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DATA COLLECTION
METHOD
-VIPIN PATIDAR
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INTRODUCTION
Tools are instruments used to collect
information for performance assessments, self-
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evaluations, and external evaluations.
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interview or a set of guidelines or checklist
for observation.
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the Instruments used for the purpose of data
collection,
are measurable and observable for data
analysis & interpretation
constructed by researcher according to
objectives.
PRINCIPLES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF
RESEARCH TOOL:
One question
should not
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influence the
Keep in mind the other. Tool must not be
sequence and too long or too
order of question short. It should
i.e. psychological complete within
order. 25-30 minutes.
questioning
words must be Should be
concise, Principles attractive in
complete and appearance.
definite.
DEFINITION OF DATA
Data collection is a systematic process of collecting
detail information about desire objective from
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selected sample under controlled settings.
DATA COLLECTION:
Secondary
Primary data
data
collection
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collection
personal no direct
contact contact to
observations is gather
needed information.
face to face
contact with the
participants is
required.
PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION:
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• When the researcher is directly
Direct involved with the study group.
observation
• used to gain more in depth answers
Interviews to complex questions.
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researcher obtain any unspoken observations about
the participants while conducting research.
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It is done :
when very large group of
population is required.
When Personal contact is
not possible for the
researcher to collect the
data.
e.g: Institutional survey,
organizational research etc.
Web-based
Telephone surveys
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION:
Method refers to the way of gathering data,
a tool is an instrument used for the
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method.
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The unit of enquiry.
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observation without asking from the
respondent.
If observation is systematically planned
and recorded can be used to checked for
their validity and reliability.
Assessed through senses with or without
mechanical devices.
Commonly used for behavioral studied.
Types of Observation Technique:
STRUCTURED UNSTRUCTURED
• Standardized condition • The observation
of observation. does not take place
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• Careful definition of as in structured
units to be observed. observation.
• The style of recording • E.g. Explanatory
the observed studies
information
• E.g. Descriptive studies
Instruments/ Tools for observation
method:
Field notes
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Anecdotes
Checklist
Advantages & Disadvantages of
Observation Technique:
Advantages Disadvantages
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1) Subject bias is 1) An expensive method
eliminated.
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reply in terms of oral response.
It
can be used through personal interviews
and if possible, through telephone interview
CLASSIFICATION
2.1. Personal interview 2.2. Telephonic interview
A. Structured
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B. Unstructured
C. Focused
D. Clinical
E. Non-directive
2.1 Personal interviews:
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Thesort of investigation may be in the
form of direct personal investigation or
may be indirect .
a) Structured interview:
Involve the use of a set of predetermined
questions and of highly standardized
techniques of recording.
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Advantage Disadvantage
Require less knowledge Provide only superficial
and skill information
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Advantage: Disadvantage
d) Clinical interview:
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it is concerned with broad underlying feelings of
individual's life experience.
e) Non-directive interview:
encourage the respondent to talk about the
given topic with a bare minimum of direct
questioning
II. Telephone interview:
collecting
information consists in contacting
respondents on telephone.
Advantage:
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It is more flexible in comparison to mailing
method
It is faster than other methods
Recall is easy, call back are simple and
economical
Disadvantage:
Shortage of time for respondents to reply
Restricted to respondents who have
telephone facilities
3) QUESTIONNAIRE:
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by all the respondent.
This is usually popular self report or self-
administered method.
It commonly used to get demographic data.
Close
Open ended question ended/fixed/alternative
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•When researcher want •Limited respond.
more information.
e.g. Why did you choose to take e.g. Have you ever taken a course
your graduate work at this in statistics?
university? ( ) yes
( ) No
ADVANTAGES
Can be posted, e-mailed or faxed.
Can cover a large number of people or
organizations.
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Wide geographic coverage.
Relatively cheap.
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inducements may help).
Time delay whilst waiting for responses to be
returned.
Require a return deadline.
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C. Cafeteria questions
D. Rank order questions
E. Rating scale
F. Checklist
G. Visual analogue scales[VAS]
A. Dichotomous questions
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as “Yes/No” “Male/Female”
E.g. Have you been hospitalized?
B. Multi-choice questions
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E.g. how important is to you to avoid a pregnancy
at this time
1. Extremely important
2. Very important
3. Somewhat important
4. Not at all important
C. Cafeteria questions
These are special type of MCQ that ask
respondents to select a respondent’s response that
most closely corresponds to their view.
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use of estrogen replacement therapy for women in
menopause, which of the following statements best
represents our joint view?
1. Estrogen replacement is dangerous and should
be banned
2. Estrogen replacement has some side effects that
suggest need for caution
3. I am undecided about view of Estrogen
replacement therapy
4. Estrogen replacement has many beneficial
effects
D. Rank-order questions
Itasks respondents to rank target concept along
some continuum such as most favorable or most
to least important.
Respondents are asked to mark 1,2,3,4….
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According to their importance and their should not
be more than10 alternatives
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e.g. How satisfied are you with the nursing care
during your hospitalization?
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Advantage
It is easy to develop for researcher.
Widest possibility range of expression.
Disadvantage
It includes concern with reliability and validity.
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4) PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT:
It can be classified as In Vivo and In Vitro.
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In Vivo includes measurements of those
which are performed directly within or living
organisms themselves; such as blood flow
determination through radiography, IVP,
cholecystography.
An In Vitro measurement by contrast is
performed outside the organism’s body, such
as blood glucose, blood urea, serum Na+, K+.
Physiological measurement can also be
classified as listed below:
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Chemical measurements – hormones levels,
sugar, urea, Hb%, potassium level, etc.
Microbiological measurement – bacterial
counts and identification.
Anatomical and Cytological measurement
– X-rays, tissue biopsies, tomography, CAT
scan, etc.
Thank
you
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