Walker: 7.8, 7.24, 7.34, 7.54, 7.

59

8. Picture the Problem: The wagon rolls horizontally F

but the force pulls upward at an angle. θ
Strategy: Use equation 7-3 keeping in mind the
angle between the force and the direction of
d
motion.

Solution: Use equation 7-3: W = Fd cos θ = ( 16 N ) ( 10.0 m ) cos 25o = 150 J = 0.15 kJ

Insight: Only the component of the force along the direction of the motion does any
work. The vertical component of the force reduces the normal force a little.
24. Picture the Problem: The bicycle rolls horizontally on level ground, slows down, and comes to rest.
Strategy: The work done by the brakes equals the change in the kinetic energy of the bicycle (equation 7-7).
Use equation 2-10 to find the distance traveled, and equation 7-1 to find the magnitude of the braking force.

W = ∆K = 12 mvf2 − 12 mvi2 = 0 − 12 ( 65 + 8.8 kg ) ( 14 m/s )

2
Solution: 1. (a) Calculate W = ∆K :
= −7200 J = −7.2 kJ
2. (b) Use equation 2-10 to find the distance: ∆x = 1
2 ( v0 + v ) t = 12 ( 14 + 0 m/s ) ( 4.0 s ) = 28 m

W W 7200 J
3. (c) The force can be found from equation 7-1: F = = = = 260 N ≅ 58 lb
d ∆x 28 m
Insight: Kinetic friction always does negative work because the force is always opposite to the direction of
motion. The average velocity is half the initial velocity as long as the acceleration is constant.
34. Picture the Problem: The runner does work against gravity as he elevates his center of gravity.
Strategy: The power required is the work required to change the elevation divided by the time. As in
Conceptual Checkpoint 7-1 and Example 7-2 the work required to change the elevation of an object is
W = mgh.

W mgh ( 70.0 kg ) ( 9.81 m/s ) ( 1576 steps × 0.20 m/step )

2
Solution: Divide the work required by the P= = =
time: t t ( 9 min × 60 s/min + 33 s )
P = 380 W × 1 hp 746 W = 0.51 hp

Insight: The energy and power required of the runner is much higher than this because muscles aren’t 100%
efficient at converting food energy into mechanical energy, and the body requires additional energy to stay
warm, keep the heart pumping, etc.

54. Picture the Problem: The boat and skier are both
moving toward the left but the rope is pulling at an angle.
Strategy: Use equation 7-3 to calculate the work done by
the rope on the skier. The rope does positive work on the
skier as it skis, and friction does negative work at the
same time. The two works are equal because the kinetic
energy of the skier is constant. Therefore the towing
force equals the friction force.
 Solution: 1. (a) W = Fd cos θ = F ( vt ) cos θ
Apply equation 7-3:
= ( 90.0 N ) ( 14 m/s ) ( 10.0 s ) cos 35o
W = 10,300 J = 10 kJ

2. (b) The work done by friction must make the total work zero by the work-energy theorem:
Wfriction = −10 kJ

Insight: Newton’s Second Law F = ma states that the net force on the skier must be zero since it is not
accelerating. That’s another way of figuring that the magnitude of the towing force equals the magnitude of the
friction force.

59. Picture the Problem: The spider crawls up the window at an angle as pictured.
Strategy: Use equation 7-3 keeping in mind the angle between the force exerted on
the spider (vertically upward) and the displacement (upward at 25° from the
vertical).
Solution: 1. Apply equation 7- W = Fd cos θ = mg y cos θ = mg ( vt ) cos θ
3:

2. Now use equation 7-10: W mg ( vt ) cos θ

P= = = mgv cos θ
t t
P = ( 1.8 × 10−3 kg ) ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 0.023 m/s ) cos 25 o
P = 3.7 × 10−4 W = 0.37 mW
Insight: Only the component of the force along the direction of the motion does
any work. The spider is gaining gravitational potential energy (see Chapter 8) as it
elevates its center of mass. Yes, that spider does look curiously like a beetle…