Fitra Almutawakil (1632006)

RESEARCH PROPOSAL

STOCKHOLM SYNDROME REFLECTED IN ANDREA KLEINE’S NOVEL

EDEN

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Study

Basically, humans are social beings who have problems in their lives, including
those that related to psychology. Some people express their problems by expressing
their emotions such as feelings of anger, sadness, fear, anxiety or stress and excessive
thoughts or psychological disorder. Psychological diseases caused affect humans
mental are named as psychosis. Joseph (2019), explains that psychosis is a condition
when the brain is damaged in processing information. He also said that psychosis is not
a disease but a symptom. Any pshysical or mental issue, substance abuse or extreme
stress, even trauma can trigger it. Psychosis is one of post-traumatic stress disorder.
Post traumatic stress disorer or PTSD is a disease caused by a very extreme traumatic
event experienced by sufferers. This psychological disease greatly influences the
thinking and also the way a person behaves in seeing the situation. A person's thoughts
and behavior tend to go bad such as being unable to control emotions, possessing
excessive fear or avoiding things related to the traumatic event they are experiencing.
Post-traumatic stress disorder theory will be used to analyze the psychological of the
character in this study.

Discussing about psychology, humans are creatures that cannot be separated from
psychological conditions because their behavior shows what is in their minds that is
affected by these psychological conditions. The same thing was said by Ni Kadek Ayu
Winastri (2014) in her journal psychoanalysis on Edgar Allan Poe's William Wilsons,
The Black Cat and Tell-Tale Heart that one's psychological condition reflects feelings,
thoughts, imagination and also human perception. Some of these human behaviors can
be assumed to be symptoms of post-traumatic stress related to mental illness. As said by
Siswantoro (2005) that human behavior in the form of speech and what he does can
help us in understanding the mental condition of the sufferers.

This psychological disorder can be seen through literary work. Literary work such
as poem, short story, drama, and novel can represent this psychological phenomenon.
The phenomenons can be presented in fiction or base on the real situation. According to
Jadhav (2013) literary works are directly influenced by social phenomena. These social
phenomena include psychological events such as a mental illness called Stockholm
Syndrome.

Stockholm syndrome is a disease that is described as a positive feeling by the

victim towards the kidnapper (Namnyak, M & Tufton, Nicola & Szekely, R & Toal, M
& Worboys, S & Sampson, Elizabeth, 2008). Some researchers doubt the existence of
this syndrome because there is ambiguity in the use of the term. Stockholm syndrome
itself is named by Nils Bejerot in Stockholm after the Sveriges Kreditbanked bank
robbery involving Jan-Erik Olsson and Clark Olofsson. They both held hostage bank
employees for five days with weapons. When the hostage was successfully released,
the hostage's reaction was strangely even had an emotional attachment to the robber,
even the victim refused to testify or dropped the charges against the two perpetrators.

From the explanation above, the researcher intends to examine a literary work,
novel, entitled "Eden" by Andrea Kleine. One of the reasons the writer chose this novel
is because in it there is a psychological phenomenon called Stockholm Syndrome.
Another reason is because this book has been awarded as the best book of 2018 by
Nylon and a finalist for the Ferro-Grumley / Publishing Triangle Award, making this
novel an interesting research material. Stockholm Syndrome itself is still rarely studied
in the realm of literary works making research very much needed to explore more about
Stockholm syndrome itself base on the view of the author.

B. Relevant

There are two previous studies that focus on analyzing the Stockholm Syndrome in
literary work. First, the research that made by Ibna Awaliya Bahari (2019) for his
thesis. This study focuses on the issue of Stockholm syndrome found in the novel
Undercover by Danielle Steel (2015). Bahari (2019) used sociological approach that
finds out five indicators that related to the issue of Stockholm Syndrome namely the
emergence of positive feelings for kidnappers, brainwashing, romantic relationships,
the emergence of negative feelings towards saviors, and emotional ties. He also found
that Undercover by Diele Steel novel is based on social phenomena that was found in
U.S, that happen to Patty Hearst in California 1974. Second previous studies from
Akhsan (2015), analyzing Anak Perawan di Sarang Penyamun (1964) by Sutan Takdir
Ali Syahbana using psychological analysis. The study focus on the Stockholm
Syndrome phenomena in the novel, characteristic of Sayu and the situation that
encourage the Stockholm. Psychologically, Sayu gained a great influence from other
figures, Medasing as a hostage who subsequently experienced the phenomenon of five
syndromes, and Samad as a savior that encouraged the occurrence of events. The
theories used in the research are Robert Stanton's structural theory, Welek and
Warren's literary psychological theory, and theories about interpretation.

Base from those previous studies, researcher find a gap in analyzing the
Stockholm Syndrome. The gap is in the object being analyzed, namely novel. It is still
rare to analyze Stockholm syndrome in the novel. Not to mention they analyzed not
using the theory of post-traumatic stress disorder which is the basis of Stockholm
syndrome itself. Although the basis of this ptsd theory is from psychoanalysis which
branched out to the theory of trauma but there are still differences in analyzing it. If
psychoanalysis can be said as a container of magnitude, the theory of post-traumatic
stress disorder is a more specific branch. The object used for this research is Andrea
Kleine's novel titled Eden (2018). The goal itself is to examine the post-traumatic
stress disoder, namely Stockholm syndrome. The objective is looking for symptoms
experienced by a character named Hope, then what are the causes and effects of
Stockholm syndrome and how the character recovered from it. The method that will
be used in this research is literary criticism. According to Dickinson (2019) in
Waidner-Spahr Library, literary criticism is the comparison, analysis, interpretation,
and/or evaluation of works of literature. This method is suitable for analyzing
stockholm syndrome in novels because most of the data and research that has been
done about stockholm syndrome is in the form of literary reviews, although it does
not rule out the possibility of using other methods but in this case because the object
itself is a literary work, a method that focuses on literary aspects such as theme, style,
setting or hystorical or political context are suitable for this study.

C. Research Questions
1. What are the symptoms of Stockholm Syndrome suffered by Hope in the novel?

2. What are the cause and impact of Stockholm Syndrome that suffered by Hope?

3. How Hope heal herself or recover from her Trauma?

D. Objectives

1. To understand the symptoms of Stockholm Syndrome suffered by Hope in the

novel.

2. To know the cause and impact of Stockholm Syndrome that suffered by Hope in
the novel.

3. To know the method of healing in recovering her Stockholm Syndrome..

E. Significances

Theoritical significance for this research are (1) this research expected to be useful to
understand Stockholm Syndrome by using Post-traumatic stress disorder (2016). (2)
This research expected to know the other method to heal or recover the mind of
Stockholm syndrome sufferer..

F. Research Design

In this research, researcher will use literary criticism to analyze the data.
According to Dickinson (2019) in Waidner-Spahr Library, literary criticism is the
comparison, analysis, interpretation, and/or evaluation of works of literature. This
method substantially is an opinion that should be supported by evidence that related to
the folowing elements there are theme, style, setting or historical or political context.
This method include discussion of the work’s content and integrates the ideas with
other insights gained from research. The main issue that will be analyzed in this study
is Stockholm Syndrome. The primary data that will be used in this study is Eden
novel by Andrea Kleine. For the secondary data are books, journal, article, websites
and any information related to the study. Base on University of Texas Arlington
(UTA) libraries (2019) there are five steps to do literary criticism including read,
thesis, research, support, edit. First is read, it is when the researcher read the work and
asking why the author write this, understanding the theme, style, character
development, connection between the character and theme, and format of the story.
Second, thesis is the specific, limited in scope and the perspective or interpretation of
the researcher on a subject. This step include making argument about the reason of the
research and what the reader will get when reading the research. Third, research is the
step where researcher find evidence that support the thesis, it include opinions of
other ciritcs, discussion of the text’s historical and social context, books or articles
and theories related to the text. Fourth, support is direct quotations, summaries of
scenes and paraphrases directly from the text.
 CHAPTER II

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

1. Psychology and Literature

Psychology and literature have realtion in the context of human behavior. Hilgard
(1983) says that "psychology can be defined as the science that studies behavior of
man". while the literature itself shows human behavior based on what is experienced
and known by the author. Human behavior is greatly influenced by how man think.
This mind is also called psyche. Psychology cannot judge a person's psyche clearly
but through their behavior, at least by using psychology we can judge their thoughts.

Literature itself is a representation of real life expressed through writing. There

are many types of literary works such as novels, poetry, and drama which are valued
as a reflection of real-world phenomena. Literary work especially novel, has
excellence from the other literary work because it can explain the psychological
condition the same as what happen in the real phenomena, even the story or character
is fiction.

The phenomenon that appears in this novel is based on the thoughts of the author,
author. Author can not be separated from the surrounding environmental conditions.
The author's inspiration depends on what has been experienced, creativity and also the
expectations of the author himself. To show it, in the novel there are several elements
namely plot, scene or setting, point of view, scope or dimension, myth, symbolism,
significance and character (Anthony Burgess, 2019).

Abdul Mufied Yasin (2016) said that through characterization, this psychological
aspect can be expressed clearly. Through characterization author can describe the
psychological behavior and the phenomenon using the character form. One of the
psychological phenomena is derived from extreme experiences that imprint on
someone's mind so that it can change the way of thinking and behavior of a person.
This symptom is called trauma. Trauma itself has a terrible effect on sufferers called
Post-traumatic stress disorder.

2. Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

 Trauma can be caused by any action that can harm directly to the mind and
behaviour of the person’s psychology. Normally, trauma will be triggered when the
sufferer have experienced extreme event. According to Kickpatrick and Heller (2014)
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is one of the mental disorders that the cause is readily
identifiable. The symptoms can be categorize into four clusters: intrusion or
re-esperiencing symptoms, avoidance symptoms, negative cognitions and mood, and
symptoms of hyper-arousal.

Base on Kickpatrick and Heller (2014), the key symptoms for each cluster are for
intrusion symptoms are re-experencing disruptive memories. This memories will
happen in the form of images, thoughts, distressing dreams, dissociative reactions
such as flashbacks, strong emotional and physical reactions to sign that symbolize the
trauma. Second, avoidance this symptoms include efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings,
conservation or activities, places or people related to trauma. Third, negative
cognitions and mood this symptoms include amnesia in some important aspects that
connected to trauma, a persistent and distorted sense of blame on self or others.
persistent in negative emotional state such as the feeling of horror, guilt, shame, fear
and so on. Fourth, hyper-arousal including over anxiety, sleep difficulties, bad
concentration, increased imtability, outbursts of anger, careless or self-destructive
behavior, hypervigilence, exaggerated startle response.

There are various types of experiences that may occur in PTSD sufferers. These
are the worst events that have ever been experienced including combat, rape, sudden
loss of a loved one. The cause can also from medical crises such as burns, cancer, and
myocardial infarction (Breslau N, Kessler RC, Chilcoat HD, Schultz LR, Davis GC,
Andreski P, 1998; Kangas M, Henry JL, Bryant RA, 2002; Maes M, Delmeire L,
Mylle J, Altamura CA, 2001).

According to Smith & Regal (2008) there are a lot of events that can cause PTSD,
these events include war, natural disasters, car or plane crashes, terrorist attacks,
kidnapping, assault, sexual or physical abuse, childhood neglect.

The symptoms of PTSD may occur at any age and are generally present within 3
months of the trauma, but may occur years later. In most cases, signs occur during the
first month following a traumatic event, but in some cases, months or even years
before symptoms appear may be postponed.
 Mental illnesses like PTSD must be treated immediately. If it takes too long then
a variety of psychological problems can occur to the victim. As mentioned by
Kickrpatrick & Heller (2016) problems that occur to sufferers can be divided into
three factors namely pre-trauma, peri-trauma and post-trauma.

“In Pre-trauma the risk factor are lower socioeconomic status,

parental neglect, personal or family psychiatric disease, female, and
poor social support. For Peri-trauma, severity, intensity, frequency,
and duration of trauma, initial severity of person’s reaction to
trauma, unpredictability and uncontrollability of the trauma. Then
Post-Trauma, lack of social support, life stress, failure for early
identification and treatment.” (Kickpatrick & Heller, 2016)

The impact of having post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can critically

influence the quality of life. Quoted from “Trauma: the impact of post-traumatic
stress disorder” written by Davidson JR (2000), ptsd can cause grave functional and
emotional impairment. In addition of that, there is a chance the sufferer to do suicide
attempts and alcohol abuse.

According to Kickpatrick & Heller (2016) key therapeutic messages for patients
include hope for recovery through a number of effective treatments: seeking support
from listeners; communicating their experiences; identifying themselves as survivors;
engaging in healthy behaviors such as adequate sleep, good nutrition, and preventing
substance use; and establishing or restoring routine day-to-day activities.
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