M

Maximum bending stress (Sbmax) = --------------

Z

3.14
-------- x (Do4 – Di4)
64
Section modulus (Z) = ------------------------------------
Do / 2

3.14 (Do4 – Di4)

= -------- x ------------------

32 Do

Stress Intensification Factor (SIF)

Maximum Stress Intensity

SIF = -------------------------------------------
Normal Stress

During stress analysis, all the components in a piping system is considered as PIPE
only with SIF. For a straight pipe SIF = 1.0. For all other components, SIF is more
than 1.0

It is used as safe factor to account for the effect of localised stress on piping
under respective loading.

In piping it is applied to fittings, branch connections etc where stress

concentration and possible fatigue failure may occur.

Strain is the change in length of pipe to original length of pipe.

From the above curve, it can be seen that stress is directly proportional to the
strain up to the point A. The point 'A' is called the elastic limit and AO is
called the elastic range. The Hooke's law that is the ratio of stress to strain is
constant valid up to A.
The material beyond A and up to C is partly elastic and partly plastic in behavior.
The point B when the wire yields to the applied stress and begins to flow, is
called the yield point
Beyond A, if the stress is removed, graph between stress and strain does not follow
AO. For example, if the stress removed at C, graph follows CO’ and when stress is
zero, strain is not zero or a permanent deformation sets in the material.
Therefore, OO| represents the permanent set.
Ultimate stress is the maximum stress that can be seen in a stress strain curve.

ALLOWABLE STRESS
The basic material allowable stress at operating / design temperature for a
material is given as minimum of
As per ASME B31.1
a) 1/4th of the ultimate tensile strength of the material at operating
temperature
b) 1/4th of the ultimate tensile strength of the material at room temperature
c) 5/8th of the yield strength of the material at operating temperature (90% of
yield strength for austenitic stainless steels)
d) 5/8th of the yield strength of the material at room temperature (90% of yield
strength for austenitic stainless steels)
e) 100% average stress for 0.01% creep rate per 1000 hours

As per ASME B31.3

a) 1/3rd of the ultimate tensile strength of the material at operating
temperature
b) 1/3rd of the ultimate tensile strength of the material at room temperature
c) 2/3rd of the yield strength of the material at operating temperature (90% of
yield strength for austenitic stainless steels)
d) 2/3rd of the yield strength of the material at room temperature (90% of yield
strength for austenitic stainless steels)
e) 100% of average stress for 0.01% creep rate per 1000 hours
f) 67% of average stress for rupture after 1,00,000 hours
g) 80% of minimum stress for rupture after 1,00,000 hours

Creep

It is the time dependant deformation of a material