONSE SITE/ROOF PLAN

A-FROGS
B-GIANT TURTLES
C-TUNNEL AQUARIUM
D-SHARKS
E-TROPICAL FISH
F-SALT WATER FISH
G-CHANGING EXHBIT
H-GAME FISH
l-MISC CYLINDRICAL AQUARIUMS
J-BELUGA WHALES
K-JELLYFISH
L-PENGUINS
M-SEA LIONS
<y
1-IMAX DOME THEATER 10-AQUARIUM EXHIBITS

2-IMAX LOBBY 11-CONCESSIONS
3-IMAX OFFICE 12-DISPLAY WINDOW
4-HOSPITAL/LABORATORY 13-INFO/SECURITY
5-STAFF LOUNGE 14-TICKET BOOTH
i 6-ANIMAL EXAMINATION
7-SUPPLY/FOOD STORAGE
8-AQUARIST OFFICE
15-LOBBY
16-GIFTSHOP
17-PETTING POOL
9-BIOLOGIST OFFICE 18-AVIARY
Figure 49: Final First Floor Plan
FINAL DESIGN RESPONSE FIRST FLOOR PLAN

19-IMAX THEATER BELOW 28-DIRECTORS OFFICE
20-FOOD STORAGE 29-COORDINATORS OFFICE
21-KITCHEN 30-CURATORS OFFICE
i 22-ROOF BELOW
23-SERVICE CLOSET
24-STORAGE
31-LOBBY BALCONY
32-CAFE./RESTAURANT
33-OPEN TO BELOW
25-CONFERENCE ROOM 34-MEZZANINE
Figure 50: Final Second Floor Plan 26-DIRECTOR'S SECRETARY 35-LIBRARY
27-SECRETARY 36-CLASSROOMS
FINAL DESIGN RESPONSE SECOND FLOOR PLAN
T
1^ Iffl-ffliyra
D I D
38
=MD ,, D
37
39
G 37-IMAX THEATER
38-SHOP
i
39-MECHANICAL ROOM
40-SHIPPING OFFICES
41-SHIPPING AND RECEIVING
42-TANK DRAINAGE SERVICE SPACE
43-PUMP/FILTER ROOM
Figure 51: Final Basement Floor Plan
FINAL DESIGN RESPONSE BASEMENT PLAN

I I
WHH^^lllfffi
Figure 52: South Elevation
Figure 53: East Elevation
FINAL DESIGN RESPONSE ELEVATIONS

Figure 54: North Elevation
Figure 55: West Elevation
FINAL DESIGN RESPONSE ELEVATIONS

, • '
Figure 56: Building Section D_D
Ventilated Outer Skin Roof Deck

Passage of
Carrier/sub-frame •Mechanical System
attached to strucluiu [ —
\
pen web steel joist
Panel reinforcement
members
u
m \
Figure 57
Ventilated Cavity-
Aliimlmim miillinn
fixed to bracket w/ screws
Figure 57: Wall Panel System Detail
Figure 58: Wall Section L
FINAL DESIGN RESPONSE BUILDING SECTION

AND DETAILS
Figure 60"
Figure 61
;^
Figure 59: Building Section B_B Light gauge steel frame-
Glazing
Glazing Bracket
Cap Flashing
Site r-.ggf (-.nncrptp retaining
wall and column footing
Base flashing
Metal RooLDeck.
Figure 61: Interior Wall Section

Figure 60: Dome Connection Detail
BUILDING SECTION
FINAL DESIGN RESPONSE AND DETAILS
Figure 64
Snap on Cap
Hip Rafter
"Rafter
I Connection
Figure 65: Aviary Compression Ring

^ Figure 64: Aviary Glazing System
BUILDING SECTIONS
FINAL DESIGN RESPONSE AND DETAILS
_i 1* « «=* « tJ « o "
EXHIBITION SPACE
H E D U C A T I O N A L SPACE
PUBLIC SPACE
ADMINISTRATIVE SPACE
i SERVICE SPACE
- .PUBLIC CIRCULATION
—. 6ERVICE CIRCULATION
Figure 66: First Floor Circulation and Building Use Plan
FINAL DESIGN RESPONSE CIRCULATION PLANS

EXHIBITION SPACE
I EDUCATIONAL SPACE
PUBLIC SPACE
ADMINISTRATIVE SPACE
I SERVICE SPACE
• PUBLIC CIRCULATION
6ERVICE CIRCULATION
Figure 67: Second Floor Circulation and Building Use Plan

IfiJaL
?^ -N^B
2.
EXHIBITION SPACE
H EDUCATIONAL SPACE
H PUBLIC SPACE
ÂDMINISTRATIVE SPACE
^ S E R V I C E SPACE
I 4...
- .PUBLIC CIRCULATION
—. 6ERVICE CIRCULATION
Figure 68: Basement Circulation and Building Use Plan

Figure 69: Exterior Entry Perspective

Figure 70: Interior Lobby View from Upstairs Balcony
FINAL DESIGN RESPONSE PERSPECTIVES

Figure 71: Exterior Approach from Parking Lot

Figure 72: Interior Exhibit Perspective

Figure 73: Interior Tunnel Aquarium Perspective

Figure 74: Interior Aquarium Exhibit Entrance

Figure 7 5 : V a r i o u s M o d e l P h o t o g r a p h s (clockwise from Top Left: SW Perspective, view from the West, Site Plan, Anal View from the NE)
FINAL DESIGN RESPONSE MODEL PHOTOGRAPHS

CHAPTER VI
The idea and basis for this project was to create an Oasis
in the hill country. After eleven months of research,
design development, and production, an Oasis has been
created.
The final design was not arrived at easily however, it took

many different schemes to finally come up with one that
was completely successful. Granted there are still some
areas that could be improved slightly, but what plan are
there not. The design has created a place of refuge for
the people of San Antonio as well as a pleasant contrast
to the surrounding hill country. Using the natural
limestone of the area, as well as some contemporary
materials, such as the aluminum panels and glazing on
the dome and pyramid, this facility draws on the aesthetic
of the area but yet creates a statement all its own.
Therefore people will not only come for its recreation and
educational opportunities, but also its aesthetic beauty.
The main goal within the Oasis was to create a facility in

which the circulation was so beautifully articulated that
there was never confusion as to where to go or what to do
next. This goal was achieved with success. The
aquarium exhibit space is one that was very carefully laid
out so that one is encouraged to follow a certain path, but
yet there is plenty of space and visual stimulus that the
paths would not be crowded. A guided yet open flow for
the aquarium and the aviary exhibit allow the patron's to
experience the aquarium at their own pace.
CONCLUSION
Also within the space, the service circulation and space
was kept entirely separate from the public circulation.
This was achieved by a series of corridors behind the
scenes in which the aquariums can be accessed. This
helps to increase the experience and relieve the stresses
of the people if they do not have to see the maintenance
going on.
Also achieved was all of the public spaces, such as the

educational and administrative areas, were kept off of the
lobby itself. This allows for easy access to these
individual spaces without interfering with the exhibits
themselves. Also located off of the lobby is the
IMAXDome Theater. This is an area that can function
separately of the aquarium. There are separate
entrances, and the lobby and rest of the aquarium may be
closed off after hours to increase the revenue of the
aquarium. The restaurant upstairs my also be isolated
from the rest of the facility in order to host banquets and
other functions at night.
This project has been an extreme learning experience.

Working a design through ten plus schemes, learning new
rendering techniques, as well as a multitude of building
structure and code knowledge has definitely given me a
stronger architectural knowledge, putting to use all of the
knowledge acquired during college to create one project
was extremely satisfying. This has been a great
experience to create this Oasis in the hill country.
CONCLUSION
Works Cited
Algone. The History of the Aquarium. 2004. Internet on-line http://vtfww.alqone.com/aquarium historv pf.htm \
Aquarial Gardens, Bromfield Street, Boston. 2004. Internet on-line
http://www.butlerart.com/Web Shows/homer/Pages/aquarial qardens.htm
Aquarium of the Pacific. Visitor Information: History of Aquariums. 2004. Internet on-line
http://www.aquariumofpacific.orq/VISITOR INFO/historv aop.html
Ivy, Robert. "Oceans Pavilion: Lisbon, Portugal." Arc/7/tecfwra/f?ecorcf, August 1998.
Lisbon Oceanarium. Oceans Pavilion. 2000. Internet on-line http://lrm.isr.ist.utl.pt/isqm/albuns/3xpo98/pavoceanos en.html
Monterey Bay Aquarium. Visitor Guide. 2004. Internet on-line http://www.mbavaq.orq/vi/vi aquarium/vi aq visit.asp
New England Aquarium. Aquarium History: Old Aquariums: Boston Aquarial Gardens. 2001. Internet on-line
http://vtfww.neaq.orq/about/historv/1885.html
Pearson, Clifford A. "Total Immersion." Architectural Record, June 1995.
Pettibone, Martin. "Lubbock Aquarium". Thesis , Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas. 1996.
The Sunday Times Syndication Website. Gabion: Chermayeff at Lisbon. 2003. Internet on-line
http://www.huqhpearman.com/articles/cwa20.htm
University of California, Irvine: School of Information and Computer Science. Long Beach Aquarium. 2003. Internet on-line
http://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/pix/lbaq2/
visit-Los-Angeles.com. The Long Beach Aquarium of the Pacific. 2004. Internet on-line
http://lonq-beach-aquarium-of-the-pacific.visit-los-anqeles.com/
Wylson, Anthony and Particia. Theme Parks. Leisure Centres. Zoos and Aquaria , New York: Longman Singapore
Publishers Ltd., 1994.
WORKS CITED

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AN AQUARIUM FOR SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS

PROFESSOR BEN K. SHACKLETTE

Submitted to the Architecture Faculty

55. Final West Elevation

74. Interior Aquarium Exhibit Entrance

An oasis is defined as a place that provides refuge,

Much like a water source in the middle of the desert

all, not just the privileged.''

Since these innovations in the functionality of the

Figure 5: Interior showing fake trees covering duct work.

CASE STUDY The Florida Aquarium

Figure 7: Exterior Public Space.

The Florida Aquarium

The mechanical system of the Aquarium is uniquely disguised

Figure 9: Interior View of Lobby.

CASE STUDY The Florida Aquarium

FIRST FLOOB WiS'.l.vVl* ^'•^ '^"-^

1. Lobby 7. Multi-purpose IS. Reservoir

Figure 10: Floor Plans

CASE STUDY The Florida Aquarium

Figure 12: Interior cave-like exhibit hall.

The Florida Aquarium

Figure 14: Oceans Pavilion Exterior View

CASE STUDY Oceans Pavilion

Part of the idea driving the interior architecture is the idea of a

Building Cross Sections show the clear span that is allowed by

CASE STUDY Oceans Pavilion

Figure 17: Oceans Pavilion site plan

CASE STUDY Oceans Pavilion

Figure 19: Floor Plans

Figure 21: Exterior View of aquarium from across the bay.

CASE STUDY Aquarium of the Pacific

The structure of this facility takes into some unique

On the interior of the aquarium are many dynamic spaces. For

Figure 23: Interior aquarium viewing wall.

CASE STUDY ^Bff

Aquarium of the Pacific

Figure 27: View of exterior children's courtyard

CASE STUDY Aquarium of the Pacific

Figure 28: View of Monterey Bay Aquarium from across bay.

Monterey Bay Aquarium

Some of the materials that are used to make the building

Figure 30: View of interior display areas.

Monterey Bay Aquarium

CASE STUDY Monterey Bay Aquarium

Figure 33: Second Floor plan.

Figure 32: Second Floor plan. Figure 34: Building sections

CASE STUDY Monterey Bay Aquarium

San Antonio has a total population of 1,144,646. The area

One of the main objectives of this aquarium is to be an

CONTEXT AND SITE

San Antonio is a city that is full of history and culture.

Following the Civil War, San Antonio grew as a cattle,

CONTEXT AND SITE

Some of the climate issues are demonstrated in the

CONTEXT AND SITE

/ .^" ^" J"

CONTEXT AND SITE

CONTEXT AND SITE

FACILITY PROGRAM TICKET BOOTH

FACILITY PROGRAM INFORMATION & SECURITY DESK

FACILITY PROGRAM CONCESSIONS

FACILITY PROGRAM GIFT SHOP

SPACE WATER CLOSET URINAL LAVATORY