1. What are the apparatus and equipment used in testing of Materials?

Testing equipment is used in the quality control processes associated with the analysis of
soils, concrete, asphalt, bitumen, cement and mortar, steel, aggregates, and other materials used in
civil engineering. Testing equipment capable of providing consumers with accurate and repeatable
results is imperative. While the mechanism in which the equipment performs analysis procedures
varies depending upon the material to be analyzed, these testing instruments are capable of
analyzing the hardness, moisture content, permeability and other mechanical properties of the
material of interest.

Equipments and Apparatus:

 Flow Track Plus – Transit-Time Ultrasound Flow Measurement System for Non-Product
Contact Applications

 Shotcrete Penetrometer: Testing Sprayed Concrete

 Hardness Testers for the Rockwell Scale from Tinius Olsen

 Digital and Analog CBR Test Apparatus

 Solution for Vickers and Knoop Testing

 Flow Table Model TO-411

 Hardness Testers for the Brinell Scale

  Pan Type Concrete Mixer – TO 9891

2. What are the different materials used in construction

Materials Used in Construction or Building material is anything used for construction purpose of
any Structure that can is Residential House, Commercial Buildings or DAM, Bridges etc.
Concrete

Concrete is a composite material made from mixing cement, aggregates such as sand and crushed
stone and water. The properties of concrete depend on the ratios used in the mix design. Therefore,
it’s a standard practice for concrete suppliers to provide material properties and test results for
each concrete patch.
Steel

Steel is one of the strongest building materials available with excellent strength capacity in both
tension and compression. Because of its high strength-to-weight ratio, it is ideal for structural
framework of tall buildings and large industrial facilities. Structural steel is available in standard
shapes such are angles, I beams and C-channels. These shapes can be welded together or connected
using high-strength bolts to build structures capable of resisting large forces and deformations
Wood

Wood has been used as a construction material for thousands of years and if properly maintained
can last for hundred of years. It is a readily available and economically feasible natural resource
with a light weight and highly machinable properties. It also provides good insulation from the
cold which makes it an excellent building material for homes and residential buildings.
Masonry
Masonry construction is using individual units to build structures that are usually uses mortar to
bound the units together. The most common material I use in the design of masonry structures is
concrete block, with vertical steel reinforcing if required. Masonry is strong in resisting
compression loads/stresses which makes it ideal to use for the construction of load bearing walls.
Other masonry materials include brick, stone and glass block. Masonry is a highly durable and fire
resistant material, however it can be sensitive to mortar and workmanship quality.

Glass

Glass is a building material that is both versatile and underrated. One of the most common types
of glass used was obsidian for its aesthetic appeal and strength. Considered a luxury in the
construction industry as it requires both skill and resources to create it.

3. What are the general properties of Material?

Strength
It is the property of a material which opposes the deformation or breakdown of material in presence
of external forces or load. Materials which we finalize for our engineering products, must have
suitable mechanical strength to be capable to work under different mechanical forces or loads.
Toughness
It is the ability of a material to absorb the energy and gets plastically deformed without fracturing.
Its numerical value is determined by the amount of energy per unit volume. Its unit is Joule/ m3.
Value of toughness of a material can be determined by stress-strain characteristics of a material.
For good toughness, materials should have good strength as well as ductility.
Hardness
It is the ability of a material to resist to permanent shape change due to external stress. There are
various measure of hardness – Scratch Hardness, Indentation Hardness and Rebound Hardness.
Hardenability
It is the ability of a material to attain the hardness by heat treatment processing. It is determined
by the depth up to which the material becomes hard. The SI unit of hardenability is meter (similar
to length). Hardenability of material is inversely proportional to the weld-ability of material.
Brittleness
Brittleness of a material indicates that how easily it gets fractured when it is subjected to a force
or load. When a brittle material is subjected to a stress it observes very less energy and gets
fractures without significant strain. Brittleness is converse to ductility of material. Brittleness of
material is temperature dependent. Some metals which are ductile at normal temperature become
brittle at low temperature.
Malleability
Malleability is a property of solid materials which indicates that how easily a material gets
deformed under compressive stress. Malleability is often categorized by the ability of material to
be formed in the form of a thin sheet by hammering or rolling. This mechanical property is an
aspect of plasticity of material. Malleability of material is temperature dependent. With rise in
temperature, the malleability of material increases.
Ductility
Ductility is a property of a solid material which indicates that how easily a material gets deformed
under tensile stress. Ductility is often categorized by the ability of material to get stretched into a
wire by pulling or drawing. This mechanical property is also an aspect of plasticity of material and
is temperature dependent. With rise in temperature, the ductility of material increases.
References: https://www.electrical4u.com/mechanical-properties-of-engineering-materials/