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VSAATENLCTBO
MOCKOBCKOFO YHMBEPCHTETA
1990
\. BBK 28081
rar J
YAK 574.3
Pewensenru:
Kagespa soosoru Geenossonownex Kasanckoro roe
{oaa, nageapot A. Hl Tonyoen),” "27
‘ipoeccop 6. A. Mupr
Tuaapos A. M.
Tlonyaauiounaa 9koaorns:
MIy, 1990.— 191 c.: na.
ISBN 5—211—00913—£
soe 8, ZEGROM ocak, wanes » cooserram ¢ mporpannoh, mp
Cranfewah 0. noayanunax K Honsanuioinon nomone. s sponenae Os
yio aaaauy aBrop saznt B row, vrobs obuschnrs cryzewras, Kak, JOy4a
onyantit ("not okeeae ‘urns, openaibanue it Mforpa
omtee paoweutatte m Poct wncscusacta Go: spewenij wasnt Se
Sipyeroy 8 Qyiomponsine oxprmanceh dae n9on “npapoat, OF
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M3y coOGUiecTBA KAK CHCTEMH BoduNOAeitcTEYIOMNX noNy.IRLHl .
Sa crytentoe Gnosornscentn cheaiaannocee ayia
1 1808040000 (4309000000) —o68
077(02)—90 Heo
BBK 28.081
ISBN 5211000134
© Tusspoa A.
Puasa 1
9KOJIOrHA — 9KOCHCTEMHBIA
W MONYJIAWHOHHDIA NOAXOMbI
Yro raKoe skonorna?
Ha nocrap.tentiii vonpoc sere 6x10 6 oTHETHITy AecATD, a Test
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ananorii ¢ TAKUM PAClUHpeHEBM OnpexeteHUest SKONOFHH NOAY'HLIO
Pacnpoctpauenue u npexioxenioe axanewnkom J. C. Jiuxaveasin
Bupaxenie <3Konorit KyabtypHs. Bpal am crour mporecrooary
pore noxoGuax ynorpeGrellH eaona «aKoaorHAD, TeM Gonee TO
cayykar omit p BLiCuleit creneun OxaropoaHWM sakavam coxpaneHua
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Paxeuue B cOLepAGHUM BEAYIX SKOAOTHNECKHX >ypHAnoB, MOHO-
Tpauii x yxeOuntkon,
epwinie «9KodorHs (oT rped, (wut. B nep. [. A. Hosuxona,
1980, c. 66). Coraaco npenaoxennof Texnetem epapxuseckor
Knaccnbuxauinn 6HOROTHWECKEX HaYK, SKONOTHR BXOANAa B cocTaD
Growoaori u Aaxe unenonaaaey .
jax ckasaTb, YO cam TepMHH «pUsHOAOrHA> Bo apemeKia TeKKeas
Nowsaren He Tak, KAK celiac: MOA MoApAsyMEBacH
Upexcre scero uayienNe AnnamuLeCKHx xapakTepuicTHK opraiuasa x
1990 RooGue ero -KUSHELeATEBHOCTH B CaMOM INHPOKOM eMbICAe CaAoBA.
3
Oo oaornn cospeM 108%
ory Tepnitt uayxol, muewmelt coBcrHeNHLe OOLeKTH H MCORNOM>. ea
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@ Take cobcTBeMs KoMMenTya:bitl annencHo YKE H3 NasBaNliR, MepaDi B Kent
TOAM wecnexosanua,
Par. O coppemenitix wayunbix, 7. e RapaeMeIx caxiim 3kosIOraMr
Onpenenenuax SKOAOTHK MM cKAKEM AaabUIe, HO cHadaad 1eoBxoAt
Mo XOTA Gu B OOMRK Heprax OOpHcoBATL pasnoobpasite oxbuTuAAe
MBIX €10 Mpobaex.
Pasnoo6pasue npoG.em coupemennoft aKo-10rnHt
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cTaeM HECKOABKO HOMEpOB BeXYINX sKOOTIECKHX >KyptlaTOB, Te
OONapyxun, WTO conepwanne Hx KpaiiNe passiooGpasti. Buscnser
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co6oft uucnenHocts nonyasauin KaKoro-nH6o 2uBOTHOrO i paawep ere
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HAIX aaeMeHToR B BonOeMe, Kak aanHCHT ycTofiuteocTh MaTemaTiiie
cKO MOMeAM cHCTeMM BsaKMoceAZaHHBIX HONYaRtH pasneix tpompi
Yeckitx ypopiell or ueaa sTHx yponnell?
Toao6uue sonpocsi, neperér Korps MoxeT GuTs mponomKe,
au6paHN cayualiHo, HO oN THMHMHN sAA SKoAOrMECKO Meprogy.
KM noctenuix aer. Ha yenoneka, npuctynaouero x HSyIeNm co.
Apewentioh skomorH#, ato pasHooOpasne Kasanocs Ge He CBADANNLX
APYr ¢ Apyrom npobieM MoMeT Aa2Ke MpoNsBecTH yapyuaioutee Ene.
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{Ha pycerom astixe eaono «sKonorwm> anepaite 6.70 ynousyro, aManwo, »
sparkos xoneteRTHBIOM HaJomeHNH cOEuleh MopHOOrHK 3 Feeney een
HOR kivokiH, muutenutes 5 1808 t, nox peasanel TT HE Mewmenns
* Ceftac wu, psoas, uarnienocoaianare, 810, BOaNO%RNO MMH K yeu
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crs MOOT Me HeKmoNAeT, BnpOXES,
ie (Hepenko axe KoNTpacTHpyIOMLNK) MOAXO:
soto i Toro ake OODeRTA :
peau uowtecrna MuieaMentix p 9KOAOTIH OAXONOR MI TO:
one OeTaHonibtekToADKO 1a DSX: , OCKOIBKY npHt
STOM BHE SKOCHCTEND OKaSHIBAIOTCA €€ HEXHBLIE KoMTOHeNTH, Oxe-
BUIKO, OGSEAHHHT B NOHATHE SKOCHICTEMH ee KHBKE H HeKUBLE
KOMMOHEHTH MOKHO, TOABKO NORYEPKHYS TY OCOBY por», KOTOPAR
Apiuagaexur mpolleccas HX BaaHMoRelcTaits. DaxtweckH 310 yKe
aso cxeaano JIumaewaxom. (Lindeman, 1942), onpereampuris 3k0-
cuctemy Kak €..cHcreMy @NSHKO-xmsnKo-OuosorHuecKux. npoweccon,
potexaioulix B npeaeax wexoropolt mpoctpaticrneriio-apewention
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Hecnorps ma nce caoxkHocrH B yeraHonmeHnH oGvema axocHcTe-
MMH ee TpAHUll, MHOTHE MccaeRovaTeAH cHHTaAH H NpOZOAKaIOT
cuHTaTb, STO HMeHHO SKOCHCTEMA ABARETCA OCHOBHAM OOLEKTOM 3KO-
Horn, Boxpyr nowsran sxocticteméi crpoHT cBOM HeoxHoKpaTHo ne-
Peusaapapuitficn yueOunit xype omen sxonornu 10. Oxy (1986).
Bawaxyio nosiumo sanmmaet a wcnancxmi 9Ko70rP. Maprased
(Margalef, 1968), onpeaersiounii skozorio KaK wefimux noanouxon. Hoaxon
‘300K0Ta HAH GOTAHHKA-CHCTEMATHKA He OKAIANCA, OANAKO, CTO. yer
newMsy pH NONUTKAX OMHCAT H KAaceHHNNpOBATS GeCKHCACHHOe
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cooTHoIlleNHio paskisx BuZ0B NenoBTOpHMa. KaaccuuKauua ux TO-
pasho Goze markag, pacnaweuaraa no cpapienmo ¢ TaKcoHOMMuec-
koh Kaaccnukaunel opraiinamos, a raasioe — He saaietes reue-
‘uweckoit (ycTanaBzHBa‘oMeh oTHOUeKHS porcraa) u OsToMy o6.12~
Aaet Hecpasitenio Meuoimel npexckasareasHoR custo, Mpyroe Ha-
hnpapaenne, cyulecrayioulee p pamxax 9kocHCTeMHor OAXOAA,
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TaHN3MoB, a TAKKe Ha YHKUMOHEPOBAHME SKOCHCTEM B eM,
Ecan ‘etpyktypitoe manpasacnHe o6paazo ockosHoe ammanne
Wa Kupie KOMMOREHTH 9KOCHCTEMS, TO AIR CYHKUNONAABHOTO Ha-
RpaBAeHHA He MeHlee BAKKE MH AGHOTHIECKHE KOMHOHEHTE, a TaaB-
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waywenmio ‘sKocHeTeM, onpedeasiotes npexkne Bcero cnocobHiocTsIO
€ro Rat, oGoSuteHHyio, HHTerpHpoBaHNyIO ONeNKY pesymsraTOR KHS~
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leccos npespaintentin Beulectaa Hi oMeprit4, OpramMaMs ropaaxo Go-
Hee cxomlit, Goer OANOOGpasHMs, eM lo cBOEMY crpoenmo, no cBo-
ef Mophosorut (BauGepr, 1981). Hanpumep, ace puicume’ seaenue
acre noxpeGamor woay, yraexuestuih raz, cxoanuil a6op 61o-
Tenuux anementos (as0r, ocibop m HeKoroptie zpyrue), H pce on,
Mchoabaya sHeprilo coaMesHoro cBeTa, B xORe peaxunii potocuNTesa
O6pasylor GauSKHe NO cocTaBy opraHHueckHe ReUecTAa H BALLeINIOT
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Koe coorsercrsne, uTo To3BoAKeT No olleHKe OAH! HB 9THX BeANn
yeepentio onpenesure apyryio. Honarno, ¥ro oueika TaKnx acto Menomsyentux riapoGuono gopateAtNo s4zanaai onpocky Houck orneros Na KoTOPMe MPO
in Terpasouix noKssarese, KaK nepoitnian npoayKiNA BeercspAraAM K Peulesiio AOCTaTOWO OOK HPOGNCM®.
GumonaauurTousoro cooSuecr#a HAM uuXaNe conoxyMHocra cen B KANECTHE TpYnnM Oprabiledios, pacHpocrpaseue Ha NaN
Haceamoitins BOAO TOAULY opraniewon, BosMOmta TomBKO Gnaro-Ka KOTOPOK HayMAeTER, WAULe cero uryPHPYET, COPOKYRIOCTE, oCo-
TT OO TT i
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CxoxerwO peayitsraron GsHonoruveckol aetremiocTH past op-nm RAM ABE THlemM BriAOD. TTOHATHO, Wo, HHKAKNX peas ae
FANGMOB HosboaRe? Wx cyMuHPoBaTs ApYT € ApyTOM, T. e. Leader aul MECAeAOBATEAeH He xBATIT Ha TO, sTOGM ¢ nosnlh NonyaaU:
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Hocrel Boao cheab NiorHe WiTerpambae NoKasaTe7H AUSHeReR 9TO OH170 BHTOANEHO, TO Te caMM Ohiak OH pewlekN EEK He BCE,
TeabHocTH COBOKYTHOCTelt OPTAHHSMOB OWEHTS 3Xech HPOUIe, YeM FTO BO BCHKOM cAyYae MHOTHe MpoGeMM, BodHHKAIOUN
BosayuoR cpexe. Hento ostomy pyuKuHoMasbwoe Hanpancrenie
B uSYeHHH HOAHEIX sKOCHCTEM AOCTHTNO SHAuHTeALHLIX yerexoD TO
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Tlonyasunowsnili noaxox 8 skozorHH no cBoey TeoperiiecKomy
H MpHKNaaHomy sHaveHito, no passuToctH KoHUenTyazsHOrO anna.
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Raer skocucrewniomy. Hapaay c onpeneneuuem skonorua Kax Haykit
06 sKocHeremax He MewbiNee Mpano Ha cymecTBOBaHe uMecT H OM
Peresele sKoJOrHH KaK HaykH 0 ONyAAUNAR.
Tlonyaausoniiomy noxoay oxeHs cosnysto onpeeneune sKox0-
TH, npeatoxenHoe KanaacxuMm wecaeronarenem Y. KpeGcow: . — A. I.) op-
rauiiamoe»* (Krebs, 1985, c. 4). B cnere aanioro onpexesenin oc.
HOBHMMH BoMpOcaMH, Ha KoTOPHe AOUKeH OTBeTAT sKOTOT, OYAYT,
OweBHAHO, HoNpoci Thna: HoveMy Te HAH mubIe OpramnaMN B Raut
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Yemy WX wienenHocTs (itn OnoMacca) uMeHHO Takan, a He KAKA.
NGO Apyras; a ecam oWa MenseTcA 80 BpeMeMH, TO NlOTeNy uMeHO
Tak, a We Kak-au60 no-apyromy? Toxo6mwe wonpocia MoryT OKA.
Satbea Ha nepabil BoraAA caMMKOM ACTHBIMH H aadKe HecyLtecTnen.
HEIN AH MOSMAN OGIWHX saKOHOMepHOCTe!, K BHABIENIIO KOTO.
PSX ctpewnTeR Kaxaan Hayka H sKonOrus. OguaKo oOpautette K
HeTOPHH skOaOrHH (a H GHOTOTHA BOOGme) NoKasMBaeT, TO aaNeT-
Halli nporpece B €€ pasBiTHU AOcTuTaeTeR HMeiHO TorRa, Kora He-
enenosarean npuctazbo anasusupopacm wactmse caywan H toca.
¢ Tipwsexemian aebixwuua, Ka ykaswaacr gerop, mpexerenaser co6oh ue-
onmko seenemoe omexenetie korn, pessomclingeanerpancany nese.
Bosarenem T. Avapesapron (Andcewartha. 1961), xoropatl_m cao otepend none
Aus ua mzea, pasniaentrx eate 8 20x rt. H, Sarouow "(198% Bilton, 1427)
10
Teuton yoni.
Tlonyimirowuf noaxoa KoHWeHpHPYeT c00e BiAMaNHE Ha Ot
aeapibix pulax, Uaue ncero— 370 BHAB, HMeWMNe BaxHOe xOBmii-
craennoe suaveiine (aperitent ceaseKoro 's slecHoTo XosalicrBa, O6D~
ekTH Mpomuicaa, NepeHocimKH onacntix saGoaesaHNi HT. 2.), HO
wHorda 9T0 H Mpocto MACCOBHE BUAM MAN BHALI PeaKve, HYZKAaI0-
uuiees 8 Oxpane.
TIpoerpasictnentio-apemennor stacura6
naysenus tonyasuuit
Tosopa o mecte, sauumaemom B skocitereme nony:sauuteli KaKoro-
au60 Bia, caeayer NoaiepKHYTS, TO Ha caMoM Ree Kaxkaas 10-
yasuun cyuecTayeT Kak Obl B CBOE MpocTpanictse w ApeMeHH, 1
OSTOMY AaxKe CAMO MOHATHE sKOCHCTEMEL GYReT pasHiiM c «TOuKIL
apenas pasHbix oprannaéos. TloackHM sto Ha caezyiowes mpoctom
pa
PrOsurinas » yMepemioh sone Enpaann ras Cinara pini woxer 3e%0
cBoW XH3Hb MpoBECTH Ha OAHO! XBOMHKE cocttEL, BLICACHIBAA COKI HI
ee teaneit, Tlonyaauna tae p revenwe pata ser Moxer cyulecteo:
BaTb Hla OAHOM Aepese. Dkocncrema As Tael—9t0 npexRe Bcero
Kopaosoe pacrellte, eymectayioutuit via weM snixpokauar, apart —
3 nepsyio ovepeds pasanuHNe XHNe HaceKOUNe, a 4 HeKoropux
cayuanx n Apyabt — mypanbi, camsbinaioMne caxaplicre pee.
wx Taeit 1 OxPaHmOMMe HX OT xHULHUKOB, PeaTbHoe npoctpancTno
2KocHcTeuti ¢ TOTKH apeHiia» TAH —9TO OKO AepeBo H ero Hero
penoe oxpyiKene.
“Peffpeanosomtn, 470 coca, Ua KoTopol| OGHTaIeT oncanHue BNE
‘am, acter m eweniamio aecy, a caNoe o6HuHoe ureKonsTaoMEe
B stom wtecy— pankast aeciiax nozesKa (Clethrionomys glarcolus).
+ Mogoian cirynunn nainoaaaech, snow, 8 me. Kat order Bake
look dr noriston ferahosie. cpasy acto nerimy. mn oGsacan wesikow neo. Bee-
Sewye, Bueero Toro motu crane cbnae sonpona nonysnra sac Te omnes
Jrentie crasm seaavare Gonee dacrune RONpOCK, wo, H&K Hi YasmreseHO, noAy¥al
ia nx Gonee ofaote ovberu
n Ki pKeH inate TOA (HO Aue ABa-TpH, NocKoADKy Ton
sree ecKombKo core Haul THeHH KuaapaTHuIK Merpom Tlonyssiunot rota cHabio Mw
Me MOweGOK aaHnMaeT npocrpancrso, usMepmemoe
‘Osu KOPMOROTO. pacte-
ALCATKAMH Ha;NEMOCPELCTHEMHO Ha TARX, Tak H Ha cocr ‘opmonoro p:
IMHHe MAGAOReHHA 3a HOMYARMNOHHOH suNaMuKOR.nO-
itty norecnat 8@Xparix xixowerpos. Skocierena ¢ etornn speeaye AHAMOTHGULIE HeONOR ty
MaTOM pent GoTo YKE Mest yeacroK ke yronnta.tH 0 Tox, uto
ayiinil cReT BpRA’ aM MoxeT cHITaTbeH BaskUbIM aKONOrIIMecKHM
akropom aaa naseMmx pactennit. 3Havenne ayuoro cBeta ate
OOuraiomux 8 npecitix BORAX pacrenMit H 2KUROTHLX TaKKe cuRTE,
Hoch inrToxut, Ho 8 1982 r. noapcKuil tHxpoOHoaor M. Taupe
(Gliwicz, 1985), paoran wa xpynuom Boaoxpanuaniue p HivkuteN
Tevet p. SaxGesu a tponnueckor Adpuxe, oGuapyriia yaunnredn,
HylO cBASy AMHAMIKH WHCAeHHOCTH MACCOBLX BHAOB TenKTornen
Paxoo6pasutix (Bosmina longirostris, Diaphanosoma excisum, Fudi,
aptomus sp. m ap.) ¢ hasan aynts. Unectentocts s1ux paxooCpas
Hux B TexcHHe Tona OGcAeOBANHA ReMOHeTpUpOBAAA NpabiLatntac
KoaeGaniA, npnyem MakcuMyMi NpHxOMMAHC Beerna Ha Rar non
Hoaynnfi nan (y meKoropux niaoB) orMevaatice 2a HecKODKO AneH
40 hoawoayunn (pue. 1). TIpuuma 9708, Kasaaocs Gut saranounon,
SagucHMOcTH — KO-reGaNA mTeHCHBHOCTH BMeLaHHA pakoOSpaanin,
PuGaKn— HeGomnmuMH (x0 8 cx aaMHO) npecHopoanuMn caps
han anstuorpxccaun (Limnothrissa miodon). Kak Gorwnan:
C720 PHO, MUTSIOMLUXCR soOnAaHKTOHOM, sNMHOTpHeca OBIT coo:
AOGHYY, Moaraney Ha speHHe, H NOSTOMy MHTaHINE ee He MONET UPS,
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mene MpUnMAHINe, KAK HO MHOTHX APYTHE BOROEMAR, CoBeDmIAIT HED
ee 2 (oe npeMa cyrox K ToBepX-
fe MITpALU, HORMHMARCD B TEN
femestEe case | Corease Mnmaiedtia| ocransucs al re"anuads ance
nocttolt rayon, re 1-92 eaa00H oceententiocTH y HAX SHasmTeMD-
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&
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Spun Mesocyclops feuckartt)'& soxoxpauuamie Karopa-Bace (1a p. San
wat SOND saan pata” Eis nls
‘¢ auBaps NO moa — a Apyrof, Gone rayGoxowoswol (no Gi
eee a wiez, 1986)
Pus caxe cosepuiaion sepriikasinie nurpauin! — cxonseuun
fx cnenyior 9a soHof MaKeuxanbHol niotuoerH sootaanKroH® (240
opouio wrAWo no AaHHLIM SxOAOTHOTO OferexODAHHA), HO B OeszyH:
Mate os exonaeilin pu6 paccpenorownsaiores, irate ix we
HaGaronaeres. To wepe xe yeuneiux aymnoro Sepewenn nrorue
‘eKonaenna pHG HayuiaioT cOxPAHATECA Ha HOw, MpHueM ep:
15 Hy
TOHWEX PaKoobpaaHLx, we
fee TeMHBIMH, OH ocaabe é
jepaer — ni
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lceaenonare.s,
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Pactenuit wan axeoTHsx Hal
| CH Apyrue axtopst. Kpome toro, cata enococrecn
Pacreni pasawars oraensnue ‘akropy w eneling
Bath ia HHX MoxKeT cHaBHo oTANYaTHeH OT Takerey
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W MIAHBRAyaaBHOCTS ee YaeHon
et paiiuoereit Co
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cheat ‘Tax, nai pecrnpows Oe 2
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B ToM, TO Of HE TOABKO He MrHOpHPOBAA sTOT OAH ypoReHh OGuACHENIH
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AyKUHOnHeTcKOMY DYTH AambWue, OGpamasics K NayyeHMIO aKtopor
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Tlouck pHa aoGoro aanenea cs eee pear HAP. (Mus musculus)» Goasilion saroue, Tae umecres noctavoinon
komm ona a My aT
pasHuix ypoBHAx. Pasi ypopuam oGacuenua 6ynyT COOTRETCTRCseex seme ca eal YRPHTIR AAR Pe9%, 0 youu, u70 90
Ai tieogntnnea y Mat COubUIRNCTIO, APYEWX NaCeKONORALonenygSicrpo 0 NOSTeneMIO. heer Boa TC et
TH, UXCA_B YMepeHHOH golle, OceHBIO YaleTaeT Ha OT, MO%ege » reson Ten a a
Ho RATS no Kpaltel! Wepe verlpe pasttix, Ho He HEKAOVAIOUIIK ApYpoee hg NON TAUIA DUXOAKT Ha nataTO>. Koavecrnentio FaKOR
falta Semod necro een MarR Na OF NOTOMY, WTO He eNoCOGhIMicenenonareneh NeoOMe noshunter coeoase MoeR eee aoaAae
Hol RocTaTOsHOrO RAM CBOETO MPOMATAHA KOAUYECTHA Hodge genre TEE NEBOTHHO BOdHUKAeT cb. ywoR, OaHaKo 6o30e
ceKoMuix; 2) cononba conepmtawr mepener Ha or noToMy, 4TO Taxi ee ee
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18 19 Tutareabiioe Hay¥eHHe KaxXorO cayuaR © noBEIUICHHEM ABHWaN:
| dhusuoaorieckn ropexeMecki ocoBeHocraM opraitiaMon h
ABO MEXAY HUME cymecTBeHHe pasauaHs. Tak, yncaennoc’
ADOHKeDHIR KleTOK Mepectaa pactm noTOMY, sro B nuTaTeAbl
sobee we OsHaNaer Toro, ¥7O wna sTOT npuenocoG.ien wakayeuM OF BRUMAHe HSYXeHIO CTPOeHHA SKOCHCTEM, W DYEKIHOKATHHOe, Te-
asou w aamule conepuexcraosarcea emy nekyaa. H ckasannoro we caeayer ar
‘ke, sv Kanauit eid ier 6 npypoRe 9 waxGasee ommmansinx yenowns, Iie ————
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2 A Aatomee yop wa Hayuennn npoucxoasuux » 9%
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jee YiBepcambHe ToKavaTeAK, K TOMY Ike UuTerpupyouee
ayaurates ‘uaHeKeATeAHOCTH MHOTHK, HepenKo oTHochuneon
big pmiaam oprasisyon. m
Tronyamwonnui noaxox xonuent
noywennn nonyanund — copox,
Talonx na onperenemol rep
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ONDE code oatoro sha, ob
weropi, HaHGorce "acto. Bost
ule ® pawkax nonyasunonHoto nosxone nompocn cence ee
ele sbaxtopos, orpanisisaroutwx paenpoctpanenme tex sont mn
onyanunit w pocr x smcaeHoerH, TIpoucceu, npomexonn
onyanuwsx paaiix py20D opralinouon, ‘MoryE cyitecreene ae
‘aTben io caoeny npocrpaueraento-apenesuouy wacinaey 9 act
‘euHo TPe6yior pastoro MacuiTaba tpi me Heyaenine? Hea
PoRy nonyasunn cymectayion paainive noraaaue werorove Real
Berean spaxcyior nonyaaumo Kax o6bek, ® Duelleh clentgn at
ocTHU, wanOMMNOULER opranoy; apyrie ciNTaT, ero eto
Hoste onyauint—s10 exexerene nauiero. cnocoba ‘oneann
Flepexoa or yponux paccuorpenin orkensitux ocaGeh x youn sa
ysau Oust covepiten Maponiow nero. reopnn nponronen
Bugon, Conpewennen oxoAorun, nak npannio, erpentfen ae tearn
omiean, Th usysaeMoe aaetine, pine, oCunchern
2m woryr Gur PARI, Ho He obnsaresbHo eknOtaOutN ap,
RMP, OGBscHehNe KAR HONK cues 4
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MAICHENHE SBOmMONHON
Toro AK HHOTO ABAeHHA) H OOBACHEHHE KaK BI
Horo MponcxoxaeHHA sToro ABAeHHA,
Taana 2
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Onpenenenne nonyaaunn
Tlowemy cyutecrayior pasuie asragast Ha nonyaaquie?
Crops 0 TouHOM onpemereHHH NoNATHA , 0 TOM, Ka-
ine eoBOKYnHOCTH OcoGe MOTYT, a KaKHe He MOryT CIHTATHCH TO-
AYARRNRMH, BEATER B SHOOT TlocTOAHAO. [IpwitHD! 9TH cropOR
jeamsaNbt C HeCKOMDKHMM oGcTosTemscrsann. Bo-nepBLX, NOMYARUHS
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xe FEHETHKON # clelLHaAHcTOR MO MHKPOSBOMONAM. PasatWeHA B oF
PeueAeHUAX TONyAAILN MOrYT OBITh CTEACTBHEM PASHX NOAXOAOB K
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Crme MONY.AAUUM HMeIOT CAOKHYIO HepapxHNecKyIO CTPYKTYPY, ecTecr-
BeNNAIM O6PAs0M TOMpasMerRAcs Ha Conee MeKHE eAHNEH (aiKKPO-
TOUYARUNH, , ems, CeMbH HT. X) HB TO Ke Bpews
BXOAR B Goee KpYIiNBe NoNyaRUMOHHNE cHeTeMML. PasHormacHs no
Nosoky OnpexesteHist MONYARLHH MOTYT BOSHHKATS 3-32 TOTO, TO
pasHble HccueqoBareru npHAaIOT pasKyIO sHa¥RMOCTH TOMY Wai! HKO-
My yposiio sro wepapxnu, B-tpeTHx, nonyARiHK opraiemon, oT-
HOCHIMNXcA K pagMHIHNM TaKcoMOMMNecKMM TpynnaM, MoryT Mpex-
cTaBaath coOoh OveHb pasiile OGbEKTH, TOABKO YemOBHO ofosnauae-
Mule onWHM CHLOBOMS; TAK, MHKpOOHOOr, HenOmDSyA TepME No OTHOMeMHO K ‘KaKoM-7HOO GakTepHH, MOxeT MompaayMe-
‘ate Mon WHIM He To, Wo NoApasyMenaeT GoTaHHK, HByHAIOWUN AyTO-
‘ByI0 PACTHTeABHOCTS, HAM 90070r, MBYNAIOINMTE ecTecrBeHHNe Tpyn-
"UapoBKH s1HB08,
Hepeako skonorm nooSule ne saayuwsaioren Hak onpenenennen
HonyasNM, a MOMBAyIOTeR STHM TePMHHOM AAR OGOIHaveHKR 21060
cosoKyniocrt ocoGell onHoro Bia, HacenMOWLNx KaKyio-0 Gonce
HAM Mevee oAHOpoAHYIO TeppHTopHIO (HAH aKnaTopuIo) AK conep-
‘Kauaxen w a6opaTopHEX yexoBHAX. DaKrnveck TaKAR T4KA spe
HuR oTpaxeHa B onpeneneHuH, ManHom P. Tlepzew (Pecrl, 1937)
eme p 30-x rr: «llonyasuus —rpynma 2xuBBx ocoGef, iuxensenas
B kexoTopux pauKax mpocrpanersa H Bpemenu», C sto! TouKH ape-
NHR nonyasmuel MOKHO Ha3BATS BCEX SAOAUKOB, HaceAMIOUUK HeKO-
* Ceuwannori-cueremaruxu aawersion (Ckaopuos, 1988), sr0_onpexeremme
aanamun raxcouonieckit KateropHh — sto cxopee awed coGerseinue, a He
Mapmuarennine, Hanpiaep, ckavan ek230c OAMOAOABNN> HAH race, pecstKAN-
lurets, Mud npedkae neers mpenctannnen cobe OnHoxomAue. npecmUXAIOUUEXCR,
8 he nemuft exaace vooSules ~~ Yo2onuyin exMUAy eMCTeMTHMNOS, LOTOFOHDSEACK,
"70 waaccu. AeamteH Ha OTpAAN, a OOBeRMEMOTER B THTE.
% it «nonyanuis> mpaao-
i Toptah AecKOH MaccHa, Bcex nadbunl, xuBYILUX B oRNOM MpyRY, x yropble aBrops curator, To Tepwinit «nonyamuis> ap
2CUX MYWHIX XxyKOB, AUBYULUX B OAHON GaltKe Hexor
yieHb tereabito (8
ams roytnapooce,novopue ove samen Co
Hlofonsi asraRa a nonyanuo oco6eHio pacnpocrpaxen csi Jue ueorpaniiento) woryr eyulecrsouaTb Cae
2x HecnenoBareneli, uMeIOMLHX Ae10 © akocHeTeNMasH, Elo Tonyanipaie® gpyruwa onaaoTMaltuNM FpYAMpoRKAMH pore
| SER acetate roan eras eouatocotagitee fete planes ne monepgo, oerotony Wea, tae
rypaDonjanugie ee rerpenerneseo. toyracres. Biyspensan eryeee'™ AH OFM oxcnepHAeHT Ue MOTT Aue ui pasHnx
| Fibs Honyamuin, ee rereporentiocrs, HeoauHaxonocts gcotell oAtO: mo, mpoxorxiresbiocTHl Wx eYiMeCT=OBaHR, Net TOAAHN, OF
iroth, Kak MpaBiuto, He paccwatpusaiores. OxnaKo sKo.10rN, Haye a eese Ha cTpOHOMHNecKoe BpeMA, a Ha 6HOJOrH M aatntt bo
sa ie hPa pian tn anc nog Mee fia
| Foremmoenge SZeMOH sevrpenuet crpyxrypa nonyagunn, ce ejelte BAPHONTE OUCHNDAENOE, tHe70¥ um spowazmsoun, Tax, 28
Son coh sae ent Oco6ell ita apyrue, TIpexcranze:speweaRol wkaze pasntix wuton Mory™ Gime Cpow en bsbyao-
an Hpi uli ence oxaoHBAETES, anunep, ove)PeMe KDUN O3HOTO caOHA MomeT po 10 enone ak GH0-
| Bitos mpi wancinag ae Cat SenenoeTE, aH KaK y Hexorop. lle SAMETIM, VTO oa nce BpeN cyutecrsonatiin Yenoaets
Bagon mpc ax senenucera 9 non wokye aos mest —
PovHteckosno pose eee A MEM SINTON — Apu. FE APOMO. gusarnuecnoe npesm cua uo) e208) omg
Heckorexo ynpouan pearbiyo eiyauitio, Monkio’cesscrh, * wompoca, Kakoi| oTpesoK peer eneayer cuITaTD 20
To een, HeVHRIOMUHR SKOeMeTeM> — axoaor, mayan Fouitunt, "iro6M ¢ noon. yoepennocrsto cxasaTo exeayiouee:
rope spate mONNORTCTS Rocreneno npacray steam STEM. NOM yagpenra | ek2ers ey hci
toe nonymngg CTPYRTYPE sonjantim wx mannocaasay. petaHHOR "DYING Ocobeh W AazBlle CMOXET CHECTOORET
BeTARLUUX T1O-
E Hayse ae tl OAHOro Bua, Ho BulecTe ¢ Tem ocaaGenaer unre? jHaet HeMai0 MpuMepos HcvesHoBeHHN HeXorAa Mpouner:
hag ceiio Mexpuzosiix epasel nonyainuun, x oueHKe ce cnode
Sayan w sore Gozmunneroo Xonymennuponavix cayiaea kacaet
HAH Ke Boatio’ Pactente Eloded eoadee ee eee ee aon sstautyece "pee, ocogel cuore ta
SiS MPenctasaennoe » Eppaann toabxo sererarieno Paantoncatouir na np
‘Mich oKeHCKUMK Pactenusatn).
O Bpewterit iecerstoulyio onpeseneitios
crn Svanpconio.anmrerutoroSpeken haceanoulyi Onpeataio
Hsenwo tan toro, ros nonatuttboctpancens oopeoymune awocroarenye rerermceceye cuetery 1 GOPMEDY:
Heritvccnens MOMKO Gwi20 pacnpocrpanurs Wa stu opal eee Maye ee Te, MOTO
HeTit¥eckom» onpexeenin ~ nonya
cree hoon Hosvepyyaaet, Wo <.NORysnigi of cel aoe
TAN HE ORIEDKULETEH O6R3e:H5 waSionicnsten tune Nee Ea Spent Cone
Texpnoets nansanicinn :
® wicoxoR crenehi msoaupovamian Or apyrux anszormaniix rpyan ocoGek> (151).
Tpaxnuuoniedd ssrany reveraxos wa nonyamuuo,
26 Hopectaus, oauaxo, mpusc
Gyayun Sanesemmuntn ua Apyrek Mona geOomBUMe CPyTN ococ CymectAyOT M BHAB, XApAkrepHayioulecs spesBHaTixo WiaNoh
Hui octpoB, naman Hava1o Comin ne none, KeKON AMIGO KE syerHReCKO!L waNeWuIBOCTHHO. He WeKmOYeHO, TO 8 sRomONHORHO!
nonyamunane, Tax, » 1801 ho deme eNTeNO cyUecTayOUlsropAH Wx HLA HepHOR Ove HNSKOR UMeKeHHOcTH. OxHH Ha HaM-
THEBmLANCS HecKoKO nap (Hs sancoenee ey guAPKe Hoto-Hlopka Shee uay'ieHHibix mpHMepos TaxorO poxa — renapa (Acinonyx juba~
Horo ekwopua (Sturnus vulgaris) eeu 80 OcoGel) OSuxnonjsy, O6eaeroBaHile meTOLOM s4eKrpopopesa KposH GonbuNe’ rpyn-
marepine ue Sern alg Aa, paitee Ha avepuxaiciy, yenapaos noKasan0 (O'Bpaiiex w xp., 1986), to HM no oxHoMy
expopta ueykaonHo poeta OWE oR aHeseMNo®: g2 mpoaHasusipoRARKUX GerKon He ONO OOHApY:KEKO suKaKO!
MeHTpHYecKH PacuApaacD, K TO PacnpoctpaneHiin, KcgyeHUNBOCTH, XOTH MAX MMOTHX OGCACHOBAKHUX BHAOS AHBOTHLIX,
ak 1954 r. npouece paccenenna 4a yake 0 Beaukax o- gow wise’ mpescrapirecteh KoulaNbHX, npoitest noamMoppitiex
cxBopKa No cenepoamepinkaickc,”e, AGIOLLIX HeckONGKO BApHARTOS OmKOTO Ceska) rexos cocTaH
yer 10—60.
."“Buckasuinan onpereresiioe cyrknesite 0 noswoxtioctit mim ve-
‘oaMoMHOCTH KaKoMl-16O rpynniponKn ocoGelt cyutecrsoBaTs eor-
‘aumento 1010, 120 YSNTHBATH He TOabsO HadaOAaeMce reHe-
“seeKoe pagiionSpasite ee, HOH OGsgaTeAMHO Te sKoTOTINECKHE
‘enosnm, 8 Koroplix.3ra rpyinaposka Gyaer pasbiinaTsca alle.
Yo ecan Teveritieckoe pastooSpasie wa eule Mowe KaK-TO oxe-
iim, TO MpedckasaTs GyayMyw sKoAoTHGeCKYIO OOcTaHONY, KEK
{paniHO, HeBOsMOKHO, 3a MCKAOYeMHEM, KOHEMHO, HeKOTOPHX Cayta-
28 AocTowepHOrO OTpHLATeMbHOrO MpOrHosa TPH NAaHKpyeMOM cit
{om BMeUareucrse YedoBeKa (HalIPHMEp, BBIPYGKE eca oA ces
ckoxoasficruenubie yrogbR MAR TopoAcKy!O sactpofiKy). TIpn 6:1ar0-
npaaTiix Yeaosunx (Kak B BMUleNpHBeReMHX MpAMepAx ¢ espo-
tetera cxnopio 3 Cenepnolh Awepnke Hc ouAaTpoR 9 Enpome)
Aaxe HeCosbilaN rpyiia oCobell MONET ath Hayao Gosbillol
RomwoueHHion nony:auun. Baxstio roasKo, sToGu rpynia srs aocra~
Toso Guierpo yaemuinTA cao! wHexeHHOcTS, EcaH %Ke NCseAKOCTE
Nonyaaunn coxpausere Ha OvcHb MNOKOM ypoBHe, TO 910 sceraa
posit peaxin oGeatennen ee resiopouaa, a eaemodaTeabio, H chit
2Xemew KianecrocobHocTt
Vuepennocrs p TOM, sto AwKe HeGonbuiNe rpynnt ocoselt pit
gomency AAFONPHATHAX YENOBHAX MOrYT ATH Ha‘a70 MOAHOUeHALN non
AauHaM, B nocaEAHee BEM WecKOsKO BO3POEHa, NOCKOADAY cTa.t0
_O8eBHAKO, 170 pereph ekpHTO! reveritieckoh waNeHsHBOCTH 3a CET
Tak Raauiaewilx HelitpatouBX MyTalwH y KaxAOTO opraiiraMa To-
Pa8A0 Gombule, ie 970 Mpetorarastoch patee. TuereasHo® Wye
we no6of, Késatoc> GH, OxNOPOAHO! TpYNNAPOBKH ocoGe! sceraa
—<___tuttmaser ‘tanmane wei! oupenexemioro reveriecxoro,pasnoo6p2-
von Ex, TAK, Kanpunep, auaans nonyaauKn noaryxero Kaevepa (Trifoli-
ror 1960) um repens) a oom wa Rago cymecrsyiomux nactOm Aura
enepuih Yanse) noxasax (Burdon, 1980), ro wa yxactke 1 ra
es ee Moxsio ncrperiit> oxtonpemenno 50 KioHoR'® sroro BHAA, pasaN-
MATepENy, BHAHIMO, saKonzen, Bo soskow caysaé, aa mpoaere o
Rerpesaacn noseway or Mexeukn to Aamexn. ipynok —
1eHe nepeoll esponelicKoit Tony: npumep:
a. B nocaea,
a o6aaere et
1926 r. zou
Pre. 3, Hocrenei 7 (Ondetra zibethica) » Lenny
Oe Pacceeune onzerpis (Ondad
? pa (Onde ) Len:
bethica) — tansy AALKK OHMATPH (Ondatra zi: * Kaonaun o6uito wasunaioT rpynny ocoGel, nponsowerwux on oAxOA npea-
ceantins RNSRD ,CeFePOAMEp KaRCHOrO ‘ona — or se acai eh Sp ew acre aprntagre urnoxean
cborean 3 rtd DorOHe 8 Boren ean at SOO: Tay Ses xe nmi poseicntSkoor eth te,
(ps ). Ip: Opranvonon, ymEITAX KAO BOROPOCARH, NpOCTeMIMX, KOAOBPs AP}
2
» ee
Walowlixcs xapawrepubim Geen,
Ha naomanke paamepow 1
0X10 soxet npouspacrara or 1 jquma BHAANH papi
4 aKTHECKH Ha Bcell O6cHeAYeNOM TeppHTOpiH, x0-
Hoe ob MPHYeM, KaK BuincHHAOcs (Cahn, Harper, 19764, b), uncaens petPetarca npaKTHYeCKH Hi
Hoe coortomentie ux MoxeT
wxttwormtix. OnuiTe Ha oBLaX,
Gueryat (9 nosBoas.10 Gticrpo H TOIKO busmeNNth, secre oak
Seutol MMU), RoKasaaH, TO OB BHO HaOerann NoSLaTe
© Kpyambin Gert otmerunantn,
Puc. 4, Pacapexenenue
oasyyero_xaene;
ex BHAOB aeKoN (Lolium perenne
2, afl repens — 0) 4
a Agron tke "sR
= 8) pcre taper
cpio Vance “ao arkingloe hs
1 — npouerr noxpuran 70, 279% oy
20
cus lanatus
Cynosurus cristatus
a) B Cenepiost
979)
= 49, 4 — 10-24,
Ewe Goxee Tonxne pasawua wex
Seli noasyuero KaeBepa Guicin aniannene
nepow (Turkington, Harper, 1979a,
aaanNoxelictbuit storo Buqa'¢ neko,
Pacraroulix m Tex xe cantare mecray aa 970
Cynteeraysontee eet eGoabitos (ncenaasio I ra) ysacrne crapern
Poe Dareeee eso MPalldeh mepe 60 ter nacrGnma, tae T. room
Poe aMecre CO shana Agrostis tenuis, Cynosurus’ cristatus, ret
Y OTdenbiH rpynnastn oco:
P. Typxuurronost # JK. Xap
20
cee uarben MO KowrponeM tpanosaiin BPADHUX M OKpYHHM APYPHX BHAOB pactenti, naoTHOcTS no-
B 2Ke:IYAKN KOTOPEX Guutt BcTanteKas
ames}
yASHBIX MECTAX AOCTHTAA HEOAMHAKOBO! NAOTHOCTHE H MPH 3TOM
ame nonopron KYaoee ann Seanad nemeoen tc
ae ois “erUIpex coceeTayioNlux ¢ HIM BEAOB 3.1aKos. Sate av
Agr
Pa Memst oe ease uence) Peet as
fete ac esa tee ee
‘Tau waaannen {azaxop, RoMMApORBIURK B OKPY KLIN, PacTesH Ke”
r WLaM S.TAKOB, cpean KOTOPNX nose BEIpALIND:
B epson cepin onion pacremia xzenepa mucainean cions
ta tor ake y'iacTok, ApHTOM TAK, BTOBM D weeTax NoBLIeMION NAOT
HoctH Kaxxjoro Hs eTHpeX BHNOB S:1AKOB OKAZATHCD pacreuan x2e-
Sepa, nanine navaso of Tex, ¥TO panee Poca» oupyaenit Ka
Aofo ug sti ke piXoD asavion (yecra nocaaxk upeavapiezsio
Sttmens ¢ rowouiuo rep6nttxa). liponetennie save 2 rexenre
Ola ueGaonemna 22 auixtaewocroo w portow scex aepecener
acre exeaepa Hokasaa, ro p oxpyakesin Toro 17 org
Mixa saxon ayue Beero ceGA uyBCTROBAAN Te px
at
_ Mpoucxonuat or ocoGeil, pale npoHspacranMIx B 30Hax pULcox!
AIOTHOCTH HMeHHO SToro ‘BHAA. :
Bo stopo cepust ontzron yxopenaumecn orpocran 7. repens,
2XettH OnHOTO Hs YeTHIpeX YKASaHHX BMIIe BHAOR 3naKOB, BE
2UBAAN B AWLMKH, NPeABApHTetbHO MOCeAB BHHX Te Me BULB o
Kon, mpHsem KaxKAOe cONeTaHHe OMpedeneHorO THA Keep H
Pedeseniioro Brida saaKa ocyutectaeHo B Tpex noBTOpHOCTAX. |p
bes 12 mec onpeneraan cyxyio maccy Knesepa, Buipociero w ailin
€ TeM HAM HiIbIM BHAOM 3naKa. Peayastar onbita, nokasaunue
puc. 5, cauaeremerayior, 10 crenenb monaBaeniin Kaesepa. sna
nei aheupyenes » saBieHMocTH OT npoHexOxKAeUH AAKX KOHKDE
MAX pacreiiiit Kaesepa. Kak npasiiao, nanmenee noanepaen
PeHtHoMy poszelicrsIo co cTOpOH KaKoro.
stim» Kaesepa, KoTopE Geper csoe Haua1o
i;
"a
KOWKnora:
1860 BHAA 3naKOB Tim
or pacrewui, npowapas,
. Bo-nepssix, HepenKH cHTYaILNH, KOrAa B Te
eoeli 2eNBHH OCOGH KaKOro“aHOO Bua HepexOAT Mm OnWOH
enn a apyryio. Hocrarouwo BCHOMiHTS, HanpHMep, o cTpeKo-
Bava, Ifo crenens oOuee TECHOM KowTaKre © aru caniun uudoyas, MINK KOTOPLK PasBUBasoTeR v Bone, Lanse apmypoveNres x
to crenexu cao KaI0ULHX BLIcOKHE TOpHCTHE Oct MA
Popa, uanpumep octpos Tyam = BocTouHiol yacta Tuxoro oKeaH! Pa
ao
taxa A. planci, 8 TOM SuCAe H TPALHUOHHO DKMOVAeMDM B ApYTKe
SKOCHeTEML,, TOSBOAHTO BRABHHYTS AOCTaTOAHO mpansonoxobiyIo
pgnoTesy O MPHIHHAX BCKBIUEK NHCTeHHOCTH 9TOTO BHAA.
B weKoTopLix caywanx SKOTOF TpaKTyer Hay"aeMy! conoKyaHOCTD
‘ycoGell KAK CLUAYIO MONY.IRUMO, Tora Kak reneTHYeCKiti aNasus
TPoueyuspaReT €€ B npenenax rpynmr ocoGell, He PoACTReMHBIX APyT Apy-
my H HE OOMCHURAOMNXCR MexAY COGOH reHanm. Tax, cpea A3)-
jul onworo sina (Daphnia pulex), Haceasiousx ne6omulol npya,
{eneTHKH ¢ MOMOUISIO SeKTpOdopesa GeAKoR OOHAPY AHA ceMb par”
THMMMX MapTeHOreHeTHYeCKH pasMHoxaiomuxcn Ka0HOB (Hebert,
Crease, 1980). STuMH reneTHyecKHMM pasaHURAMH KoIOr, BRANKO,
Yoxer mpexieGpews, ecan ero mrepecyer, HanpiMep, o6maR oueHKa
specea Bceft Tonya na GuTonTaHKTod H BOSHHKatoULMe pH 9TOM
KOHNpeHTHLe OTHOWeNNA c APYTHMH BHAAMK paKoOo6pasHHX. Ixo-
JorMecKH sce oco6x D. pulex » oBcaeayemom mpyay ckopee ucero
ByAYT Gosiee HaNOMNNaTD APyT APyta, TeM OcoGeA Apyrux BHAOS
Crenes skoaormueckoll oGuHocTH ocobeh B 060m Haysaeol
cOnOKYMHOCTH OTHECTH OnpeneaReTes BHOPAaHHUM ypoBHeM AeTanH-
sauun. Yes Gosee TOHKNe MeXaHNSMM 9KOAOrHYECKOrO BACHE pac-
cMATpMBAOTCH, TeM GONbuLIee -aHANeHHe MpHXOANTCA ynessT BHyT-
Pac 7. Mae Gopust_ seencre
ycore ‘paka Bosmina long!
rostris “au 6), pacnpenene-
tne oropix no soxoeNy 38
‘ecsowororo pauka “Eplschura
nevadensis. (a). Oopwa a. 63:
ronapa Gonce ‘xzustuse —nepe
nearest i stony MY
Sy (aocrosomy ‘bupoery’ nat
luipa) aysse satintena oF sai
ro sags ova 6
erfoot, 1977)
Penue# crpyxrype stof cosoKynnocr (nonyaauu), B TOM dneTe #
Fewernneckof
Tag, uanpumep, TuarembHoe MoyyeNIe naNxTORHOrO weTBHCTO-
Yeoro paxoo6pasHoro — Gocmunm (Bosmina longirostris) — p ose:
Pe Bawnurtou noxasaso (Kerioot, 1975, 1977), uro cpeam ocobeit
‘Soro Baza (nonysMHH?), HAcerMOWIAX LaHHB BOAOEM, MOIXKHO BLI-
Aeapre ave opmal, pas1uvaioMMecA ZaMNol NepBLx aHTeHH H MATa
Ma gannem Kone nanumpa (puc. 7). Oco6u c Goree AAMHMEMH UH
Tah w aureuuama aepaatca npenMymectsenHio B UeHTpasbHOl oT-
XPMTolt uacta Bogxoema, 2 ocoOH c KOPOTKIMH WHaMH H aHTeitita~
—Oawxe K npxOpexnum sapocans. Oxasaaocs, 110 MOLOGHO
enpexenente ABYX opm GOCMUAM OBEACHRETCA Hx pasHoH YARBH-
a 25
SNRs ceeds sE Essa a Baers cde Raed cst area EEE ETEESE MocTeio Aan xyuLHHKa — pecroHOroTo pauKa snumypH (Epischuggxos 4 NOceNeHHAMH sToro rpHsyua B TIpHapasscKux Kapaxysax,
nevadensis), KoTOpsit epAUTCA UMeHHO B MeHTPANbHoO;t YaCTH ove poHB, OCO6O SACYULIMBLIC, NOMYAAMHA NeCIAHOK OKABMBAeTeR MOA”
pa. Hanaxaa wa Gocmuuy, onmmypa xBataer ee CBOHMH KOHeWOCrpggeNEHHO! Ha OTAEABUNE MeAKHE TpyMNE, MPHyPOYeHHEIe K CTA
MH CoaRH cHepxY, a gaTeM cTpeMHTCR nepenepHyTs 6piomHofl (He spy PYCTAM PEK, THe elle COXPAHAETCA KOE-KAKAN ckyANAR pactH-
immeHHoft MaHit«peM) cropoHof Brepx. Bo npema stax MaxunysfeqswocTs. TakHe MecrooOuTaHHs, oGecneHBaioMHe CoxpaHeHue va-
Hae ceOe a HePeRKO TepHer cHoI AOGLIYy, MpuYeN Ao. HorePRerd HODYAAUNH B TORE, HeGAaronpuATHWe To KAMMATHYECKUM yCrTO~
HBX ocobel sHauHTeTBHO BEE AA GopMI ¢ LAMMHENS uno H agus, HASMBAOT HHOTAA . Tp yayine-
Tennann. Hurepecko, sro wimenennuie opus B. longirostris paqam YOIOBHR OGuAA wHcAeHHOCTe HonyaRUMNH BOapacraeT, y4acTKK,
JWYAIOTCA HE TOABKO YASBHMOCTHIO AAA XHILNHKA, HO H T:tOAOBIngaHRMBEMME OTAEASHRMH FPYNTAMM, PACMIHPAIOTCA H HePeKO conpH-
erbio. ¥ Gocui, oGaataiounx Gotee AaMHBI WHnOM, TOALLe cTad,gaca!ITER C COCEAHIME,
KH HGMUMPH ¥, BOSMOAHO BoseNeTSHe 2TOrO, MeHbIe PAsMep Bao, TAKHM OOPAsOM, XapaKTep mpoctpaveTsenvoro pacnpexerenna
Kono KaMepat H Metfille aH B omHoll KaaaKe. Takin oOpasow, me oco6el M ANHAMNKa’ Hx "HCMeHWOCTH BO BpeMeNH OKASMIBAIOTCH MEX
No coxpauleiiten mroxosHTOcTH npHxOMHTeR ‘asy u naioune Hacrosume nemMUKH wHeAeNKOcTH. Tax, CTH MOGOTO BULA OpraHSMOR MoryT HayYATECR B caMUX pagHDIx
UpkMep, y oGuraiowel » Adpuxe xpacnol capawin (Nomodacr MacwT@Gax npoctpaiicrsa—npemeni. Ye Gone Kpynusie conoKYA-
Septemfasciata) ® nepio o6pasopaunn ‘azn (nogpo( HOCTH OcOGeli OxBaTHBaIOTeR UccHeROBAHNeM, Tem GOabUIMe npoMe-
Hee 06 stom B caeaylouten raase) oGaacts pacnpocrpanenua yw MYTKR BDEMCHH TpeOyoTeA AAA OWENKK HX AHHaMHKH. Tax, ecaH
qrimpactes B THeH4i pas no cpanxenmo ¢ Tol oOzactoxo, 13 MSYAAOTCR Mpa, OMpeReAMOMMe rpanuuH apeata TOrO HAM MHO-
N. ‘septemjasciata sxuset noctoaiivo. Craio capaniun, yaerenuyio ; TO BAMG, HccseLOBaTeAaM MPHXOAHTeR MOpoh onepHPOBaTb reosoTH-
Rerpy Ha THEAYY KHOMeTPOB oT MecTa cBOeTO MOCTORHHOTO OOur, WEXKMH MACIITAGAMH BPEMEHH, MOCKOABKY HMEHKO TeosorHUeCKHe
WHA, 9KoNOr, ckopee cero, noctHTaer nonyanuuel, Ho renernxn COOMTAR (ADelI KOHTHHEHTOB, OOPAs0BakiHe HOBLIX MpOAHBOB 47. A.)
SBOMOLHOHNCTH NPHIHBAIOT OBHIUNO He MPHMeHATS TepHMA , ami
rr, NOCAELOBETEALKO OTcTaHRAN eMATKOe® onpeH
eAmennf (Hanpumep, cemel, can), To MacuITa6m BpeMcHH, B KO-
TopoM npotexaiot sarparusaioutwe’ sto pacnperestenue mpoitecc
(wepenxo sto y2xe nopexeHueckHe peak), conocTaBlMM ¢ Npozoa-
MeRreMHOCTHIO KUSH OHOTO TOKOTeNMA, H COOTBETCTHENHO HNENHO
TaKHM BpeMenHtim MaciTaOam ROTAHO 'YeNATECR OcHODHO® BHE-
anne,
Or apeana puna (o6aacts, oxpatuBalomad wiorda HeCKOAbKO
Kowruientos HAM axBAaTOpHio HeckKoabKHX OxeaHOB) 10 npoctpaHicT-
Ba, B KOTOPOM MpOTeKaeT %KHSHb OTACADHO BIATOH OcOGH 3TOrO BALA
(8 sapucumocta ot paamepon opraiisMa oo MOXeT HOMepATHCH H
MuLMeTpaMi H_KHOMETPANH), MOKHO BHLEHTD B_KAKAOM KOH
Xpeniom cayae pasHoe veto MpoMexyrouHNx cTynewell — yuact-
Mpoctpatcrsa, sanumzemsx (nocTomHHO aK BpeMeHio) TeMM
HHuMH 8 pasHo cTeneNH cBasaHHBIMH Apyr ¢ Apytom rpynnH-
Paiikaun ocoGeli. B sapHcuMocTH OT KOUKpeTHUX 32fa% SKOOT MO-
St ets xet0 ¢ s1060K 3 sTHX rpynmAposox. IpH stom oH He-
Nasipaer Hay¥aemyio rpynnuposKy nonyasuuell, ocoBeHHO He
ar ouaR Tonony Ha4 tem, coornereTaVer a1 ofa AawOMY waspaty
akoe HECKOABKO NpeHeOpexutTeABHOe OTHOWEHHe K- MH;
THH OGbacHaeTCH Tem, mine nes
Amun», uo wepeaKo arse ne Tpedyior aan cooeto poner sere
Mep, Hay'ax KaKyiO-H60 monyaauMio, oGuapyxuBaer B nell Hecro.
OF OTMACEKH PASAHYAIOULEXCA KAOHOB, OH BoBCE He OTKAIuBAeT eaMOmeTe HIM BEPTONETE 9TH BOIBLILIEHHOCTH,
x oF nasbueiiwero usyveHns RaRHOR coBoKynHocTH 13-24 Toro, 1!
olla, Gk MoXKET, He TORXORMT HOA cTporoe reHETHYECKOE OlIpe,
ewe nonysaune. Orcioaa cxeayet n To pa6ouee onpenenenne 1
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posMorkwo, ocoGeHHo ecam uxeT pe¥s o KPyNMMX HH xopoWO 92-
‘ag YeNoseKa oprannsmax, OOpasyiouttx cxon.tenHa wa oF-
‘TO OCHOBUME 3afauH, BOsHHKaIOULHE ep gnnsestiont ‘Tepputopuu, Tax, aukue cesepxne onenx KonscKoro
poBa B KOBle 3HMB — Havare BECHN cKanAHBaioTeR Ha He-
(MUX TOPHHIX ROSBHIMIeHHOcTAX (TYHAPAX), Tae Gaaronaps Gonee
mKOMY CHEKHOMY TOKPOBY MOrYT ZOKON@TECR 0 , MOXHO CocuiiTaTD M KOOHHA:IDHO THES
rote ero, BHAA GONE UAH MeHeggmaxca NTH — Kali, rpavell, Ge:tux ryce HT. 2.
HQouupoBaHHam p mpoctpanctse H BpeMenu oT Ap
THX aHaxorMGHNX coBoKynHocTeH Toro Ke BUY
Cratuueckne noxasareau nonyasuun
Tipu onncaumm nonyaaunn 4 ee akaauraseckow HaysenuH 1
Syorex o6uo Ave rpynni xoatuecrnentux noKassreneh Os
Cravaveckle — xapaxtepusyior cocronime monyaauun, 8 Kacon
onpeneneinbii moment apemenu £. Ipyrne — nunamuveckne
Paxtepnayior npouecew, mpovexaiouuiie 8 nonyasitun 34, HeKoTOpe
Rpomexyrox spemem Ai. K ctatuveckia noxasarenan orHocaren ot
Han wucaeMHOcT (wa MoroxoBLe) H naoTHOETS (4NCA0 OCObEll, Up
xoumimeecs Ha equity mpoctpaxctsa) nonyanuun, a TaKiKe pass
ue Xapaxrepicrik Nonyasuwounolt erpykryp (Bospaction, pas
Mepiol, noaosoit H ap.). Caeayer nomuepKnyTs, ¥10 cantit 0 Let
Cratueckie noKasaTenH noctomNcTBOM ile oTaimiawreR, Bo. nperet
Onl Meuimotea H nopoll vei sHadiTembHO, HO HHTeHCHBHOCTS rH)
HameveHit owennBaeren yxXe APyrHMK — AnHaMHYeeKuMH Toke
SaTeARMH, 0 KOTOPHX pew NORAeT B caremyouel rane
O6uas wneaenwocts (noroxosve) nonyaaunn
B xoxe Hexoropux skonorudeckitx, a ocoGeHlto sKo.toro-rener#
eckux Hccaetosartai posHuxaer Bonpoc 0 TOM, KaKOBA ObIkanN ane
ZettHoct» (aK norozosse) ocoGel 8 nonyamumn Kak npasino i
STOT BoMpoc HeTpyaHo orgeruTb, ec MMcew aero © aadoparoritel
Ronyanutelt (wan KonowNeh) xoctaTowwo Kpyumlax oSuexroR, Herp
MEP MINHMX AKYKOB, KMBYUMUX B OTOH OanKe, OueHHTs OOMyIO ne
HocT® MpHpOAHLX nonyasuuit'? ropasKo exoxHee, HO usorae T
1 Oneuca o6ieli wea
enor nonyasuH ocobeHKo
gawecenmix » Kpaciyio susry pnaos xxuaoTiax n pactenh, Baspoct et sen
axa Ra wevesaiontut
38
B ueKoTopHx cay¥anx an OUeHKH OOulef WHCreHHOCTH nonyaa-
UAH DORBIOKILX 2KHBOTHNX YROOHM OKasMBAeTCA MeTOR MEENA.
Cyt ero B TOM, WTO MHBOTHBX AOBAT, METAT H BRMYCKUOT OOpaT-
vo B’NPHPORY, TYAa, THE OHH OBiTM MOliaHN, a Yepes HeKoTOPOE
BpewA NPOUSBOAAT HoBKII 06.108, H NO ZOAK, KOTOPYI cocraBamOT
Mereable Oco6H oF OOmIero WHEAa NofiMaHHIsx, OMpeReAAIOT uMcaeH-
HocTs nonyaauan, VkasanHe MeTox Tpe6yer BHINOAMeHHS HecKOmD-
KAX YoOBHit: 1) BULIOBAeHHME H Meese AKHBOTHNE LOUAHM Mped-
cTapARTD AeiicraHTenbHO caysaiiny!o BNOOPKY H3 NonyasuiH, T. e.
5 Hell He JOaxKeH OWT NOBMULeH MPOLEHT OcoGeA cxaOHX, GoABAUX,
TaOKE XapaKrepHayioulNxcK NOHHAeHKOR (AK NOBLMEHHO!) aK:
TwpwocTbIo; 2) BANyILeHHSIe B NPHPOAY MeveHE -uBOTHHIE Nom
Hi moawocTbIo nepememarses c octaplnelicn acTsIO nonyastUN}
3) mepostHocTh BEMKHBAHHA MeNeHEIX OcoGeR LOMKHA OBIT mpH
Mepip TaKofl 2Ke, KEK HeMevenEIX ocoGel; 4) npit BTOpHAHOM oTZORE
BePORTHOCTS MOHMKH MeNeHEIX AHBOTHLX He LOTKHA GuTh Goxsule
MAB MenDine, Hem HeMevennx ocoGeli; 5) BpeMA MeXXAY ABYMR OTI0-
BANE NOMKHO GUTH MeHbE NPOLOMKHTEABHOCTH AHS OLKOTO TO-
Koaeuus, XoTA Wa MpaKTHKe penKo ocymecrAamOTe Bee NATH Mepe-
eReMMEX yenODHH, METOA MeeHHA B MeKOTOPHX enysasx, HanpH-
Mep api oueuKe sHeaeHHOcTH pH BO BAYTPeHHNX sonoeMaX, naeT
yonhersopureabunie pesyabTarsy, a HMOrAa OM mpocTO enucTBeHHO
Bosmoriii.
TlaotHocts nonyasumn # cnoco6s ee mupaxenna
B noaasasiomen Goabumuuctne cayi2ea sKosor He 8 cocTosHHH
Oupeneauts wenocperctaentio o6uLyio wHcaeHHOcTS (norosoBBe) Tm0-
AYARuWN, a BAHYDKeH OrpaHuUNBaTEER OTGOPOM OTAeABHMX MpoO H
Woxexerou ocoSelt B npobax. Bexusniia, KoTopyio om mp 3TOM on-
Wer, ecTb, CTPOTO TOROPH, He NCAelHOCTS, a NAOTHOCT. — ¥HC-
H-ocoGeh, npiixoxautuxen Ha en npocrpauictsa, B ovevecraeH-
AuTepatype TepMult ennoTHOCTh> He MOAY"RA, K cOxA.teHHO, 10-
Horo PacmpocrpaiieHus, HB TOM Ke sHaveHMH ONeN WacTO He-
cH TEPMHH eiHcneHKocTss, Bnpovem, ua KoHTeKcta paGoTlt
9
~~
. MpaKTHYeCKH Bceraa CHO, 0 ¥eM HET pe¥b—06 o6uLe! (a6co."IO,
Holl) sHeaenHOcTH aR o MaoTHOCTH, Ha KaKoM-aH60 orpanuvennoM yuacrke, Kak npapiio, cocras-
Jian xaxaoh rpynna opransHon eyimectsyior eno enocos, Smem Ale way down er ocedy npoetpantcrsa, saisaeworo
BANHCTBN Acre recat TAK HANPHMED, pu uyseHiK 1p; AgnnoH TOTyaRuel, OnmaHo » chay CoM prowan pun pacnpe-
Koropute Keaaye a Menoassyior Kpagparuuie WAH xpyraue paws; 4eqenHe OcoGeh 8 mpoctpancrse osuune Oecne, HepaBxomepibis,
Bry pa aeteceun, @ aaTeM NoAcwHTHIBAIOT ace ronaBii HosrOMY TepEA uccaesovareney,, erpemmutionn noaysits aoctatou-
HOoTe pacrenna a ran%. LMnorna oueuusaiot He coGeraenvo tutor gp MAeRHNE OCNKH RaOTHOETH, Hesonive eee sonpocss 0
TOPE eee MasHBAeMOe MoKpuiTHe — npoueNT nOULeA® Yom, KAKEM LOsDKeH Outs pasMep MpoGe xan en npo6w. zomHt
TOPO. Bika, Teapot, MaCTAME PacrentIh kaKoro-aH6o onpexeste; paenonaFarseH b mPOcTpaHerne, KaK. ne, Newton ie ‘suiGopounan
Nepnavens: ¢. Mapoduororn, Hayvatouute euroe, ynorpeOasior aM byeumaM BUBECTH CPeatee SHaNGue M Kokeog ee oUlK6-
CAOR TpyHts Oupeaeea oro, MOKHO | BuipesaTs nosepxHiocrit; qa oTOrO cpeanero? rou orverare. astm source neo6xoaHMo
San umeNrs OnpeeeHON naowane, 2 wayvaiome naaHKTOH, of uate S8KOHOMEPHOCTH pocrpaneraetnerc Pacmpexenenus ocobelt
TOMeTpOM — npHOOpea AY, RAaMKTONHOR ceTKoft waK NoasayIoTcR Os KpONE TOTO, STH 2aKOHOMEDNOCTH RPEACTaBAAOE a ne
Coben moan, UP NGOPOM HPHOcRULHN. Ha NOBEPX:OCTS OnpexereKEN wu HATEPEC, ocKomBKY NepeaKO. Nooooasor eae xapakrepe
o6nem Boas, saanMonelicTBnii mexay ocoGanit.
TaorHocte nonyasuai wasesuux (a take GexTocHsx) pacre
aud W XUROTHUX BupAKaIOT OGNTHO Ha eHHULy naomanu, a mares Ochonnue unk npocrpancrsentioro
Huctb NOMYAAUH NABHKTONNX OpraHsMos — Ha CAHHULY OOLewm Pacnpeneaenna ocobelt
BoAHolt ToAMM HAH oe Ha eaHAMUy maoMaRH noBepxHocTH. B nena
Te OMENS NK KMTOTHOCTS MOnyaRitn OueHHBAIOT KaK YHCHO Serpe —_B caMOM nepDoM MpHOANKeHUN ua Reero Muoroo6pasua npocr-
ma ngnpexesentom mapuipyre. Taxopu, wanpumep, neceiliive yuers paHeTnennsix Pacnperenenu#t, nctpevaiomuxer B mpxpone, Momo
1a CHeey a yar ep utlNe YWeTHH MAeKONMNTSIOWHX no eaeRsy BuseMHTD TDi ocHOBHbiR: cayuahtoe, peryominoe Hope eon Tas
Ha cuery, HAH Y4CTHL Repesses BitoaL tpancextix (paspesa). Hitor toro HTOOM nonaT, CYT pasauani MeKLy STM THHAMH, Canaan.
Proc athtMeP pu HayweHMH Bsaumonelicrsif pasHbIx opraiuaMo HMX Ha caMoM ene MexAy coGoH nepexonam, pacemorpus caely-
YAOGHO BupadaTs MAoTHOCTS He YNC.IOM OcoBelt Ha exMHALLY npocr WILMA Modermeay npumep. TIpencrasmm ceGe npamoyromsuyio nid
Rak TOnOpAT ean PACETORUHEN MexcRy coceAMHH OcOOAMH, HIE MANKY, paateneHnyio ROSPAIINATOM merken: We eee xkbaaparlt
Kak ropopsr, .
Haneko ne sceraa uccaegonareaim Tax aerKo onpeneniTs we
Jo opranusmos p npobe, Kak B cayvae tpaBauncTHIx pacrennil dam
PaHHenioR paMKoH naomaake am naauKrontsx | pakoo6paausn
Monapwux 8 ony naanKTonuyio cerky. Mopoh naotiiocts uomer Gan
Bupancela TombKO KocBeHHO — noxasarenmMl, KOTOPM, Kak, Hped
Moaaraercs, Koppemupyior © HeKoMoll xelicrourensHOll naotHce at
Honyasuun. Tlo cyt 2e1a, KocBeHHBiMH OWkHKAMH MAOTHOCTH ABAF
JoTeA Take MOKAZaTeAK, KaK YHCHO PHO, HOMMaHHAX B pavers oe
HexoTopoe «uipoubicaosoe Yeusle>, ¥iicAo' WIKYpOK KaKOTO-tNGO. yl 7
Horo aBepsi, camtix 9a rox B aaroToMATeneMyIO KoMTOpY, Wan winat
Roxesok, ofimariex 2a onpemenetioe aneno AOByIIKO-cytOK He
CMoTpx Ha ovebHAHy!O npHOzHsHTeABHOCTS nomOGHBIK cnoccOos ones
Kuh, OWN OkaBuBaLOTER AOcTaTONHO HbopMaTHDHMH AR. PelNenD
Milorx KouKperubix sana\, {pi. 8). Ha sty naowanxy 6yzem wavocur rouRH, woreanpys 70
WH aoe pasmeulenne opransMop.
UM Miu XOTHM AocTuTuyTS CaYHaiuoro pacnpexereaia To
Mpocrpancreennoe pacnpegeaenne oco6ei 38% To nomKHs nomitHTs, HTO na ‘MecTOTONOXKeHHe KAKTO! HOBO
M nonyasunit Hatt HE aomxHO Bauats’ nonomenHe pauee nocraprennee TONER.
S CAOBaMH, 24% KaxkAolt HOBO! TOUKH cOxpaHserca panian Be-
Hesasncumo or toro, Kak oueHHpaerca maotHocts Honyaaust POMtiocr, nonacth B Tor me KBaapat, re ye Oba TOK, B CO-
ONEBHAHO, YTO B NoLaBAMOMeM GonbulMNCTBe cay4aes HeCIenOD Keaapat uaH 8 a0GoH apyrofl. 3aMerum, ut0 cosHatenbiO
Telb NpoBoAHT BEIGOpoUHBE oGcnenonanus, 7. e, onpenenser aot ABUT TOUKH HCTHHHO cayualiHHM 06pasom He Bcerda mpocto.
© Beero Aa sTOTO MponyMeponats Bce KBARpaTH, a HOMepa TCX
3
wile Tin npocTpaNcrsenHoro paswentenin ocoGeli: a —
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0
A . = “se
Koaxparos, mB Koropwe craBHres rowKa, sarueTBOBaTD HS TAG yyiauoro ocoGel, wan O¥eND waco, TO pas6por AauIHLIX cooTBeTeT-
cayaaiinix uncer naH us aorepelinoro 6apadaua, BeaHK, a AHenepcHs Conbulas.
Pacuosaram TOwKH pery.ispunM (=pasioMepHyM) o6p2so, i
Hago cient 98 TeM, WTOOU Walle TOMARAHNA HOBUX ToveK ny OTHOWENHE ANCHEPCHH K cpeautenty
Keaapars, re ye ecTh APyrie TOVKH, OLA MenbUue, YeM B MYCTY ggred cTeNeMK npocTpancTBentioi arpersiposannocts. Ecam oH okO-
Hiwave robops, np pasiiomepiom pacnpenereua wexay TO%Kay 99 eRMnlll, TO UecaeRyeMoe Pacnpenerenne cayiasnoe, ecam Gob
Bane, Oaarozapa Koropomy sepontiiocTs waxoxxenin KBaRparygyaapHoe. K coManeNMO, HenOALsoNAT» sTOT MoKagaTeMb Ha MpaK-
ycTAx i KBAApATOR C HECKOTbKNMH TOUKAMH OKAIUBACTCR Meibu;qyme He BCCTAA NPOCTO ye XOTA Gu MOTOMY, 4TO, HOMeHKB pasMep
‘eM pu cayaafiuom pacnpexenennt, ‘ponolt T-LOMaAKN x nponeas oGcaexonanule Tol xe nOnyAAUHH ©
TipH NATHHCTOM (Haye — carperHpoBaHHOM>, HAM ) pasMeMeHi MexAY TOUKAMH ROMKHO OTE nau QxeBNANO, cKONTeHHIA OcOGel OyAYT -TerKO BLIKBAATECA oNMcaNHIM
RpurarusaKHe, a neposTHOCTS WaXOKeHUA KBaXpaToD MycTHX HyenoeO5OM, eccM PasMep NPOGHOH NAowaAK GaNSOK K pasxepy Tep-
KBamparos ¢ HeckoabKHMM (a nHorua— HorHMH) TOUKaMH AOmK: peTOPHH, S2HHMAeMOA OIHEM cKOnTeMHeN. B apyrHX caytanx cKOm-
Gur sure, vem npw eaysaituom. YTo KacaeTes caMuX nATeH, 70 OF geNIM MOTYT H He BUABAATHCS, XOTR peacsHo OHH cyméctayior
Moryr pacriomararéea cayaaiino, pasomepno HaH 2Ke OBpasoBLEaT
B cBOW OvEpeAD cKONACHHA Goslee BEICOKOTO HOpARKa. Mexaunamns, noaepaieatoune onpeneaentoe
npoctpanctseunoe pacnpeaeaenne opranusnos
ect mpocrefimui noxa-
Pacnosuasanne Tanon
mpoctpanerseauoro pacnpereneans Hecresovarens, nuiraiouulicn ycranosit xapaxtep pasmemenus
wayiaeMAIx OpraHitanon H BBIABHITH OCHOBKNE ONPeAeNAIUHE ETO Me-
UroGu Ha MpaKTuKe pasnnuuTs ontcanuMe Bue TMK npocrpa: XANUGMM, HOAKEH BCerAA YeTKO NpeACTaBsNT® cee ToT MacuTas
cTBewHioro pacnpexereHHA opraniaMos, NcnombsyioT pasanunne cx MPOCTANCTBA—speenH, K KOTOPOMY OTHOCATEA uexOAHMe LawNNe
Tuctiveckne metoge. Camu npoctok u3 HX (xoTA H He Berga iM AACAAHHME Ha HX OcHOBe BUBOAM. Ea paccMarpHReTs npoctpan-
Hayauui) — sto oueHuT auemepemo Ha6moxaenoro pacnpese.n TWENKOE Pacnpexestene opranwaNos Kakoro-~wH6o Buda B macwTa~
Hus MA0THOCTH H conocTaBHITs ee co CpeniuM anaventiest nioTHocT 64%, COWOCTARIMEX ¢ paaMepaMH ero apeada HAN KpYMNMX vacrel
Tloacuum cyrs stoi npoueaypit ua npumepe. Tycts y Hac uMeerc WO apeata, saHATHX Gonee HAH MeHee USOANPOBAHHEMH nony.AR-
honyaausa Kaxoro-7u60 Bula TpasAHHeTHIX pacrenmi, sanunaioms HRAME, TO TAKOE pacnpeNeseHNe MOUTH cera OKASHBAeTCR MATHHC-
Gomswiok ayr. Dat ouenke cpeawel maotiocte stoit nonyamuun THM. (arperipopannem). Tax, HanpHMep, nTHUM, rHesAsUHecH B =e
xapaxtepa pasmemeni ocoGei mat nomemaen p pasnute, caywaiis Ck Mewtpanexoh Enpomss, pa ompeneneniom wacuraGe o6cen0-
BuOpanuwe Mecta cranaapTayio pavxy, orpanuupaiomyt onpex BWM OKAKYTeA pacnpexereHHNMM MATHHCTO NOcTOABKY, NOCKOADKY
aetityo naomans (nanpumep, 0,5 2),"a satem noncuirimae 1 BOR HecHite MaccnpH B LleWrpansHoh Espome— sto octposa, oKpy-
Maoulaaxe Bee pactena unTepecyioulero Hac BAxa. Toayun qa! M@MWE NoAAMH, TlaTHMcTUM GyaeT H pacnperereHne THNMINDX L1H
Hue Mo GonbUloMy KOAMYecTBY MPOOHHX NAOMALOX, Mi MOXeN 10: PMBYMOBUX GosloT pactenil, NocKOASKY HMeNHO NATHAMH GyAyT
cantare cpeatee uncao ocobell, npiixorauieecn Ha onNy noua: PABOAArATSCA MOAXOAALE LIA HHX MecTOOOHTaKHA. Jaz 3xor0Ta
ky, — i (910 n Oynet ouenka cpeaHell naoruoctH), a takxe onpex "PBAO GonbuINi mMNTepec MpencTaBaKeT PasMeuleniie opraHaMoB
HTS AucTepCHIO — o, KoTOPad BHCITHBaeTCR KaK cpedunit Kns-% RBPEReaax TeppHTOpUM, SaHUMaemoH BHO OAHO! Nonysauuell, Ha
Par OTKAOHEHHE KaKIOrO KONKPeTHOFO HaMEpeHuA oF aitareNUA cpe: PACCTOAHHAX, RONyCKAIOIRHX HeMOCpeNcTaeiiIoe BIAKMOREMCTAHE OCO-
Hero. Se& meno K TakHM BHYTPHNONYARUHOHEEIM BIaKMOAelCTBHAM 1
Tipu ucranwo eayuaitiom (r. e, onmcsisaemsm saxoHon Tyacci °MBETCTHC:IKO Mm). ro up: PERK Nperctapiresel caMsIx pasuBx rpynIN opranusuos. Kanite
BiLIO werko sanOMHUTS, eCaM MpencTanHTs cebe caM Mpolece Nak.”
Auivatia yueTsioh pamkn Ha oGeaenyemmh yuactox. Ecan Kaas ft
Pas Na MoMaAKy, orpaHHuesyio paxkoll, HomaRaeT MpuxcepHo o! *%, pexowenayior npiMeunth noKasaves® “C-TomKO B Tex cIy¥ARX, KOFAa NPM
Ho to 2Ke KOalTiectB0 OcoGell USyYaeMOrO BNA, 70 pas6poc a2 sd ix nomazox)
HUX HepeanK — coorpercrsentio Masta u aWenepeHs. Ecan xe pa mm pocict no synchwony aexony B Apyeae eyaoan nehanssyior mle 1
Mpenesene narictoe u Ha yNeTAylo naomany nonagaer an cp Mean upoctpancrochion arperupovasnoctt (eosatovensl, 1973)
Crewiaancrn, wsyvatoume weroanny olexKit mpocrpanersenHoro pacupese
2 a
nf =
aGuoruyeckne u GuoTHHecKHe dpaKTOPH cpemb B KAXKIOM KOHKPETHOY
cayuae ero onpexenmion, cKasaTb. TPYAHO, Ho, BHRHMO, Citta. H ig
upasaenue posaelictsia’ stHx pakropos cayuaiiio usMeHmOTCH ty
Bpemenn u npocrpanctae. Cayvaiinne, wax, Kak rosopat nora,
HAM eHeTD.
, 5 Tlepsoe npennoaoxenne,
eaysaix, sto orpanauennu
aus, Wii cxosame, xonyckaetes,
‘orcyrerayior B onpegedeniiom mecte TOAbKO noToMYy,
HOCTH K paccereHHIo HexocTaTOYHO,
or Tex Mecr, rae on Berpevaiores peryanpito. Eeau mul roBopte
Pacnpocrpaniennn Buxos B reorpaputeckux macura6ax,
CTBHTeNbHO HepeRKO OGpACHAETCH MOAOGHLM OGpazoM.
npuaansn cite n npouaow vee Lapa, Yéemaente Lap,
a octoswsanoee raannun oGpasom ua Hittin waTypaniera, Ho, Kone¥toy
Gun uanecrex (06 stoM ect» npaoe Yowttanie b ellponcxoncteuat Bios. 9)
eaten coe eran cae, it moors yaecrom ao
RE wyxepoauot opi 8 ormpurou rpyate (KoneNo, HPs nannewautem YtOMe Ht
Seto oF amon rogareom pscicini-semppenes) eae ne
G28 peaxocts nponmuovedin srk steueston n oxpymanuiue. eereersenmie. nO.
Sow yace apanoren coutereascrsanit Bavacern “Glonewecearpaucacherth
Se Seesay, speumnmam saan ang ome cospaniit over
etigoe meso xaniix 0 cayvann yaauiod, n weyaatnok METpoAyHIRE BUAOD =D
Teorpapuseerott oGsactn ® Apyryn. Oxaasoen 70 npa nepenoce © Oxtore
ana na Apyron (eanpaae, 9 Enpasnn ® Auch) ik nssbopony Soseanee
uerposynh oxantabaeren weyaatek, Toraa Kak 4natmrensto ‘ile, YAOI
AYN weCanxanTeR pH epekoce opraniaMon ha ocrposa. (470 B.c200
> OGbscineren ocaaGxeNmeM 0 eTpoBHUX coodmecTRax peed XHNWKOE,
TOR M KOUKYDeuTOB),. %
HanPHMEP, rHAPOGHOAOTaM XOPOIIO HaBeCTHO, TO BceneHHe B Mpy,
AM H osepa NAaHKTOHOAAMX PA MoxeT MpuBeCTH K TOAHOMY YH
TOXeHNO HaHGonee KpynMx H aMeTHEX neaHKTONIEX paKoodpas,
aux. Ulukaom paGor, sumontentx m 1960-x rr. B UCCP non py,
Kosoncreom fl. XpaGueka, MoKasaHo, YO B PNOOBOAHNIX MPYRAX ‘ig
Mepe nopMIUeHHA naAoTHOCTH nocamKH MonoAN Kapna M3 cocTane
NAaHKTOHA HoctexoBaTeAbHO BEINALAOT cHaana came KPYMHNe
(uanpumep, Daphnia pulicaria), a sarem m Goaee menkue suai pa
KooGpaswnix
Ta ke SaxonomepHocts Guta noaTRepaxxXena H. Hutascouont »
B. Tlefiaepom (Nilsson, Pejler, 1973), o6eaexonanuluwn Gone 5)
osep wa Teppuropun Uisennn % noxadasuun, 70 HanGosee Kpyn
Hue NaaHKTOKHBIe paKooGpasnue Daphnia longispina m Heterocops
saliens He pcrpewaioter B Tex osepax, rhe ects moemaiouwe sco
BaguKTOH pwiOs—roxen (Salvelinus alpinus) w cure (Coregonus
spp.). Hitrepecio, to kpynustit npeacrasureas pectononworo 300
naaukrona Berpuctoyeuft paxox Bythotrephes longimanus we obi:
Pyauisaetes p cocrase naakKTONKEX npoG Ha HeKOTOPEX o2ep Ilse
UNH, HO MonaAaeTcH B KHINeYHHKAX nOlIMaNHBIX B THX NOKOEN:x
puO (Stenson, 1978). Oxesuano, v0 8 noxo6ittex cayuanx npM co.
werainnt xpaiinen MaaowncuenMoctH BHXa iH ADK BUpaKeHHol 12
Gupateasnoctu nuranus norpeGariomlero ero xMULHKa coxpansercs
overs Goxnuoit puck noaKoro yHuyToReHuA nonyasuitM. Tpece Nata
KTOHORAMBX PHO BHICTYHaeT, TAKHM O6pasoM, nO oTHOlUeNINO K Nat
Gonee Kpyausim AAaHKTONULIM paxoo6pasiEn KaK paKTOp, orpatt
NHBAIOULHH He CTOABKO HX ANHAMHKY, cKOABKO caMO pachpoctpane
une, pyran npumepow voxer Gurs now nomWoe Hevesonetie
Kpacuoro Keurypy (Macropus rufus) » vex mectax Ascrpanuit, re
GoxPawReTeH BMCOKAN wMexeNNOCTD eobaKH auHTO (Canis familiar
ingo
Ffevnanke ona nem xaKoro:su6o apyroro svaxenio saxuero
Pecypea Take Moker Ott npitMHOH OTcyTCTAHA opraHuayon oh
PeaereHHoro BHAa B KoNKpeTHOM MecrooGuTanHN. Tax, Hanpumep,
Beixcueno (Neill, 1978), to setanctoyewi pasox Daphnia pulex ve
Momer o6uTaT» B ropHbx osepKax Bpiranckoli Kozyu6wn (Kano
Aa) npocto NlovoMy, 470 B sTHx BoLOeMaX OHeHL IMSKA KONTLeHTp al
MENKHX NAaHKTORHEX poXOpocael, cayrKaulux eMy ocHoBHON nnmtel
06 stom conteresberayer, 8 vacthoctH, npoctol ontit no yenelIHo
My KyasTHpuposaniio D. 'pulex 8 nomatHaenoBom caake, yerano®
JOHHOM B OAHOM TaKoM O3epe Mp yerOBHM ucKYecTBeHHOTO HoBLLIe
Hus KonUeHTpaitun pogopociiel. Mosawee BBKicHH.tOcS, “ITO Aan pay
HUX BHZOB BeTBHCTOYCHX paxooGpasHAxx (B Tow were H ALIN pagiut
‘suxos Daphnia) caoftcrsenns passe sHavenna toh sinuwarynol
Kouuentpaniit KopMa, pH KoTOpoH oGecnewnazeres caMonocH port
Betenve nonyasui.
Anazorndim o6pazom Konuewrpanus axnefiumx Guorenns
saenentton (az0Ta, dbochopa up.) YacTo orpannuusator pacnpoct”
Parente (a rawKe poct yueaenHocrit) maankronnux BoRopocael
Aetaavuwe aadoparopune wccneRovaniia storo aBseHNA moKasa tH,
ey
cnocoSHoct cyulecTsosarb MpH HHSKAX KoHUeHTpauusx OHoreH-
$x BNeMCHTOR CHABHO HOMEHAeTCH OT OMHOTO BHAA K ApyrOMy, a
PCKe | VAPHCHNOCTH OT TOTO, KAKO KOHKPeTHO sneMexT pacar
pansercs, Tak, Hanpunep, mminiwanouan KowuenrpainR docdopa,
Jpocxonuman aan nontepyanHA crauHoHapHO (T, €. coxpansiowel
PeTOMHYIO wneseHHoCTE) TonyasuHH ANATOMOBO BoROpocaM Fra-
ria crotonensis, coctanzset 0,05 wkMoab/a, a gam ronyamuut
FearoUosoil Bonopocan Synedra filijormis —0,02 uxmozy/a. Ecan
He BIATS APyTOR Oxorenubi sneenT, HanpHMep TAKOH BAxHLA Aaa
sTOMOBLIX, Kak KpeMHHM, TO BURcHReTeR (Tilman, 1981), To wH-
gauamitan AonycTHMaR ero KoUllenTpaitHA B cpete’ cocTananeT Aaa
B crotonensis 1,0 wxmone/a, a aax S. filiformis — 5,7 wxwoae/a
poupodnee ew. ra. 4).
‘#-Orpaxuuene pachpoctpanenua (a saGeram nnepen, samerim, to
s@AHHAMAKH) OpraHHSMoB HHSKON KoHUeHTpaNKER HeOOxORUMAX pe-
pCO, NO-BRAMOMY, ecTs OGLNHefiMee B MPHPORe ABTeHHe, MpHNe-
pH KoTOporo MoryT Ours HaAeHH cpeaH npemcranuTesel caMBx
pasuux rpynn. To xpafine mepe muryntusio 9KoaorH ocosHaBaan
‘#o napHo, Henapom nowrn po pcex yeOnuKax aKosorHM cpean He-
wRorHx OOMUX NDHHRUNOB NPHBORHTeR saMMCTEOBAHHAM us arpOXH-
Mi sakoH MHHHMYMa JiMOHXa, raacmuMMl, 470 KOmMeCToeH-
me passutie ( B uNpOKOM cMBicMe caoBa) opraKt3Kos
amperensercs ten snementom (nl axTopoM), KoTopHi HaxoaHT-
@ oKpyXatouleh cpere 8 orKocHTeABHOM MHRMyme'. Tak, Ha-
myamep, ypoxail KaKoli-7H6o cebcKoXoaaiicTReMHO KYabTYpH MO-
Mier AMwiTHpoBaTbeR KOMHMecTBOM cONepMallleroca BOWE as0Ta,
Geetopa wn xexoro-mudyas apyroro aaewenta, wanpuep Kanu.
On JIMGuxa HanGoaee eTKO opmyaupyeTes Torma, Kora pei
tpi Saxon (um npannso) summta wocee ans 10. SnGexa (18051875) —
Hetovnn cine Bucnxa}: tEeu'n now tain evwcecepe ante us saeuenebe,
ppexrunioers apyrux saewentos. Orcyretsue aim wegocravoK ORHOTO M3
MoGrorhwax azewesven pi yosunm B ROME Bcex NPOWX eraer nostesMon
ioMHOH AR BOX —pacren, AAR RUKH KOTOPU.sTOT sHeMeHT HEOGKORI>
ux, 1936, ¢. 19), Ovesian, 20 ® NpeRasraewoR ‘popsyanpoexe. 20608 si
if oTHOCHTER TOaMHO K HEDaMENHMLIM pecYDeaM (ORK, SeweHTaM MHTaMNA),
Boxamuetiew oxo crano npiuenrruen we saMenubm ecypcast, 2 NOTOM HBO:
XK sioGuu sxosoriueckia Gakropaxt, Tak, eyulecrayer, wanpiiep, cxeayiomee
ence 3aKoia MithuntjMa:- (Bartoloew, 1988, ©. 85) oJ
Haet o wesamenustux pecypeax. Tax, nanpaMep, oveBHAHO, TO ecn,
Pactenmio ve xpataer dochopa, To HKAKHM yBeaueHuew coepr:
BUA a30Ta, KAN H KaKOTO-7HGO Apyroro aneMenta Heab3R oDy
CHT ypowai sTorO pacTeHHiA BEIINe HexoTOporO upenera, HaK.Ta.y
baeworo Hedocratoute KonmecTBOM mMeHHO ‘ochopa, Tocko.tx,
Syuxunn ochopa 8 GHoxumusecknx mpoueccax He moryt semon
HATBCA HWKAKUMH ApYTHMH saeMeHTAMH, OVeEHAHO, UNEHHO doct
Heobxoamo AoGanHTs, WTOGM ypoxall npessicua AocturuyTuth pase,
npezea.
B nocaeanee spews nce yaute Bickastinzerca npeanoaomenie «
ToM, TQ HeXBaTKa Toro HAM wHOrO saeeHTa (NanpuMeD, HaTDHs
Han ochopa) 8 nmme orpasiavunaer poct suicxesiocra (a Bitty
H pacnpocrpaxenie) tpasoRAHMX 2KHROTHHX. Takoe npeanoaoxKerine
JOXNT, B YACTHOCTH, B OcHOBe OAHO! HI FHNOTES, OOBAICHATOMLNX Lite
AudeckHe KoXeGaHUA YHCAeHHOCTH pana rpuayHOR H safueodpasKi
slocrorowoes (¢ TowRH spennn sieluieTo HaG.oRaTena) Ko.1HIe
c7RO MMM MoKeT B clay ee HenOAHOUeHHOCTH OKAsaTHER HeROCTs
TouNLLIM c €TOUKH speHA> Ha6.moLaeMorO AKUBOTHOTO.
B xasectoe daxtopa, orpanuamnaiomero pacnpocrpanenne xx
Bornex H pacrenni, BuerymaeT M MexnuAOBeA KoNKYpeHNA. Cex
MexaHitaM 9TOrO OrpaHNeHHA MoeT Gur pasaManuM (noapobiet
06 stom em. ra. 4), HO HepeRKo To MpocTo yMeHbUEHHe KonHYeCTa:
RespnuserHoro Muulesoro pecypea, mpHem ToT BA, KOTOPHil KoHKy
PewtHo Buirecuser apyrolt, Kak Mpapiizo, cnoco6eH cyulectaonat:
pH Gonee naaKolt KouMeHTpannH AaHHOrd pecypea nan Ie cHOCOe!
KaKHM-T0 6pasoM NoMeULaT HeMOBsORAKHIO BTOrO pecypea ApyriNN
BRaom
Cheau opranusmos, neayutnx npHkpenaennati o6pas xHaHH, He
PeAKO HaGmORaeTeA H KOUKYpeNUHA 3a NpoctpaxcTso, KoTOpOE ‘Tat
Ace oer paccMarpHbarben Kak cnoero poRa pecype. OvertD 60:1»
Woe YHeaO AHHH o MoROGHOM KOHKYpeMMM HaRECTHO MAM 2KHROT
HBX H pactenHf, oGuraiomMx Ha cKaqNCTHX yyaeTKax auTopaait —
APHANBHO-OTAHBHOA Son MopeKorO MOGepebA. B wacrHocTit, Kara
‘cuveckim Hcesezonannem ctaaa pa6ora Jk. Koueata (Connel,
1961), aeransio nsyswewero mpuvnsiet npaypowentiocT K pasHnit
Apycam auTopasm AByx OGaHEX LAN 3anaaHoro MoGepexsa Aura?
Bios yeouornx paxoo6pasueix— xramasioca (Chihamalus stelle
fus) 4 Gansuyca (Balanus balanoides). B camom sepxitem apyce
MomBepxKeIoM HaHGOAee NpOROTRATeTSHOMY OcyUIeNHO H HarpeDs
Huo, OGuraeT TOAbKO xTaMat¥0c, HO MIKE (npMMepHo mocepeat
MOXA yponHeM MaKcuMasbitsx ‘NpaAHBoB Hcpeaiy NpilauBHo-oF
aout yposiiem) ero cmenser Gansmyc. Orcyrcrsue Gaasuyea #
BepxHem Apyce oGvAciinercH TeM, NTO BUA sTOT B OTAMUNE OT xTe
Mamioca He cnocoGeH nepeHocuTy’ cToab AnuTeRbHICe epectixauHe #
Narpesanne. Orcyreraue ike xrama.tioca » Huxepacnonoxeuliit
Apycax OOBACHAeTCA KOHKYpeHTHEIM BEITeCHEHHeM co cTOpOHM Gait
ya, oco6 Koroporo pacryt ropasxo Gucrpee, oGpactas ZOMIK?
xTamamioca enepxy Ha %e cpesan Hx c cyGcrpata HIDKHNM Kpaed
epoero nanmaps.
56
vy
Crow Boaiioft TommH, B KOTOPHX BerpewaiorcA naaNKronnue aH-
a Oaasiyca H xTamamloca, cHlbO Mepexpunaiores. JTiinitKH
‘Sauasio0ca Moryt ocenaT» B TOM spyce auTopasu, rae OOuTaOT 6a-
uych, 2 NDOCTHMH ONLTAMH TO YAaneHnIO OMUKOB acanyca
3 Koweaa AoKaaaa, v70 xramaaioc MoxeT aqech yeneumo pacru,
MQBMBATECH H PaaMHOKaTecR. CteqOBATEMDHO, HMEHHO KOHKypeN-
¢ GaAHYCOM 3a NPOCTpAviCTBO H ONpeeKeT HUAHIO! rpaitnuy
Sous pacnpocrpanieniis xraa-
‘Soca. Hinrepecto, v0 uaa
jai 30H pacnpocrpaHenAA
gamoro OadaHyca onpenenmetca
great KOHKYpeNuiteH 3a npO-
qpaucteo ¢ KpYMHMMH pH
sNeHHEIMHE BOROPOCAAMH, a
jacTH — mpeccoM xHuoro
Gpoxouororo MonaiocKa Thais
lapillus.
Curyauua, cxoxas ¢ omicatt-
sof auIlIe, BLiBARETCA pH HSY-
seam pacnpeaerena no rpa-
auenty TAYOHHE BoaoeMa AByx
BuZoB poro3a — iupoKoaHcT-
oro (Typha latifolia) # ysxo-
anetioro (Typha angustifolia).
Veenenosanis, nponenenine xa
seGoasuiom npyay, tloKasaam,
{90 BepxHas rpanitia 30461 MpO-
agpactanina mpoKosHeTHOro po-
faa HaxoaHtea npHMepHO Ka
Wen sume, a nnxHAN — Ha
8c nnxe 'ypesa Boas (Gra-
ce; Wetzel, 1981). Uro xacaeten
‘Som npotispacraKus yaKoancT-
oro porosa, To ona Kak Ost
‘eanunyra Ha Goabmme ray6nnst:
Sepxuan rpaiina vaxonnres Ha
Tay6nue 15 cM, & mIDKHA —
imepno 115 em (pac. 15)
HoMomtsi0 mpocrsix onsiToB
Bo nepecanke npopoctkos 060-
Bagos porosa Ha paanyio
{y6uay abtopa oGKapyRuaAH, TO y3KoaNcTHMi poros B oTcyT-
{Bie uupoKoaneruoro MOKeT OOuTATS Ha RCeX TeX ropHBOHTAX, Fe
evaeTCA HM LHPOKOAHCTHEM, HO MIDKHAN rpannma pacnpocrpaHe-
LMpoKoaweTHoro porosa npoxoaHT no rayGuKe 80 cm He2AbIICH-
20 ot Toro, npovspactaet tam KOMKYpHpyIOMLAA AA aM Her. OT-
take YskO.INCTHOFO porosa Ha ray6uHe MeHee 15 cM eCTb, TAKHM
0M, [pesybrTaT KOHKYPeHUAH C POrOsOM MIMPOKOAHCTHA, KOTO
I Mea Gonee o6uIMpHyIO MOBePAHOCTS ANCTHeB, SaTeHRET’ pacte~
Koukypupyiomero suza. Huokian rpanuua sou pacnpoctpane-
37
ra na Gem raydine,
orn Buouacen, doerar
W880 00
ayéura BoB0ena, cm
Puc. 15, Pacnpexereime anjx sino
porosa— Typha latifolia (I)
Pypha: angustifolia (2) — no rpaan=
‘arty tAVOunit noRoeMa: @ — a eeTe:
ruewion ‘cocromnnt, 6 —~ 9 akenepe
sermon moamanehpopocmon Mo:
peex somo rayéron Br
Tro xere 7 angusifoia ncaocoben
Ghmecrovaste onone! cauoro” ypeoe
one Wane me emp ent
Sunacten orrectensun na 60nyo
avGnny. Ha raybnne. Gonee, 80" ca
Mower aponspacrare ro2seo Tanga:
Sifolia (no Grave, Wetzel, 1981) HHA _wMpoKOaNcTHOTO poro3sa, BHAHMO, onpeeaserca ero Mopdodn.
SHOAOrANECKHMM OcOGeHHOCTAMH: Doct WHPOKHX aHeTBeB (cTOATD M0.
MoraIOULHx B KONKypeHTHOM GopdOe npu mponspacraniM KOO Ypeay
Boat) Ha Gombuleh ray6uHe TpeOyeT caHMKOM GoaBUIX sHeprern,
‘eck aarpar.
B rex cayaanx, Koraa y Hac ects mocraTouHo ocHosannit orsepr.
HYTS rinoTesy 0 Tom, 470 Mpa OTCYTCTAHA HayuaeMOTO BHAA
Aomilon Mecte — pesyabrar npecca XUMLNHKOB, wexDaTKH MILLA tay
Kakix-1n6o WAX GHOTHYeCKHX GaKTOpoR, ocTaeTes MpexnoxoxHTs,
NTO oTeyrer@He Hay¥aeMUX opraHHsMon Bail MecTe oMpere-rn,
erea ux HecnocoGnocTBM nepeHocHTs cBolcTnent ie
AannOMY MecTOOGHTaHMO GusHYeCKHe H XHMHYES
kwe ycaopun (rexmepatypy, paaxnoctb, ocuelleHHocts, xuMitie
CKHH coctan nowBUL, AAA BOARLIX OprannaMo — co.teHocTs i O06.
We xiHeCKUR cocTaB BORM HT. 2.)
Helictamo aborauecknx baxtopon Ha BuDKUBaeMOCTS M pasMio:
XeHHE OpraHusMOB MOCERUeHO OveH Goxbuloe uucTO pador. lan
Aare KparkHih OO30p sro! aHTepaTypM B HauLeM BEORHOM KYpCE te
Npeacrapasercs BosMoxHLM. TlosTOMY MM BLHYAREKL orpallnitTs.
©% ToaKo KoHeTaTauHel HeKOTOpHX o6mNx npMHUNNOS, 0 cyTh,
Sunupnveckix oGo6ulenuf, KoTOPHe MoryT noMOvb —HayHHarOUeWy
skorory B nonrxax OMT, KUKHe akTOPM Orpanuunsaior pac
mpoctpanenne wayuaemex HM opranisMos.
1. Tas xaxgoro Biaa opraiHsmon cymectayiot npexeasusie (si
HnMaabHBe W MaKcHMaabHble) sHaYeHHA moGorO %KUSHEHKO Barto
To huswueckoro wan xuwieckoro daxropa cpeaw. Veasanune 32
enn orpennaupaior sony ToxepantHocTH AaHOTO Baa (HIM Kon).
anuuit) lo paccmatpusaemomy daxTopy.
2. B npenerax soum toxepautHoctn cymecrayior Goxee wa Ne
kee GaaronpHatime a9 opranusmo aHaNenun —paccwarpuBaemoro
axtopa, Torepantiocrs Moxet Girth onucasia NeKoTopoh KpHEOA
(puc. 16), maxcumys Kovopoit coorsererayer nanGo.tee G1aronprs
Homy (ontumaabiomy) saennio xanoro axtopa.
3. Tan pasiux ctaanit xxusnenioro uNKaa OLHOrO BHAA rpant
Ubi 3oHM TOaepaHTHOCTH M MOAOKeHHMe ONTHMYMa MOTYT CHAbHO. we
natses. Kak npabitto, Anh MoaoawX oprannaMon 9TH rpawtuiin yxxe,
em aaa Gonee apex. Tokosumecn craann o6W\HO oTAHYaIR!
nanGoabutel ToaepantiocrEi.
4. Orzenpitsie nonyaalin onvoro Baa (ocoGento -xHByUIKe 8
yerosnax pasoro KauMata) MoTYT cymecTBeHNo pas.iHuaricn Mex
Ay co6ol Kak no rpauMaM TosepaHTHoctH, Tak M nO NOJOKeHIe
omrumyara
SccuSUSSUSSUSUSSRSSRSESSESESSUSSRSUSSESESSRSSESION
yrBeTCTRCHHO AateKa oT ONTHManBHOrO aHayeHNA), TO AHanazOH
PouepANTHOCTH OpraNusMoB nO OTHOWEHHI K KaKOMYy'2HGO Apyromy
Gaxropy, Kax npannzo, coxpamaercs,
1a
fe iene
B pasitux mectax apeasa (a Tawke @ pasuble moments ppextertn)
npoctpatiene OnHOTO AMAA MoxkeT amuutTupoBaTLcA pastLina
pan. Tax, ManpuMep, cesepHaa rpaniua pacupoctpaneuua
mpKoro-HNGYAS Buda pacTeHth MoweT onpeReNATAcs WHIKEMH 31a-
det suunHX TemMepatyp, a 1oxHAR—HexBaTKo!l BaaruL
Baxmovenne
2
F Ochosutte pastiorstacna no noBoay onpenenenua nowstHa «nony-
Muna» consantd c TeM, 410 OnNH eneltNAsHCTHL yACAmOT GoaSIe BIA
agus suytpenten crpykrype nonyasunn H ee FexeTHIecKoMy enue
CRY, apyiue Ke — ssauMocaRaaN AAKHOR nonyaRKUN € HonynAwuA-
Apyrax onop. Busaaeuue oraecbuesx nonyanuti nesaBicio ot
, NPOBORUTER AK OHO MIO TeHeTHYeCKiM MpHaKAKAN HAH TO 9KO~
WecKHM (HANPHMeP, NO BKMOYEHNOCTH B Te HAH MN 9KocHCTe-
, Bera conparKeHo CO INAYHTeNDHEIM TpyAHOCTAMH, KOTOPHE
0 oFepeRb onperensiores Te, 170 sio6an nonyaAuiA, Ka H
jan sKocHcTeMa, OGaaqaeT AOCTATOUHO COXHO! KepapxiiecKol
Wykrypoil. Bunetewwe nonyasuuit eceraa 20 weKoropoh creneitit
aio, Tlpoctpaversentuih MacuiTa6, puauMaeweih nH noy¥eHuM
fi nonyzauHi, Beeraa cassan c MacmITa6OM upeMeHstint: vw
jee KpyHule (SaHuma¥omtHe Goree o6uMpHy!o TeppuTOpitIO) co-
FYIMOCTH OCOGeH aHaaHanpylotes, Tem Gone nporoaxuTerbHOe
HA NOTH necTce 2a HM HAB-LOReTHe
Tlokasarean, xapaxrepusyiouue coctosuue nonyanuui » onpere-
Marui voMent ppemenn, naswpaiorea cratHvecKueH (a oTAMulle OT
Amannseckix, xapaktepiiayiouLix mpoueces)). K um orHocaTe 06+
5, @axropy (a6normieckne w OvoTu¥eckie) meKay coo yory*| AL AucneHocTs. (noro.toBte) nony.laiin, TaoTHOETS (epeawee vk.
saauMozefictsonars. Ecau seamunna oanoro dakropa. waxoasict
BOausH Fpaniits ToxepantHocTH K HeMy HayNaeMoro opranHama (#
Tposrews auops mepus Grarouoayuusn nonyanun, * e, seaxuH, orkst
AusaexoN no opzinare xpusol roxepatvlocts, orion Re npocts, awe weer?
Ravecrae saxo neswemm apunmnanr cnopocts pocrawonyayunn Wo RespemaenC
‘yeu, Korda’ TaxoR noxavareAs. He ABIRETER ayUNN Ho Boson
58
4% ocobeii, npuxoaRWeecA Ha eAHAUY npoctpanersa) W THN npoct-
TeeuHoro pacnpenerenin. Caryuaiioe pacnpenereme noaywa-
kak caeactee Hesesitcioro apye OT Apyra pasmeuenna oT-
weHX ocoGell; peryaxplioe — pesyabrar adraroueTiT4ecKHX Bai
THoueNHi MEY OCOGAMH; NATHNCTOe xe pacupenerenHe Mo
OGbACHATECH KaK OCOFEHKOCTANH MoReReMIR 11 pasMHOXeNuA
59 opranuamon, TaK H peaKuMeR HX Ha OnpeRereNHy!O neoRHopoaHocTs
epents
Cpean gaxropon, onpeeamiomux pacnpoctpanrentie oco6ell Kako.
ro-an6o Bia, cAeRyIOUIMe: OrpanHueHHwe BosMOKHOCTH pacceaettig
opranusmos, aKTHBHBIH BHOOP ANH KONKPeTHBX THNOB MecTooGHTs.
Hun, GuoTiMeckHte akTops (npexAe nceTO npecc XHLILHTKOB # KOH.
Kypentos) H aGworHueckHe (0 KaxkAOMy H3 KOTOPLX AIR KAXAOTO
Opranama new nonyamiH HweeTcA OnpeaeneHHaR soua TonepAKT.
NocrH). Tlocaeqoparersio BBILBHTaR M OTBEpraN THnoTeSH oO sHave
Hun TeX ROM HHBIX akTOPOD, HcceKOBATedb cHlocoGeH B PANINI
Rat» oTseT Ha ROTpOC, 470 XKE ONpeReAReT pacnpoctpantenve nony.
BAUM AaHHOTO BHA B TOM HAH MOM KONKPeTHOM MecToo6uTaHNK,
ny
2
t
Taasa 3
NONYJINAA BO BPEMEHK
Bregenne
Korga mi rosopum 0 nonyasitiH, To o6sHO NoRpasyxesaeM, STO
yasbBaeMas TAK COROKYNHOCTH oCOGeH — 310 He TOKO MpocTpalt
BeUHAR TPYNNUPOBKA, HO H HeKOTOPaA eAOcTHOCTS, cyuLecTAyIONAR
spewens, Mocxomky aawtensiocrs eymecrBosanmia nonyaaie
qHAUHTEABHO NpeBLILIAeT MPOROARHTEADHOCTD 2*USHH OTHEAL'ULX OCO-
fi, B Heli Bcerda NPONCKOAHT cMeHa MOKOeHUA, H eCaH axe THC
HOCTh MOMY.AAILNH MOCTORHHa, TO MOCTORHCTBO 9TO ecTb pesyabrar
HexoTOPOTO AuHaMMeckoro PasioneciA npoueccos, OSecnewnBaiOILNX
ApHOL.A H YOM ocoGeR. OvesnaHo, TO — 3a cueT rnGenn (cMepTHocTH » wxpokom eMBicne C0"
BA) opranuswon m (HH) BbicereHua (swurpannn) Hx B ApyrHe o6-
quer. B canoxt o6ulem Baie cooTHouenHe mpoueccon, onpenensio-
TX AWHaMiKY GHCAeHHOCTH HONyAAUHM, MOKHO SanHcaTs KaK:
Tso roman sd) nett)
oe a (eee ee eee teed
Hisxeunn orerbuwe cocrasasiouwe npouecca auHeMuKH wucaeH-
HM HYUAA SABNCHMOCTS HX OT TEX HAM MBX SaxTopoR cpeaL,
IF MBITAeTCR MONATS, NOIEMY B AAMHOE BpEMA YHC-eHHOCTE NOMy-
YH MeHAeTCH HMeHHO TAKUM OOPa30M HAH COXpanserca nocrosN-
Wa JaHHOM, a He Ha KaxoM-1H60 Apyrom yposHe. Konewio,
Maexo He sce Mpolleccts, npoTeKaiouMe B MoMyaRH H ObecTeHH-
BalouIe onpenereHHyIO AMIKEMHKY €€ WHCAeMHOCTH, MOKHO Henocpel-
Greuno yanreTe, a Tem Goaee HsMepuTs. KomHwectsennaR ouenka
HAH HHEIX ANAMHMeCKHX ToKasaTeseh Mebicamca Gea MpHHsTHR
‘OPHX aNPHOPHEX onyMeHMH (MOXeTH) O TOM, KAK NOTKHM
Woxoaur xapakrepnsyenble oTuMH noKasaTenaMN npolleccts,
|, Octopnte aunamuueckne xapakrepHcTHKH nonyasuun
| Giallmanuvecke xapakrepucraKa nonyasuum — 970 BeaWuHEs,
QewMBaoue urencusuocrs npowcxoasux weli_npoueccos.
Qowsnan Gopua supaxceuns raKoh xapaxtepuctak — exopocts
HanpuMep, CKOPOCTh poxAaeMocT#, aH MpocTo
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