Body’s Defenses: Overview

The Third Line of Defense

• Adaptive/Specific Immunity
• Four characteristics
– Specificity
– Diversity
– Memory
– Ability to distinguish self from non-self
antigen
Antigen binds only to
antibody specific to it on
a naïve B cell.

clonal
population
of effector
B cells

Effector B cells secrete antibodies.

 CHAPTER 27

Human Reproduction,
Sex and Sexuality

(Chapter 26 of Campbell et. al.)

 Male Reproductive System
Reproductive Organs
Testis (2) Sperm, sex hormone
production
Epididymis (2) Sperm maturation site and
subsequent storage
Vas deferens (2) Rapid transport of sperm

Ejaculatory duct (2) Conduction of sperm to penis

Penis Organ of sexual intercourse

 Male Reproductive System

Accessory Glands
Seminal vesicle (2) Secretion of about 60% of
semen
Prostate gland Secretion of 25% of semen;
sperm-activating enzymes
Bulbourethral Production of 15% secretion
gland (2) that functions in lubrication and
giving alkalinity
 Cytoplasm Spermatozoon
Spermatogonium of Sertoli cell Tails of spermatozoa

Lumen of Varying stages of Leydig cell

seminiferous tubule sperm development
Female Reproductive System
• A pair of ovaries and oviducts; uterus;
vagina
• Ovary - stores the eggs in “follicles”
• Releases one egg in a periodic cycle
– Fertilization in the oviduct (with sperm) and
implantation in the uterus, OR
– Discarded away from the body along with
sloughed uterine walls (menstruation)
Figure 26.4a
Figure 26.4b
Female Reproductive System
Ovaries Oocyte production and
maturation, sex hormone
production

Oviducts Ducts for conducting oocyte

from ovary to uterus;
fertilization normally occurs
here

Uterus Chamber in which new

individual develops
Female Reproductive System
Cervix Secretion of mucus that
enhances sperm movement
into uterus and (after
fertilization) reduces embryo’s
risk of bacterial infection

Vagina Organ of sexual intercourse;

birth canal
 Gametogenesis
• Production of gametes (haploid, N) from
the germline cells (diploid, 2N)
• Meiosis I and II take place
• Distinct differences between:
– Spermatogenesis
– Oogenesis
 MITOSIS MEIOSIS I MEIOSIS II

Sertoli lumen
cell

spermato-
gonium
(diploid)

primary secondary early late immature sperm

spermatocyte spermatocyte spermatids spermatid (haploid)
Figure 26.12
Figure 26.7_3
Ovulation (series 1 of 2). SEM X1500. Credit: © Gary
Martin/Visuals Unlimited
Ovulation (series 2 of 2). SEM X1500. Credit: © Gary
Martin/Visuals Unlimited
 HYPOTHALAMUS
(+) (–)

Blood level of
estrogens (–)
rises, will The rise in
stimulate a progesterone,
surge in LH estrogen in
secretion blood will inhibit
PITUITARY
(+) FSH, LH
secretion during
GnRH prods last phase of
anterior lobe cells cycle
to secrete FSH
and LH

Midcycle surge
of LH triggers
ovulation, then
formation of
corpus luteum

Progesterone, estrogen secreted

In ovary, FSH and LH promote by corpus luteum will maintain the
follicle growth and oocyte endometrium if pregnancy occurs
maturation, estrogen production,
priming of endometrium, other
reproductive events
Early Divsions of the Embryo

Day 1 Day 2

Day 3 Day 4
(morula)
Figure 26.17a
Figure 26.17b
9-week fetus
Figure 26.21