Name: Alessandro Kid M.

BagoL Date: January 28, 2020

Subject/ Code: HPC 2210 Instructor: Dr.Ludmie Capuyan

Proj. , Sec & Yr. Level: BSHM 2-B DAY Rating:

Assignment No. 2

Research Terminology 1

Concept
It's a general idea about a thing or group of things, derived from specific instances or
occurrences. Concept was borrowed from Late Latin conceptus, from Latin concipere "to take
in, conceive, receive." A concept is an idea conceived in the mind.
Construct
To make or form by combining or arranging parts or elements. To form something such as a
sentence, argument, or system by joining words, ideas etc. together.
Variable
An element, feature, or factor that is liable to vary or change. A variable is a special type of
amount or quantity with an unknown value.
Dependent Variable
The dependent variable is "dependent" on the independent variable. As the experimenter
changes the independent variable, the change in the dependent variable is observed and
recorded.
Independent Variable
An independent variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment
to test the effects on the dependent variable.
Conceptual Definition
A conceptual definition tells you what the concept means, while an operational definition only
tells you how to measure it. A conceptual definition tells what your constructs are by explaining
how they are related to other constructs. This explanation and all of the constructs it refers to
are abstract.
Operational Definition
The term operational definition refers to a precise statement of how a conceptual variable is
turned into a measured variable. Second, specific definitions will enable future researchers to
replicate the research
Assumption
An assumption is an unexamined belief: what we think without realizing we think it. Our
inferences (also called conclusions) are often based on assumptions that we haven't thought
about critically.
Hypothesis
A hypothesis is something more than a wild guess but less than a well-established theory. In
science, a hypothesis needs to go through a lot of testing before it gets labeled a theory. In the
non-scientific world, the word is used a lot more loosely.
Null Hypothesis
A null hypothesis is a type of hypothesis used in statistics that proposes that no statistical
significance exists in a set of given observations. The null hypothesis attempts to show that no
variation exists between variables or that a single variable is no different than its mean.
Research Hypothesis
A research hypothesis is a specific, clear, and testable proposition or predictive statement
about the possible outcome of a scientific research study based on a particular property of a
population, such as presumed differences between groups on a particular variable or
relationships between variables.
Data
Data is distinct pieces of information, usually formatted in a special way. Since the mid-1900s,
people have used the word data to mean computer information that is transmitted or stored.
Strictly speaking, data is the plural of datum, a single piece of information.
Limitations
Limitations are influences that the researcher cannot control. They are the shortcomings,
conditions or influences that cannot be controlled by the researcher that place restrictions on
your methodology and conclusions. Any limitations that might influence the results should be
mentioned.
Pilot Study
A pilot study, pilot project, pilot test, or pilot experiment is a small scale preliminary study
conducted in order to evaluate feasibility, duration, cost, adverse events, and improve upon the
study design prior to performance of a full-scale research project.
Validity
Validity is the extent to which a concept, conclusion or measurement is well-founded and likely
corresponds accurately to the real world. The word "valid" is derived from the Latin valid us,
meaning strong.
Reliability
Reliability is the degree of consistency of a measure. A test will be reliable when it gives the
same repeated result under the same conditions.
Population
A population is the entire pool from which a statistical sample is drawn. A population may refer
to an entire group of people, objects, events, hospital visits, or measurements. A population
can thus be said to be an aggregate observation of subjects grouped together by a common
feature.
Sample
A sample is a group of people, objects, or items that are taken from a larger population for
measurement. The sample should be representative of the population to ensure that we can
generalize the findings from the research sample to the population as a whole.
Accessible Population
The accessible population is the population in research to which the researchers can apply their
conclusions. This population is a subset of the target population and is also known as the study
population. It is from the accessible population that researchers draw their samples.
Research Design
The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different
components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively
address the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and
analysis of data.
Target Population
The target population is the total group of individuals from which the sample might be drawn. A
sample is the group of people who take part in the investigation. Generalizability refers to the
extent to which we can apply the findings of our research to the target population we are
interested in.
Abstract
An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, or
any in-depth analysis of a particular subject and is often used to help the reader quickly
ascertain the paper's purpose.
Action research
Action research is a philosophy and methodology of research generally applied in the social
sciences. ... Action research practitioners reflect upon the consequences of their own
questions, beliefs, assumptions, and practices with the goal of understanding, developing, and
improving social practices.
Advisory group
An advisory group is an independent organization set up to guide or advise governments in the
development of their policies and laws (legislation).
Analysis
A systematic examination and evaluation of data or information, by breaking it into its
component parts to uncover their interrelationships. Opposite of synthesis. An examination of
data and facts to uncover and understand cause-effect relationships, thus providing basis for
problem solving and decision making
Association
Association is a connection between two social phenomena, demonstrated by onetendingto
vary according to variations in the other, whereas causality is a special case of association,
when changes in one systematically result in direct changes in the other.
Audit
Audit is a way of finding out whether you are doing what you should be doing by asking if you
are following guidelines and applying best practice. Research: evaluates practice or compares
alternative practices, with the purpose of contributing to a body of knowledge by asking what
you should be doing.
Basic research
Basic research, also called pure research or fundamental research, has the scientific research
aim to improve scientific theories for improved understanding or prediction of natural or other
phenomena. Though often driven by curiosity, basic research fuels applied science's
innovations.
Bias
Bias is any trend or deviation from the truth in data collection, data analysis, interpretation and
publication which can cause false conclusions. Bias can occur either intentionally or
unintentionally. Intention to introduce bias into someone’s research is immoral. Nevertheless,
considering the possible consequences of a biased research, it is almost equally irresponsible to
conduct and publish a biased research unintentionally.
Blinding
Refers to a practice where study participants are prevented from knowing certain information
that may somehow influence them thereby tainting the results. This blinding can include
clinicians, data collectors, outcome assessors and data analysts.
Carer
This describes the close partnership working between service users, carers, and researchers
during different stages of the research process. Many people define public involvement in
research as doing research ‘with’ or ‘by’ the public, rather than ‘to’, ‘about’ or ‘for’ the public.
When service users and or career’s take part in research, it’s extremely valuable but this is not
the same as being ‘actively’ involved.
Causal effect
Causal effect means that something has happened, or is happening, based on something that
has occurred or is occurring. A simple way to remember the meaning of causal effect is: B
happened because of A, and the outcome of B is strong or weak depending how much of or
how well A worked.
Case study
A case study is a research strategy and an empirical inquiry that investigates a phenomenon
within its real-life context. Case studies are based on an in-depth investigation of a single
individual, group or event to explore the causes of underlying principles.
Clinical research
Research in which people, or data or samples of tissue from people, are studied to understand
health and disease. Clinical research helps find new and better ways to detect, diagnose, treat,
and prevent disease. Types of clinical research include clinical trials, which test new treatments
for a disease, and natural history studies, which collect health information to understand how a
disease develops and progresses over time.
Clinical trial
A clinical trial is a type of research that studies a test or treatment given to people. Clinical trials
study how safe and helpful tests and treatments are. When found to be safe and helpful, they
may become tomorrow’s standard of care.
Collaboration
The term "collaboration" in academic research is usually thought to mean an equal partnership
between two academic faculty members who are pursuing mutually interesting and beneficial
research. Today, however, many collaborations involve researchers of differing stature, funding
status, and types of organizations.
Convenience sample
Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling technique where subjects are selected
because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher.
Cohort study
A cohort study is a particular form of longitudinal study that samples a cohort (a group of
people who share a defining characteristic, typically those who experienced a common event in
a selected period, such as birth or graduation), performing a cross-section at intervals through
time. It is a type of panel study where the individuals in the panel share a common
characteristic.
Commissioner
A commissioner is, in principle, a member of a commission or an individual who has been given
a commission (official charge or authority to do something). In practice, the title of
commissioner has evolved to include a variety of senior officials, often sitting on a specific
commission.
Commissioning
To commission is to charge someone with a task, giving them the authority do to do something
in an official way. The gerund form of the verb, commissioning, can be used as a noun referring
to the action of authorizing someone or something. You might attend a ceremony marking the
commissioning of a group of new police officers or a new ship for service.
Commissioning Panel
IS to assist both client and researcher by reminding them of the various issues involved in
specifying and agreeing a research project.
Confidentiality
Confidentiality refers to a condition in which the researcher knows the identity of a research
subject, but takes steps to protect that identity from being discovered by others.
Consultation
A consultation is a meeting which is held to discuss something. Consultation is discussion about
something. A consultation with a doctor or other expert is a meeting with them to discuss a
particular problem and get their advice. Consultation is the process of getting advice from a
doctor or other expert.
Consumer
A consumer is one that buys good for consumption and not for resale or commercial purpose.
The consumer is an individual who pays some amount of money for the thing required to
consume goods and services. As such, consumers play a vital role in the economic system of a
nation. Without consumer demand, producers would lack one of the key motivations to
produce: to sell to consumers.
Data protection
Data protection is the process of safeguarding important information from corruption,
compromise or loss. The importance of data protection increases as the amount of data created
and stored continues to grow at unprecedented rates.
Descriptive study
Descriptive study is defined as a research method that describes the characteristics of the
population or phenomenon that is being studied. This methodology focuses more on the
“what” of the research subject rather than the “why” of the research subject.
Dissemination
Dissemination refers to “a planned process that involves consideration of target audiences and
the settings in which research findings are to be received and, where appropriate,
communicating and interacting with wider policy and service audiences in ways that will
facilitate research uptake in decision-making processes and practice”
Economic analysis
Economic analysis is the study of economic systems. It may also be a study of a production
process or an industry. The analysis aims to determine how effectively the economy or
something within it is operating.
Emancipatory research
Emancipatory research is a research perspective of producing knowledge that can be of benefit
to disadvantaged people. It is an umbrella term that can include many streams of critical theory
based research such as feminist, disability, race and gender theory.
Empowerment- Empowerment is defined as “the process of becoming stronger and more
confident, especially in controlling one's life and claiming one's rights” (Oxford Dictionary).