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Design and optimization of photonic crystal based eight channel dense

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neural network

Article  in  Optical and Quantum Electronics · May 2017

DOI: 10.1007/s11082-017-1038-z

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Design and optimization of photonic crystal
based eight channel dense wavelength
division multiplexing demultiplexer using
conjugate radiant neural network

Venkatachalam Rajarajan Balaji,

Mahalingam Murugan, Savarimuthu
Robinson & Rangaswamy Nakkeeran

Optical and Quantum Electronics

ISSN 0306-8919
Volume 49
Number 5

Opt Quant Electron (2017) 49:1-15

DOI 10.1007/s11082-017-1038-z

1 23
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 Author's personal copy
Opt Quant Electron (2017)49:198
DOI 10.1007/s11082-017-1038-z

Design and optimization of photonic crystal based eight

channel dense wavelength division multiplexing
demultiplexer using conjugate radiant neural network

Venkatachalam Rajarajan Balaji1 • Mahalingam Murugan2 •

Savarimuthu Robinson3 • Rangaswamy Nakkeeran4

Received: 28 January 2017 / Accepted: 29 April 2017

 Springer Science+Business Media New York 2017

Abstract In this paper, two dimensional photonic crystal, based eight-channel demulti-
plexer is proposed and designed for DWDM applications. The performance parameters of
the demultiplexer such as transmission efficiency, channel spacing, spectral line width, Q
factor, and crosstalk have been evaluated. The proposed demultiplexer comprises of bus
waveguide, drop waveguide and parellogram resonant cavity (PRC). The bus waveguide
transmits light to the PRC and exits through respective drop waveguide. The PRC consists
of a parellogram resonator with a nano ring cavity that is used for dropping eight specific
wavelength for ITU-T G 694.1 standard with 50 GHz channel spacing. The circular ring
resonator is placed above the PRC wherein a resonant air hole (Cr) is positioned for desired
channel selection. The channel selection is done by altering the radius of the air hole. In
addition, a conjugate radiant neural network is implemented for optimizing the radii of
resonant air holes to select the required channel wavelength. The proposed device is very
compact and it could be considered for implementing the photonic integrated circuits.

Keywords Photonic crystal  Nano ring cavity  Channel spacing  Crosstalk  Photonic
integrated circuits

& Venkatachalam Rajarajan Balaji

balajivr@stjosephstechnology.ac.in
1
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology,
Chennai, Tamilnadu 600119, India
2
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SRM Valliammai Engineering
College, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu 603203, India
3
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Mount Zion College of Engineering
and Technology, Pudukkottai, Tamilnadu 622 507, India
4
Department of Electronics Engineering, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India

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1 Introduction

Fiber-optic communication transmits data from one location to another with pulses of light
through an optical fiber. The optical fiber connectivity to the individual user increases the
network infrastructure and installation. The infrastructure cost is reduced with single mode
fiber (SMF) routing. In SMF, the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmits a
number of different wavelength in single fiber and it is separated for individual user
through demultiplexer (Aoyama and Minowa 1979). The conventional demultiplexer like
grating (Brouckaert et al. 2007), Prism (Nishi et al. 1985), and Tunable detector (Kaminow
et al. 1988) suffer with more radiation loss and large foot print size in mm. In contrast to
conventional demultiplexer the photonic crystal (PC) based demultiplexer solve the
aforementioned issues without diminishing the device performance.
Nowadays, PC based demultiplexer received keen attention in the research community
due to its inherent features such as low power consumption, nanometer footprint, low loss
medium, better performance and so on. PC devised from artificial electromagnetic media
with periodic structures. The PC has the photonic band gap (PBG), which freeze the
propagated electromagnetic waves (Joannopoulos et al. 1996) inside it. However, the
electromagnetic wave propagates inside the PBG when a defect is formed. Naturally, there
are two kind of defects incorporated to break the PBG such as line defect and point defect.
The line defect is formed by removing or changing the air hole radius, which is used for
fabricating the waveguide and resonant cavity. The point defect is created by changing or
removing the radius of the single air hole. It is primarily employed in photonic devices for
designing isolated cavity. Furthermore, in order to realize the 2DPC optical devices such as
like demultiplexer (Mahdi and Fyath 2014), encoder (Alipour-Banaei et al. 2015), ring
resonator (Robinson and Nakkeeran 2012), sensor (Shanthi and Robinson 2014), power
splitter (Bayindir et al. 2006), both line and point defects are essential.
Generally, WDM increases the capacity of the system through coarse wavelength
division multiplexing (CWDM) and dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM).
The ITU.G.694.2 CWDM standard follows the channel spacing of about 10–20 nm, which
is used for metro access networks. Alternatively, the channel spacing for DWDM system is
spanning around 0.2/0.4/0.8/1.6 nm. The narrow spacing in DWDM system increases the
channel capacity and it is employed for long haul high data rate applications. The PC based
demultiplexer for CWDM and DWDM applications, is one of the important research areas
in PICs. It is highly essential to design the efficient demultiplexer with the characteristics
of low power consumption and small footprint. The researcher must account the functional
parameters of the demultiplexer such as resonant wavelength, transmission efficiency, Q
factor, spectral line width, channel spacing and crosstalk along with above mentioned
characteristics.
In the literature, there are several attempts made to design PC based DWDM and
CWDM demultiplexer. It is noticed that the 2DPC based for demultiplexer is reported
using line/point defects (Tekeste and Yarrison-rice 2006; Rostami et al. 2010; Rawal and
Sinha 2009; Alipour-Banaei et al. 2015; Bouamami and Naoum 2013; Alipour-Banaei and
Mehdizadeh 2013; Liu 2012) and ring resonator (Alipour-Banaei et al. 2013) by having
either square lattice or triangular lattice. The triangular lattice offers wider PBG and simple
fabrication process than square lattice, hence triangular lattice is considered in this work. A
two channel demultiplexer is designed by varying central point defect hole. It provides the
channel spacing and crosstalk of 20 nm and -14 dB, respectively (Tekeste and Yarrison-
rice 2006). By designing Y shaped PC structure, the two channel demultiplexer is

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suggested with 24 nm of channel spacing (Rawal and Sinha 2009). The demultiplexer is
reported using X ring resonators with the channel spacing of 3 nm (Alipour-Banaei et al.
2015). The four channel demultiplexer is reported using T-branch waveguide with the
resonant cavities which is capable of separating the wavelength with the channel spacing of
1 nm. The drawback in this demultiplexer is non-uniform channel spacing and low
transmission efficiency of about 49% (Rostami et al. 2010). Then, the four channel
demultiplexer is designed using coupling cavities which provides the transmission effi-
ciency of 90% and the channel spacing of around 20 nm (Liu 2012). Another four channel
demultiplexer is reported, using X ring resonant cavity in order to improve the transmission
efficiency of 60% and channel spacing of 2.3 nm (Alipour-Banaei et al. 2013). The seven
channel demultiplexer is proposed for Coarse WDM where channel spacing of 24 nm and
low transmission efficiency of about 65% (Bouamami and Naoum 2013).
From the literature survey, it is identified that the demultiplexer is designed using
different shapes of the cavity and different lattice, which offered better transmission
efficiency, low crosstalk, and provides a high Q factor. However, there is no such kind of
attempt designed for demultiplexer with uniform channel spacing and uniform spectral line
width for all dropped channels without degrading the performance parameters of the
device. Also, the reported paper is not following any standards. In order to meet the above
mentioned challenges, a new PRC based eight channel demultiplexer is proposed and
designed for ITU-T G.694.1 DWDM systems.
In this attempt, the eight channel demultiplexer is designed for ITU-T G.694.1 DWDM
systems with uniform channel spacing and uniform spectral linewidth. The functional
characteristics of the proposed demultiplexer are investigated for all the channels. In order
to optimize the performance of the proposed DWDM demultiplexer, the neural network
conjugate radiant algorithm is employed. The neural network conjugate radiant algorithm
is selecting the right value of air holes for desired channel selection.
This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the PBG analysis of the periodic
structure using plane wave expansion (PWE) method. The sectional view and the details of
single PRC are presented Sect. 3. The design of proposed eight-channel demultiplexer and
the simulated results are discussed in Sect. 4 and Sect. 5, respectively. The proposed neural
network conjugate radiant algorithm for optimization is given in Sect. 6. Section 7 con-
cludes the paper.

2 Band structure calculation

The 2DPC with triangular lattice is utilized to design the proposed eight-channel
demulitplexer. The proposed demultiplexer consists of 38 and 38 air holes in ‘X’ and ‘Z’
direction, respectively. The SOI is used to design the optical waveguides as it supports high
refractive index contrast material and readily available for realization. Figure 1a shows
schematic representation of SOI (Si–SiO2–Si), which has the top high index layer ‘Si’ air
holes with thickness of 220 nm. In addition, 1000 nm of SiO2 layer and 450 nm of Si
substrate are realized one by one from the top layer. The refractive index of the high index
layer, SiO2 layer and Si substrate are 3.45, 1 and 1.45, respectively. The radius of non-
defect air holes is 0.17*a and the lattice constant (a) is 590 nm. The perfectly matched
layer (PML) with the size of 500 nm is utilized to minimize the reflection inside the device.
The band diagram of the proposed design is represented in Fig. 1b. Generally, the band
diagram gives the PBG and propagation modes of periodic and non-periodic structure,

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Fig. 1 a Schematic diagram of a 2DPC in SOI b band diagram of the proposed structure

which is obtained through plane wave expansion (PWE) method. The PWE method obeys
the Maxwell’s equation and it gives band gap calculation of TE and TM fields as in the
equation given below.
 
1 x2
r r  EðrÞ ¼ 2 EðrÞ ð1Þ
eðrÞ c
where eðrÞ is the dielectric function, ‘c’ is speed of light in vacuum, EðrÞ is the frequency
dependent electric field vector and ‘x’ the angular frequency.
After the simulation 38 9 38 air holes, there are two PBG are observed, where blue
and red color represents TE PBG and TM PBG, respectively. The normalized frequency
of TE PBG region is in the range of 0.31 \ a/k \ 0.48, whose corresponding wavelength
lies between 1229 and 1903 nm. The wavelength range for TM PBG is starting from
0.86 \ a/k \ 0.956 whose corresponding wavelength lies between 617 and 687 nm. First
TE PBG is considered for this work as it covers low loss window of optical
communication.
The finite different time domain (FDTD) technique is employed to obtain the nor-
malized output response of the proposed eight channel demultiplexer. As the PWE method
is not accurately predicting the reflection spectra, FDTD method is incorporated to obtain
the output response. In addition, PML ABC (PML absorbing boundary conditions) is
employed to optimize the boundary region to minimize reflection of electromagnetic
waves. The formulation of FDTD PML ABC with Maxwell’s equations (Yu and Chang
2004) for the field distribution of TE polarization is given as follows,

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cDt Hz jHz j
Ex j¼ Ex j þ ð2Þ
e0 Dy
 
  cDt Hz jHz j
Ey¼ Ey  þ ð3Þ
e0 Dx
    
cDt Ex jEx j Ey Ey 
Hzj¼ Ezj þ ð4Þ
e0 Dy Dx
where Ex, Ey and Ez are the electric field components in the x, y and z directions and Hx,
Hy and Hz are the magnetic field components in the x, y and z directions, respectively.

3 Design of parallelogram resonant cavity

The proposed eight channel demultiplexer is consisted of four PRC where a PRC is used to
drop two distinct channel wavelength. Best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to
drop two channels using single resonator. Figure 2 shows the sectional view of single PRC,
which is composed of two nano-ring cavity and two, dropping waveguide. The magnified
view of nano ring cavity is shown in Fig. 2, which has seven air holes. The channel
selection is carried out by having the center air hole with unique radius in nano-ring cavity.
If the radius of the center air hole is varied, the cumulative dielectric constant of the nano-
ring cavity is varied which in turn a distinct wavelength is dropped. The center air hole is
denoted as resonant air hole (Cr) which selects the desired wavelength with narrow spectral
line width. The value of d1, d2, and d3 (see in Fig. 2) is given belowThe value of left corner
hollow size (d1)
d1 ¼ 4a  r ð5Þ
The value of right corner hollow size (d3)
d3 ¼ 3a  r ð6Þ
The center hollow size (d2)

Fig. 2 Sectional view of single parellogram resonant cavity

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d2 ¼ 2a  r ð7Þ
a = lattice constant of dielectric air holes; r = radius of non-defected air holes.
The Fig. 3 shows the output spectra of the proposed PRC at 1555.9 nm. The Q factor,
transmission efficiency and the resonant wavelength of the proposed filter is 5186, 92.35%
and 1555.9 nm, respectively.
The electric field distribution of PRC2 at 1555.9 nm is shown in Fig. 4 where the signal
is coupled from bus waveguide to drop waveguide through ring resonator. The respective
channel is dropped by having the distinct resonant air hole in the nano-ring cavity.
In PC based demultiplexer, the quality factor and crosstalk of a resonant cavity deter-
mine the quality of a resonant cavity. The Q factor is the ratio of power stored in the
resonant cavity to power dissipated in the resonant cavity. The Q factor is depending on the
size of the air hole and nano ring cavity (Tanaka et al. 2007). The Q factor measures the
losses in the cavity which is measured by two methods;
In the first method, the amplitude of the electric field decays exponentially, the quality
factor is determined with equation
wr ðT1  T2 ÞDt
Q¼   ð8Þ
2 ln EE12

where Dt the step time, and E1 and E2 are the electric fields at time steps T1 and T2,
respectively.
In second method, the ratio of resonant wavelength (kr) to Bandwidth (Dk = k1  k2 )
kr
Q ð9Þ
Dk
In this proposed attempt, the nano-ring cavity along with parallelogram resonant cavity
increases the Q factor which shows a better performance than existing demultiplexer. The
crosstalk of the resonant cavity is measured the disturbance between two channels due to

Fig. 3 Output transmission spectrum of the proposed parellogram resonant cavity at 1555.9 nm

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Fig. 4 Electric field distribution

of a parellogram resonant cavity
at 1555.9 nm

electric or magnetic fields leakage from one waveguide to another waveguide. However,
proposed demultiplexer improves the crosstalk performance as the odd and even numbers
of channels are dropped separately.

4 Design of eight channel demuliplexer

Figure 5 shows schematic structure of proposed eight-channel DWDM demultiplexer using

PRC. The proposed structure consists of one bus waveguide, eight drop waveguide, four
PRC and eight nano-ring cavity, and reflector air hole. Two parallelogram resonant cavity
(PRC1 and PRC2) is positioned at the top of the bus waveguide that is used to drop the odd

Fig. 5 Schematic structure of the proposed eight channel demultiplexer using Parallelogram Resonant
Cavity in triangular lattice

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number of channels (k1, k3, k5, k7) and remaining two parallelogram resonant cavity
(PRC3 and PRC4) is located to bottom of the bus waveguide is utilized to drop the even
number of channels (k2, k4, k6, k8). The PRC for odd channels and even channels are
grouped separately in order to minimize the crosstalk.
Each PRC has two nano-ring resonant cavities that is situated at the end of the PRC and
nearer to the dropping waveguide as well. There are 5 row air holes are positioned between
the nano-ring cavity in order to avoid reflection. The nano-ring cavity is contained of 6
surrounding air holes along with one resonant air hole (Cr) which is used to couple the light
from PRC and dropped to the output waveguide with controlled spectral linewidth. The
radius of the resonant air hole (Cr) is varied which decides the resonant wavelength of the
nano-ring cavity. The radius of the resonant air hole for Channel 1 (C1) = 55.5 nm,
C2 = 56 nm, C3 = 56.5 nm, C4 = 57 nm, C5 = 57.5 nm, C6 = 58 nm, C7 = 58.5 nm
and C8 = 59 nm. If the radius of the resonant air hole is increased, the effective dielectric
constant of the nano-ring cavity is increased which shifts the resonant wavelength to higher
wavelength region.
Four parallelogram resonant cavities are positioned at the top and the bottom of the input
bus waveguide. The bus waveguide is designed by eliminating 26 air holes in the periodic
triangular lattice. The drop waveguide for each channel is derived by removing 10 air holes at
the end of parallelogram resonant cavities. The PRC is designed by introducing line defects
where there are 18 air holes are removed. The two rows of air hole are implanted between
waveguide and PRC to reduce the coupling loss and the back reflection loss. The reflector air
holes are placed at the end of bus waveguide to enhance the signal strength of the received
signal. The size of the demultiplexer is very small about 434.56 lm2.

5 Simulation results and discussion

The normalized output transmission response of the proposed eight channel demultiplexer
is estimated using FDTD numerical method. The FDTD temporal grid size of 29.5 nm (x/
20 = 0.0416a) is considered for evaluating the performance the proposed demultiplexer. A
light source of Gaussian pulse with TE polarization is passed through the bus waveguide of
eight channel demultiplexer, for power spectral density (PSD) measurement. The PSD is
directly giving the normalized output spectrum, which is measured by keeping the power
monitor for each dropping waveguide. The normalized transmission spectra is calculated
using the equation which is given below
R

1=2 real pð f Þmonitor dS

Tðf Þ ¼ ð10Þ
SourcePower
where Tðf Þ denotes normalized transmission about the frequency, pð f Þ is the pointing
vector and dS denotes surface normal preserving right time step. The time step shows the
band separation of light during the propagation in the waveguide. The time step equation is
stated below,
1
Dt  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð11Þ
c DX1 2 þ DY1 2

where ‘Dt‘ represents the step time, and c represents the speed of light in free space. In
order to attain the normalized output spectra with spectral linewidth of 0.2 nm with high Q

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factor, authors considered the wavelength increment as 0.0001 nm from 1550 to 1560 nm
[i.e. the total simulation period (time) is about 4476 min] time for memory structure of
53.8 MB.
The normalized output spectra of proposed eight channel demultiplexer for ITU-T G
694.1 DWDM system is shown in Fig. 6. The resonant wavelength of the proposed eight
channel demultiplexer are k1-1555.5 nm, k2-1555.9 nm, k3-1556.3 nm, k4-1556.7 nm, k5-
1557.1 nm, k6-1557.5 nm, k7-1557.9 nm and k8-1558.3 nm. The targeted channel spacing
and channel width of the proposed demultiplexer are 0.4 and 0.2 nm, respectively. The
resonant wavelength, transmission efficiency, Q factor, and spectral linewidth of the
channel 1 is 1555.5 nm, 96.34%, 7777.5 and 0.2 nm, respectively. The nano-ring cavity
size and radius of the defect air hole are 535 and 55 nm, respectively. From the simulation,
it is noticed that there is 0.4 nm of resonant wavelength shift towards to higher wavelength
is observed for every increasing ±0.5 nm of radius of resonant air hole. Similarly, the
performance parameters of the proposed eight channel demultiplexer for other channels are
listed in Table 1. It is observed that the maximum transmission efficiency and Q factor are
100% and 7789, respectively. The functional characteristics of the proposed eight channels
are reported in Table 1, are highly sufficient for real time on demand applications.
There are several micro-fabrication methods available for fabricating 2DPC based
optical devices. During fabrication, several techniques are used for lithography like optical
lithography (Selvaraja et al. 2009), Electon Beam lithography (Tian et al. 2017), and
Focused Ion beam lithography (Samanta et al. 2017). In the proposed design, E-beam
lithography is needed for the proposed design due to accurate vertical etching for few tens
of nanometers (Tian et al. 2017). The other techniques do not have the capability to control
the feature size in sub nm size.
In the proposed design, the highest allowable tolerances for tuning the drop wavelength
are 1555.5 with air hole radius of 0.5 nm. When the ±0.6 nm the radius of the air holes is
increased, the wavelength shifts as much as 0.4 nm i.e. from 1555.5 to 1558.3 nm to
provide the spectral line width of 0.4 nm is observed. The highest allowable tolerance is
about 77% (54.98–55.35/0.45 nm) with rod radius 55 nm to tune the resonant wavelength

Fig. 6 Normalized output spectra of proposed eight-channel DWDM demultiplexer

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Table 1 The resonant wavelength, cavity size, radius of defect air hole, spectral linewidth, Q factor and
efficiency of the proposed eight channel demultiplexer
DWDM channel/ Cavity Defect air hole Spectral linewidth Q factor Efficiency
wavelength, kr (nm) size a-Rm (Rm) (nm) (Dk) in (nm) (%)

k1-1555.5 nm 535 55 0.2 7777.5 96.3

k2-1555.9 nm 534.4 55.5 0.3 5186.3 92.3
k3-1556.3 nm 535.8 56.2 0.2 7781.5 91.8
k4-1556.7 nm 533.5 56.5 0.3 5189.5 90.1
k5-1557.1 nm 533 57 0.3 5190.5 100
k6-1557.5 nm 532.4 57.5 0.3 5191.5 83
k7-1557.9 nm 532 58 0.2 7789.5 94
k8-1558.3 nm 531.5 58.5 0.3 5194.3 87

1555.5 nm. In addition, there are several attempts already made with less than 0.5 nm
(Gupta and Janyani 2014; Balaji et al. 2016; Mehdizadeh and Soroosh 2016). Hence, our
proposed work could be realized in near future.
The electric field distribution of the eight channel demultiplexer at k1 = 1555.5 nm and
k3 = 1555.9 nm is shown in Fig. 7a, b, respectively. Generally, the signal is traveling
through the bus waveguide from the input source. At ‘off ‘ resonance, the signal is reflected
back to the input source without coupling any one of resonator in the demultiplexer.
Alternatively, at ‘on’ resonance, the input signal is coupled from the bus waveguide to the
PRC and its respective nano-ring cavity to drop waveguide. At k1 = 1555.5 nm, the input
signal is reached into the PRC 1 from the bus waveguide and reached its dropping
waveguide through nano-ring cavity. Similarly, the input signal is reached dropping
waveguide through PRC 3 at k2 = 1555.9 nm. Further, at ‘on’ resonance of the nano-ring
cavity, the signal is not coupling to any other nano-ring cavities which minimize the
crosstalk as well.
Figure 8 shows the output spectral response of the proposed eight channel demulti-
plexer in dB scale, which is used to identify the crosstalk between the channels. The
crosstalk is calculated between the two channels. Generally, performance of the demul-
tiplexer is evaluated by crosstalk, hence, it is one of the significant parameters of the
demultiplexer. The crosstalk of the proposed demultiplexer is listed in Table 2. It is noticed
that the minimum and maximum crosstalk of the demultiplexer are -38 and -20.1 dB,
respectively, which is highly sufficient for DWDM applications. In addition, the crosstalk

Fig. 7 Electric field distribution of proposed eight channel demultiplexer at a k1 = 1555.5 nm and
b k2 = 1555.9 nm

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Fig. 8 The spectral response of the proposed eight-channel demultiplexer in dB scale

Table 2 Crosstalk values (Cij) of proposed eight channel demultiplexer (dB)

Channels (Cij) k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6 k7 k8

k1 -20 -25 -27 -28 -32 -32 -35

k2 -21 -22 -23 -24 -28 -32 -33
k3 -26 -23 -24 -25 -27 -33 -36
k4 -28 -26 -24 -25 -26 -31 -35
k5 -28 -28 -24 -28 -28 -31 -33
k6 -36 -33 -28 -28 -27.8 -28 -36
k7 -37 -33 -33 -25 -24 -22 -22
k8 -38 -38 -38 -38 -38 -38 -20

value of the proposed demultiplexer is better than the reported one as the channels are
grouped separately as odd number of channels and even number of channels.
The functional characteristics such as transmission efficiency, Q factor, foot print and
channel spacing of the proposed eight channel demultiplexer are compared with reported
demultiplexer which is listed in Table 3. The transmission efficiency, quality factor,
spectral linewidth, channel spacing, minimum crosstalk and size of the proposed demul-
tiplexer are 100%, 7000, 0.2, 0.4 nm, -25 dB, and 434.56 lm2, respectively. From
Table 3, it is noticed that proposed PRC based eight channel demultiplexer is performed
better than the existing demultiplexer in all aspects. The parallelogram resonant cavity is
placed both the side of bus waveguide, which significantly reduced the size of the
demultiplexer. Best of our knowledge, this is the first eight channel demultiplexer is
designed for ITU-T G.694.1 DWDM standard with uniform channel spacing is about
0.4 nm. In addition, the existing demultiplexer with non-uniform spectral linewidth is
replaced with the uniform spectral linewidth, which is essential for practical applications,
and it can be implemented for PICs.

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Table 3 No of output ports, transmission efficiency, Q factor, crosstalk, footprint, and channel spacing of
the proposed demultiplexer is compared with existing triangular lattice based demultiplexer
References PC No of Transmission Crosstalk Q Foot Channel
lattice output efficiency (%) factor print spacing
ports Max Min Max Max (lm)2 (nm)

Tekeste and Yarrison-rice T 2 100 NA -14.2 65 NA 20

(2006) N.U.C.Sa
Rostami et al. (2010) T 4 86.5 -21 – 3912 536 1
U.C.Sa
N_ITU
Rawal and Sinha (2009) T 2 89 NA -7.5 NA NA 24
N.U.C.Sa
N_ITU
Alipour-Banaei et al. T 2 79 -16 -11 382 NA 4.4
(2015) N.U.C.Sa
N_ITU
Bouamami and Naoum T 7 41 -22 -17 NA 107.25 27
(2013) U.C.Sa
ITU-T
694.2
Alipour-Banaei and T 1(Tuned) 70 NA -23 2603 NA 1.1
Mehdizadeh (2013) N.U.C.Sa
N_ITU
Liu (2012) T 4 99 NA -15 60 882 20
U.C.Sa
ITU G
692
Alipour-Banaei et al. T 4 63 -23.7 -11.2 1954 495 2.7
(2013) N.U.C.Sa
N_ITU
Proposed design T 8 100 -38 -20 7790 434.56 0.4
U.C.Sa
ITU-T
694.1

U.C.S. uniform channel spacing for dropped wavelengths, N.U.C.S. non uniform channel spacing for
dropped wavelengths, T triangular lattice, ITU international telecommunication union, N_ITU non inter-
national telecommunication union
a
ITU-T 694.1- ITU DWDM Standard
ITU-T 694.2- ITU CWDM Standard

6 Optimization using neural network conjugate radiant algorithm

Neural network is an efficient computational model for data analysis and prediction
(Specht 1991). The network trains test and validate the data through various neural network
algorithms such as Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm (Fornarelli et al. 2009), Bayesian

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Design and optimization of photonic crystal based eight… Page 13 of 15 198

Fig. 9 Effect of change of resonant wavelength of the channel with respect to the air hole radius

Regulation back propagation algorithm (Chen et al. 2015), Conjugate gradient algorithm
(Charalambous 1992). The conjugate gradient algorithm is suitable method for PC based
optical devices as it is an iterative method. By using conjugate gradient algorithm, the
radius of the air hole is selected for the desired resonant wavelength where radius of the
resonant air hole is the input and resonant wavelength is targeted output. The analysis
provides an regression equation to optimize the radius of resonant air hole with resonant
wavelength as stated as below.
The air holes of different size (x) taken as n data points with respect to center wave-
length (w) and data point are fðxi ; wi Þ; i ¼ 1. . .ng
Algorithm as follows;
net = traincgp (net,x,w);
w = net(x);
[r,m,b] = regression (x,y);
Output with conjugate gradient algorithm is
Output ¼ 0:81ðTÞ þ 1:511209745163432e þ 03 ð12Þ
From the above regression model we derived
Resonant wavelengthðYÞ ¼ 0:81ðair hole sizeÞ þ 1:511209745163432 e þ 03 ð13Þ
where Y is the resonant wavelength, T is the air hole radius.
The artificial neural network is used to determine the optimized value of air hole radius
in order to select the desired operating wavelength range. The conjugate gradient algorithm
in artificial neural network is employed in which the input parameter is the hole radius and
the output parameter is the resonant wavelength. There are around 300 samples of the input
hole radius is taken between the air hole radius range 50–90 nm with the increment of
±0.252 nm. Finally, the air hole radius is selected such as 55, 55.5, 56.2, 56.5, 57, 57.53,
58 and 58.5 nm and its targeted wavelength are 1555.5, 1555.9, 1556.3, 1556.7, 1557.1,
1557.5, 1557.9 and 1558.3 nm. The radius of the resonant air hole 55 nm is selected to

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198 Page 14 of 15 V. R. Balaji et al.

drop the wavelength 1555.5 nm and viceversa. It is noticed that the resonant wavelength is
attained in the interval in the range of ±0.4 nm.
In the proposed design, radius of resonant air hole (Cr) is one of the most important
parameters for channel selection. The impact of resonant wavelength shifts while varying
the radius of the resonant air hole is shown in Fig. 9. It is investigated that there is about
0.4 nm of resonant wavelength shift towards to higher wavelength region for every
increasing 0.5 nm of resonant air hole radius.

7 Conclusion

In this attempt, two dimensional photonic crystal parallelogram resonant cavity based eight
channel demultiplexer is proposed and designed for ITU-T G.694.1 DWDM systems. The
desired channel wavelength is selected by having the unique radius of the resonant air hole
in the nano-ring cavity. The proposed demultiplexer offers 90% of transmission efficiency,
-38 dB of crosstalk and the Q factor of about 7000. By grouping the odd numbers of
channels and even number of channels separately, the crosstalk is minimized. The channel
spacing and spectral linewidth of the demultiplexer is 0.2 and 0.4 nm, respectively. The
selection of resonant air hole for the specific resonant wavelength is done by implementing
conjugate radiant algorithm based neural network. The functional characteristics of the
proposed demultiplexer are fulfilling the requirements of ITU-T G.694.1 DWDM system
and size is very small about 434.56 lm2, hence it could be implemented for integrated
optics.

Acknowledgements The author Balaji would like acknowledge Dr. N.R. Shanker, Manager, Research and
Development, Chase Technologies, Chennai for his support at different times.

Compliance with ethical standards

Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no Conflict of interest.

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