CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

As modern lifestyle become more efficient and more

complicated, people seek ways to apply technology to mundane

activities in order to simplify these tasks. According to W.

Brian Arthur (2009) the first and most basic one is a technology

it is a means to fulfill a human purpose. As a means, a

technology my be a method to process or device. Or it may be

complicated or material or may be non material. Whichever it is,

it is always a means to carry out a human purpose. Technology as

a term, had never given a standard definition due to varying

meanings people attached to it. An ethological perspective of

its definition connotes that it is something inherently

intelligent beings like humans can appreciate, something

devised, designed or discovered serving particular purpose (La

Shun, 2017). According to Zuckerberg (2016) what defines a

technological tool-on historical definition-is something that

takes a humans sense or ability or augments it and makes it more

powerful. By technology we typically mean the knowledge and

instruments that humans use to accomplish the purpose of life.

Technology can, indeed, be defined as a pursuit of power over

nature (Friedel, 2007, p1-543). Technology has revolutionized

the field of education. The importance of technology in school

cannot be ignored, in fact, with the onset of computers in

education, it has become easier for teachers to impart knowledge

and for students to acquire it. The use of technology has made

the process of teaching and learning enjoyable (Muir-Herzig,

2008).

Effects

Social skills. Vast use of tech solutions is likely to result in

poor social skills. Business meetings are held over Skype and

kids chat in messenger rather than call on granny or meet up

with a friend in person. On the face of it, technology appears

to create global network bringing people together. But in fact,

this replaces real-life communication and ends in social

isolation. Moreover, strong social bonds are replaced with a

number of shallow “friends” in social networks. As a result,

people might feel lonely and depressed. We’ve got into the habit

of living in our own world and staring at the device screen even

when surrounded by people. When we replace real-life interaction

with online communication, we lose the ability to read social

cues like tone of voice, facial expression, body language, and

direct wording. On top of it, violent games and videos kill

empathy and bring destruction into individual’s life. Education.

The Internet has become a great tool for learning. You can

google any information you need rather than spend time in the

library or attend the course online without leaving home. Yet,

tech involvement doesn’t always guarantee the quality of

education. Children sometimes overuse technology in the

classroom which obviously affects the learning process in a

negative way. Plagiarism and cheating have increased while

analysis and critical thinking have declined. This puts young

generation thinking abilities in jeopardy. Various studies claim

that the more students use entertainment technologies like games

or social media, the less they perform academically. Instead of

reading and doing homework, modern kids indulge in

entertainment. A similar situation goes for the Internet: using

the Web to search information is linked to higher grades while

online gaming or socializing is associated with lower exam

results. The reason for it is the distraction caused by games,

messages, and videos. Young people have a hard time focusing

attention at the lessons and resisting impulsive behavior.

Physical effects. Among the most dangerous effects of technology

is obesity. Being absorbed by a laptop or a tablet, people tend

to snack a lot, keep late hours and exercise less. The more time

you sit in front of the PC, the lesser is the blood circulation

in your body, not to speak of the neck and head pain. Moreover,

sedentary life is the reason why many people have a curved

backbone and bad posture as a result. Constant staring at the

screen might be the reason for headaches and poor eyesight. Also

dancing with iPod in the street may seem cool, yet it may be
harmful to your ears. Loud music in headphones is likely to

cause hearing loss and ringing in the ears. Gadgets can also

provoke the tendonitis in the thumb caused by repeated use of

thumbs to push buttons on devices or playing too many games.

Privacy and security. If being misused, technology can expose

you to a number of risks. Especially vulnerable are kids. One in

three teenagers reported being victims of cyberbullying. The

offenders use text messages, social media or forums to reach out

the target. The internet is now also where online sex crimes

take place. Sexting is another risky behavior teens might be

exposed to. 39% of teens admitted sending sext messages, and

almost half of the teenagers received texts containing nudity.

With huge population using the Internet, it gives rise to

cybercrime. Today it’s easier than ever before to find someone’s

personal information as the borders of privacy is blurred. With

a few clicks, you can now discover Facebook page with all the

contact information, pictures, whereabouts and many more. The

information obtained can be used by cheaters for hacking and

viruses. Mental health. One of the most dramatic impacts of

technology is the decline of the quality and quantity of sleep.

The sleep chemical melatonin is influenced by the constant glow

from screens. So keeping technology is likely to interfere with

your sleep and effects your general state. What is even more

serious is that people become addicted to technology. This has a

detrimental effect on person’s health and social life, and

destroys social and family bonds. Among other mental problems

caused by computers is a new type of stress called The chronic

Smartphone Stress. It is caused by notifications (or their

absence), constant anticipation of a message or e-mail. If a

person doesn’t get enough attention, this can make you feel

stressed or even depressed. Excessive information space,

exaggerated online reality, internet overuse, and social

comparison are all factors potentially provoking depressive

behavior.

According to Espinosa (2016) Technological advances had greatly

changed theeducation landscape in that teaching is no longer con

fined to the traditional face-to-face delivery

of lessons. Now, via internet we can also learn not only in the

classroom but outside the school.Through the convergence of mode

rn and traditional methods, students are now able to

experience the best of both worlds. They can learn from school a

nd get additional information orlessons through the web and inte

rnet. Accroding toJohn Rifuno I. Macaset(2017) a BS Computer Eng

ineering, technology had played great roles in

many people’s daily tasks starting with the conception of the pe

rsonal computer, people’s work

became faster, and communication with other people became easier

. Recent years, the use oftechnology in education has been prove

n beneficial to both teachers and students. With the use ofthe i

nternet, teachers are able to communicate with their students mo

re easily, and allows themto distribute learning materials such

as assignments, exercises, and tests to their pupils.

According to the study of Jimson Mariano (2017) The Philippine g

overnment has beencommitted to bring the educational system into

a modernized status, particularly on basiceducation, in its eff

ort to make each and every student at par with other students of

neighboringdeveloped countries. Our country is now capable to u

tilize and produce information and totransform it into knowledge

and vast array of goods and services. The Department of Educati

on(DEPED) has initiated in 1996 a computerization program with t

he goal of preparing Filipinostudents for employment and competi

tive career by teaching them to master new forms oftechnology. T

hey also would like to harness and enhance the power of technolo

gytowards developing the entire teaching-

learning process, specifically in its bid to

make each and every public school student empowered in this high

ly globalized and integratedworld economy. When looking to

implement Technology into a classroom, educators must look

closely at their student population to understand who they are

working with, how their students will learn

best, and how to build their confidence with technology so they

will, in return, be satisfied with their

learning experience, and thus become motivated to learn.

Educators cannot simply use technology

as a replacement. Sansone et al. (2011) addresses motivation and

note that students who already have a greater interest in

computers may display greater knowledge and interest because the

tasks they may do on a computer are already relevant to their

interests and they are able to make connections on their own.

When looking to implement Technology into a classroom, educators

must look closely at their student population to understand who

they are working with, how their students will learn

best, and how to build their confidence with technology so they

will, in return, be satisfied with their learning experience,

and thus become motivated to learn. Educators cannot simply use

technology as a replacement. Sansone et al. (2011) addresses

motivation and note that students who already have a greater

interest in computers may display greater knowledge and interest

because the tasks they may do on a computer are already relevant

to their interests and they are able to make

connections on their own. Students Prepare for Future

Technology. Technology changes at an ever changing rate. Cell

phones were considered a luxury just a few years ago, but now

they are a part of everyday life. The mobile devices of today

have as much if not more computing power than full desktop

computers did in the early 2000’s. Every year the mobile devices
become more powerful and will soon replace desktop computers.

With the move towards cloud computing, it is no longer necessary

to have large amounts of storage on a device. This allows

teachers to deliver instruction right to student’s phones

through the use of such apps such as Office 365 or Google Apps.

Faculty can be more reactive to student needs and deliver more

personalized instruction as each student can have an

individualized study plan. Teach digital literacy in students

– Students today will graduate into a workforce where technology

is at the core of their work activities. This does not matter if

they are working in an office or a factory, technology is

changing everything and the more digital literate the students

are they easier time they will have to excel in the workplaces

of tomorrow. Flipped Classroom Instruction – Teachers in the

classroom can use these tools to create a dynamic learning

environment. Feedback can be offered immediately to students

which allow them to correct incorrect assumptions quicker in the

process. Faculty can make use of the flipped classroom model and

use technology to deliver instruction to students in the

evenings and then use class time to reinforce the learning

objectives. Microsoft Classroom may be useful in pushing the

flipped model forward with its integration with student

information systems. Classroom Flexibility – Since students are

learning more from interaction with technology such as MyMath

Lab, the students can learn at their pace. This provides the

faculty member with time to help students who may be struggling

with a concept while allowing the more advanced students to work

at a faster pace. A Diversity of Information – The internet has

produced a wide array of varying ideas and students can locate

reliable information on a variety of topics. The faculty member

does need to incorporate a level of teaching students how to

search and verify information to ensure its accuracy. The amount

of information available is diverse and only limited by the

student’s thirst for knowledge. Broadened Thinking – For

thousands of years most people developed their sense of beliefs

based on the ideas of those people who were geographically close

to their home. Technology has changed all that. Now students can

communicate in real time with others across the world as easy as

they could converse with their neighbor. Applications such as

Skype and Social Media allow instant communication regardless of

distance. This allows students to broaden their horizons and not

see the world through such a small window. More efficient use of

educator’s time – Through tools such as video recording and

distance learning platforms, teachers can be more efficient as

they can create a video explaining a complex topic and students

can view as many times are needed to grasp the concept. This

allows the faculty member not to spend as much time on

remediation and focuses their time on one of one help. This

ensures students receive enough of the teachers time when class

sizes have become difficult to manage. Positively, technology

advancement has simplified the way we do things, it saves time,

it increases on production, it simplifies communication, it has

improved health care and it has also improved our educational

environment.

Disadvantage of technology

Cyberbullying. Cyberbullying has become a serious problem in a

lot of areas. Bullying is not new kids have been doing it

forever, but through technology, it has become more of an issue.

Bullies use technology such as social media to inflict a

constant barrage of torment on their victims. The abuse can

start at school and persist even after school. Before social

media, it was not as easy for bullies to follow someone home.

Now all they need is a cell phone. The anonymous nature that one

can employ on the internet has also lead to more bullies

stalking their victims. The bullies may not harass someone in

public, but they will sometimes feel emboldened hiding behind a

phone. Cheating. One serious downside to using technology in

education is the ability to cheat. Students can look up answers

on the internet, send text messages to their friends, or save

copies of tests. The real cheaters just plagiarize content from

the web. There are some technologies such as turn it

in or Lockdown browser that can help mitigate this, but students

continue to find ingenious ways to cheat. Some students spend

more time trying to cheat the system than it would take them to

just study. Social Skills Suffer. Students who spend too much

time online may start to have trouble interacting with people in

person. They spend so much time online and may even create

different identities that they have trouble interacting with

real people. Wasting Time. Students can easily be distracted

when they have access to social media as part of their

instruction. Social Media can be used, but that does not mean

that students will always spend their time on the assigned

tasks. It is important to have controls in place to pull

students back on track when utilizing technology in the

classroom. Access to Inappropriate Material. At the beginning of

the commercial internet in the late 1990’s many people flocked

to the new technology in hopes of making their fortunes Many

investors lost a lot of money as business proved to be

unsustainable. One business model that did survive was the porn

industry. These caused an influx of website dedicated to the

topic, and many still survive today. This means there is an

abundance of inappropriate content out on the web that students

can access. Educational institutions have installed web filters

to restrict this type of content, but it’s not just this that

may be inappropriate. There is a lot of tasteless content out on

the web and students will share this type of stuff with their
friends. This is something educators should be aware of and take

precautions to keep students on task. Negatively , technology

advancement has made humans so lazy , technology users are so

dependent on new advance tech tools , this laziness has resulted

into less innovation , it has increased on health risks because

technology users exercise less , it has affected the environment

because of the increase pollution which has affected the Ozone

layers which has resulted into global warming. When it comes

to education, students are more dependent on calculators

and computers to solve simple equations; in this case they can

not train their brains to solve a simple task which makes them

lame in class. Data Security. Digital technology means that vast

amounts of data can be collected and stored. This can be private

information concerning individuals or organizations. It can be

very difficult to keep this data safe. Just a single breach can

mean vast amounts of private information going into the hands of

criminals, terrorists, foreign enemies, or other malign

entities. Crime and Terrorism. The internet is fertile territory

for malevolent forces to operate, thanks to its international

nature, large scale, and the relative anonymity that users can

enjoy. Examples of this include: terrorists using social media

to promote themselves and encourage others; drug dealers using

the dark web to trade; pedophiles using chat rooms and other

places to exchange photos, videos and other information; and

authoritarian regimes attempting to sway or distort elections in

democratic countries.

Complexity

We no longer understand the devices and machines that we

interact with on a daily basis. Fixing a modern car now means

interacting with a computer, it is no longer just mechanical.

Using a phone can involve tackling all sorts of complicated

settings. Minor glitches in a laptop can cost both time and

expense.

4. Privacy Concerns

It's become much harder to have personal privacy in the digital

world and that's on top of the dangers of your personal data

being stolen or sold. For instance, everybody has the ability to

take photos and video footage on their mobile phone, then post

it online. Employers can search for people online and maybe find

unflattering photographs, or see them expressing controversial

opinions in social media or blogs. Digital cameras watch and

record our movements in public places. Minor indiscretions can

now haunt an individual for life when they're posted on the

internet. Controlling your personal information is very

difficult and sometimes impossible.

5. Social Disconnect

There is an increasing tendency for people to socialize and

communicate via digital devices rather than through real life

contact. This can easily lead to a sense of disconnect and

isolation. Human beings have evolved over thousands of years to

have real contact, taking that away is a bad idea. Studies have

suggested that the lack of real life contact is causing

depression and other forms of mental illness in many people.

Work Overload

Many modern workers spend their days trying to keep up with the

hundreds of emails that they are sent each week, all of which

require reading and some of which require replies or action.

Texts from colleagues in the evenings or on the weekend can mean

that people never fully escape work. Organizing the vast amount

of digital data acquired in some jobs, such as minutes of

meetings, training videos, photographs, reports can also be a

huge headache.

7. Digital Media Manipulation

Digital media such as photographs, audio, and video are easy to

edit, making the manipulation of media widespread. It's not

always easy to tell what is real and what is fake anymore.

Photographs can be altered using editing tools such as

Photoshop. Digital audio and video can be doctored.

8. Job Insecurity

It used to be that you had to be physically present at a

workplace to do a job, but now many work tasks are performed

remotely via the internet. That means a Third World worker in a

low wage economy can undercut you and take your job.

Increasingly, humans aren't needed at all for many tasks, as

computers gradually replace them. Driving jobs, for instance,

will disappear soon as vehicles become self-driven.

Plagiarism and Copyright

Digital media is remarkably easy to copy and reproduce.

Copyright laws are increasingly hard to enforce, as the music

and movie industries have discovered to their cost. School kids

can copy and paste their homework projects without really

learning anything.

10. Anonymity and Fake Personas

Digital technology provides wide scope for users to hide their

identities. Studies show that people are much more likely to

behave anti-socially if they don't think that there will be any

consequences. Bullying, trolling, stalking, threatening, and

insulting behavior have all increased dramatically with the rise

of the internet. People assume fake personas for the purposes of

scamming and defrauding. Pedophiles use fake personas to gain

access and befriend children.

11. Over-reliance on Gadgets

Reliance upon mobile phones, computers, and other digital

gadgets has become common. Many people have all their contact

information, photographs, texts, and other personal information

on their phones. If they lose them, or the gadget breaks or runs

out of power, then they are in trouble. Basic living skills,

like finding one's way around the streets of a town, have been

replaced by taking directions from a GPS system.

Addiction

Social media, computer games, messaging, and dating websites can

all be addictive. Games want you to play so that you will buy

the next version. Websites want you to interact so that they can

bring in advertising money. Users end up wasting vast amounts of

time and hemorrhaging money for low return.

13. Second-hand Living

Many people no longer experience real life events directly.

Music concerts or live shows are videoed on mobile phones,

events are photographed, audio is recorded. Media is uploaded

onto social sites. Life becomes something that is experienced

through the prism of digital media rather than at first hand.

Organization and Storage

Digital media can be very difficult to organize. Photos and

music, for instance, can be located on numerous devices, such as

mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and portable hard drives.

Individual items can be hard to find, easy to accidentally

delete or lose, and the device they are stored on can be lost,

stolen, or suffer catastrophic malfunction. Digital media can be

difficult to store and maintain long term. File formats change

over time. In some instances traditional media can last longer

than their digital equivalent.

15. Depersonalized Warfare

Digital technology means that weapons can be deployed anywhere

in the world without any human military presence. Drones turn

war into a computer game. Intercontinental missiles follow

streets and landmarks in foreign countries remotely. Satellites

photograph and video from space.

16. Longevity

Digital gadgets typically have a short lifespan and become

archaic quickly. As the technology advances at a pace, devices

and machines quickly become unusable because they are too slow,

incompatible, or are simply superseded.

Social Depersonalization

Society continues to become more and more depersonalized as

digitized machines replace humans. People shop online, do their

banking online, pay bills online, and increasingly work online.

Transport is also set to become automated, which will result in

taxis and delivery vehicles being driver free.

https://turbofuture.com/misc/Disadvantages-of-Digital-Technology