RESEARCH DESIGN
→ Is a plan which structures a study to
ensure that the data collected and
generated will contain information
needed to answer the initial inquiry as
fully and clearly as possible.
→ A design in the field of research serves
as a blueprint or a skeletal framework of
your research study
→ is a plan that directs your mind to
several stages of your research work
COMMON RESEARCH DESIGNS
Phenomenological Design
→ The goal of this study is to analyze the
meaning behind these experiences for
each subject, rather than generalizing to
a greater population.
• Bracketing - the process wherein the
researchers seat aside own feelings and
expectations towards the study.
Ex. What are the experiences of a student who
failed in his or her subject?
Case Study
→ A comprehensive, in-depth examination
of an individual, group of people, or
institution.
→ Use to gain insights into an obscure or
specific problem
→ provide background data for broader
studies
→ explain socio-psychological and socio-
cultural processes
Characteristics:
1. Time consuming and quite costly.
2. Needs in-depth analysis of single or multiple
case/s
3. Uses multiple sources of data.
4. May result in description of themes and
assertions
5. Clarifies cases and context
6. The data from cases studies evaluated
through content analysis
7. It involves the examination of
communication messages.
Ethnography
→ A qualitative research that involves a
study of a certain cultural group or
organization.
→ Ethnography requires your actual
participation in the group members’
activities.
→ Determine the reasons or changes or
permanence of things in the physical
world in a certain period (i.e., years,
decades, or centuries)
Historical Design
→ Determine the reasons for changes or
permanence for things in the physical
world in a certain period (i.e., years,
decades, or centuries).
• External Criticism - is based on the
analysis of the printed material;
 The type of ink and paper used
 The layout and physical appearance
as well as its age and texture.
• Internal Criticism - involves establishing
authenticity and originality of materials by
looking at the consistency of information.
Grounded Theory
→ Aims at developing a theory to increase
understanding of something in a
psycho-social context.
→ Enables to develop theories to explain
sociologically and psychologically
influenced phenomena for proper
identification of a certain educational
process.
→ Systematic collections of rich data
• Deducted Grounded Theory - a theory
is formulated, then the collection of data
follows
• Inducted Grounded Theory - collection
of data is conducted first, and then
through the analysis of these data, theory
is formed.
Meta-Analysis
→ Used to analyze discrepancies in the
result of individual.
Action Design
→ Seeks to improve practice through the
implementation of international actions
and study of the effects of those actions.
SAMPLING
→ Process of selecting respondents or
people to answer questions meant to
yield data for a research study.
Population
→ The bigger group from where you
choose the sample. (Paris 2013)
→ Is a group of persons or objects that
possess same common characteristics
that are of interest to the researcher.
Target Population
→ The entire group of people or objects to
which the researchers wishes to
generalize the findings of the study.
Accessible Population
→ A portion of the population to which the
researcher has reasonable access.
Sample
→ A subset of the entire population and
serves as the respondents of the study
Sampling Frame
→ The term used to mean the list of the
members of such population from where
you will get the sample.
Subjects
→ Are individuals or entities which serves
as the focus of the study.
Respondents
→ Are individuals or groups of people who
serves as a source of information during
data collection.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
→ Involves all members listed in the
sampling frame representing a certain
population focused on by your study.
→ All members of an entire population
have a chance of being selected.
→ Also known as unbiased sampling
→ A sampling error crops up if the
selection does not take place in the way
it is planned.
Simple Random Sampling
→ Pure-chance selection
→ Assures every member the same
opportunity to be in the sample
→ The only basis of including or excluding
a member is by chance or opportunity
Simple random sampling happens through any
of these two methods:
 Have a list of all members of the
population: write each name on a card
and choose cards through a pure-
chance selection.
 Have a list of all members: give a
number to member and then use
randomized or unordered numbers in
selecting names from the list.
Systematic Sampling
→ A method of selecting every nth element
until the desired sample size is reached.
→ Chance and system are the ones to
determine who should compose the
sample.
→ The population is first divided into
different strata
→ Sampling follows
→ Possible criteria: age, gender,
educational qualifications
Stratified Random Sampling
→ This involves dividing the target
population into groups.
→ The sample size for each group is
equivalent to the proportion of the group
participants represent.
Examples:
 Selecting samples from different age
groups.
 A researcher will study the common effects
of smoking on high school students.
Cluster Sampling
→ Clusters are representative samples of
the population as a whole.
→ Used in large-scale studies, where the
population is geographically spread out.
→ Sampling procedures may be difficult
→ Time-consuming
Examples:
 Age distribution of persons residing in a
given locality
 A researcher wants to interview 100
teachers across the country
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
→ The subjects are chosen based on their
availability or the purpose of the study.
→ In some cases, its the discretion of the
researcher
→ This is not a scientific way of selecting
respondents
Quota Sampling
→ Tend to choose sample members
possessing or indicating the
characteristics of the target population
Ex. A researcher wants to survey the
employees of a company regarding their
thoughts on the company’s new policies.
Voluntary Sampling
→ The subjects you expect to participate in
the sample selection are the ones
volunteering to constitute the sample.
→ No need to do any selection process.
Purposive or Judgmental Sampling
→ You choose people whom you are sure
you could correspond to the objectives
of your study.
Ex. A study about honor students the
researcher uses a list of honor students and
chooses the necessary number of
respondents.
Availability Sampling
→ The willingness of a person as your
subject to interact with you counts a lot
in this non-probability sampling method.
Snowball Sampling
→ Allows the researcher to reach research
populations that are difficult to sample.
Examples:
 People who are engaged in taboo
activities.
 You want to look into experiences of
undocumented immigrants in a
particular country.