2018 International Conference on Smart Electric Drives & Power System
Controllable Power Factor And Efficiency
Improvement of Three Phase Induction Motor
Using Extinction Angle Control
Snehal Deotale
Department Of Electrical Engineering
G.H. Raisoni College Of Engineering
Nagpur, India
snehaldeotale29@gmail.com
Abstract—— In proposed drive three phase synchronized
extinction angle control technique has been proposed for three
phase induction motor with pump and blower loads. Three
semiconductor controlled switches such as IGBT or MOSFET
are used for this control technique. Using this method the RMS
value of the current drawn by the motor decreased by around
10to20 percent for the same power output. The reduction in
stator current causes reduction in copper loss, improves the
power factor and also the efficiency of motor is improved. The
power factor with this scheme can be brought from lagging to
leading range.
Keywords—Efficiency, Power Factor, Extinction angle,
Three Phase, Induction Motor.
I. INTRODUCTION
Induction motor is the widely used motor for 24
hours running motors such as the pump and blower. As they
are continuous running motor hence they require
continuous power for their operation. Thus the power
consumption is more as the current drawn by this motor is
higher. Due to the higher stator current the copper Losses are
more, and hence power factor and efficiency are reduced. By
controlling the undesired oscillation in the operation of
motor the efficiency can be improved [2]. But for this an
automatic compensation is required. Four switch three phase
inverter operation can also be used instead of six-switch
three phase inverter [3]. Unbalance in phase currents
because of the DC link voltage occurs this is the drawback
with four switch three phase inverter. For efficiency
improvement optimal efficiency technique is used but with
this the efficiency is improved up to a certain optimal point
after that point the efficiency decreases whereas the power
factor increases continuously [4]. Three switches for
improvement in power factor of three phase induction
motor using the stator current which induces rotating air
gap flux for running of motor can be used, however due
to the fast switching of switches it causes higher voltages
across motor which will stress the motor winding causing
higher noise and temperature[5]. The change in material
dimension is also responsible for the changes in operating
parameters such as current, power factor and efficiency of
motor. Line-Start Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor is
the result of above concept in which the size of the copper
wire used for stator winding is changed which leads to
change in efficiency of the motor [6]. As the current drawn
by any motor depend on the amount of stator current
required so by changing the connection of the winding as star
or delta suitable according to the load higher efficiency is
achieved [7]. Pulse width modulator as well as the sinusoidal
978-1-5386-5793-5/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE
Dhananjay R. Tutakne
Department Of Electrical Engineering
G.H. Raisoni College Of Engineering
Nagpur, India
dhananjay.tutakne@raisoni.net
pulse width modulator are also the most important factor
developed for the efficiency improvement but in this case the
problem of harmonics arises which again restrict the
performance of the drive[8-10]. All above techniques can
improve either efficiency or power factor of motor but they
are unable to improve the power factor and efficiency
simultaneously.
In Single phase induction motor power factor is improved
with the extinction angle. Output voltage is controlled by
varying the extinction angle but in this they require two
switch so it is more costly and complex operation also [1].
The above concept of extinction angle control is used for the
proposed drive except that there is only one switch per phase
in this drive. There are three semiconductor controlled AC
switches are used for controlling the three phase induction
motor source voltage. The current drawn by the motor
decreased in this drive and hence the stator losses are
decreased. Due to minimum losses power factor and
efficiency of the drive is increased.
II. CONTROL TECHNIQUE
A novel technique of controlling the power factor using
extinction angle control having only one switch per phase
had been used in proposed drive. The technique controls the
phase angle of the input supply which is responsible for the
power factor of the drive. The conduction of supply voltage
is started at zero crossing of supply voltage and it is forced
commutated at the angle of (180-). After forced
commutation the stored energy in the inductor of the stator
coil are discharged through the freewheeling path. As the
freewheeling path is provided for current so the current is
going to touch the zero crossing point at the same time when
the supply voltage touches its zero crossing. This is same for
all the three phases of induction motor. Because of this the
displacement power factor of drive becomes cos(180-/2),
where  is the extinction angle. With this proposed work the
power factor of drive is improved from lagging to leading
range.
Extinction angle: - The angle at which semiconductor
controlled switches are turned off before reaching their
natural commutation which is also known as the forced
commutation of the switches is nothing but the extinction
angle for that switch.
The extinction angle control technique allows the switch
to be forced commutated. Fig.1 shows the changes in the
output voltage and input current with the implementation of
extinction angle control technique. The switch is turned on at
T0 remained on from time T0-T1.
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Fig. 1. Waveform of Source voltage, output voltage, ON and OFF time of

AC switch, source current waveforms with extinction angle control.

Fig.2 Control pulse generation circuit.

After that from time T1-T2 the switch is turned off. The
output voltage and source current also follow the same
sequence. The output voltage appears across the load when
the switch is on and it will be zero when switch is off. In case
of input current it will be supplied to the drive when the
switch is on and it is cut off when the switch is off.

A. Control technique pulse generation

Fig.2 shows the control circuit. For converting the sine
wave into the square wave the negative zero crossing
detector has been used. After this the square wave has been
given to the ramp generator through Op-amp. Three
synchronized ramp wave had been generated from the three
phase supply. This ramp waves are compared with the
reference voltage in the comparator IC and the required gate
pulses for switching on the IGBT are generated. These
generated pulses are given to the gate of IGBT for turning
ON and the supply voltage is given to the drive. The time up
to which the switches are ON is known as the conduction
time. After switching OFF the AC switch supply voltage is
not given to the drive from source side it will be provided
from the freewheeling side.
Fig. 3 is shows the sequential change from the supply
voltage wave up to the required gate pulse. The aim of this
gate pulse generation circuit is to provide the required value
of voltage for turning on the IGBT switches. Synchronized
sinusoidal wave is taken from the main voltage source it is
then passes through the negative ZCD which gives the
square wave. This square wave is then allowed to pass
through ramp generator and the resultant of this ramp
generator is synchronized ramp wave. The width of the gate
pulse provided to the switch depends upon the reference
Fig. 3 Gate pulse generation
voltage coming from the oscillator. Comparator is there for
comparing the reference voltage coming from oscillator and value of voltage which is less than or equal to the reference
the triangular wave voltage coming from main control. After voltage. In this way the generation of gate pulses takes place
the comparison of voltages in comparator it allows only the for turning on the switches of the drive.

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III. MODES OF OPERATION

There are two types of operation which can be included
in the working of proposed drive.
A. Active mode: operation of main switches.
B. Freewheeling mode: operation of Capacitor.

A. ACTIVE MODE
This includes the ON- state period of semiconductor
switches. The switches S1, S2, S3 will turn on during this
operation. A gate pulse had been given to each of the switch
and allowed to turn on which will conduct up to a certain
period of time as assign by us. As the switches remains
active during this mode hence it is called as the Active mode
of operation. The current will be supplied from the AC
source to the windings of the motor as well as it will be
supplied to the capacitor across winding thus charging of
capacitor will also takes place in this mode without
disturbing the operation of induction motor. Fig 7 shows the
conduction mode of operation.
B. FREEWHEELING MODE Fig. 4 . Basic Circuit Diagram
During this mode of operation the switches will be turned
off. And the freewheeling mode of operation will start. In
this the capacitors which are connected in parallel across the
winding comes into operation. The motor will not stop as the
supply from the source is turned off whereas it will run
continuously by using the energy which is stored in the
capacitor. So motor will not get turn off. It will continue to
run. Fig 8 shows the freewheeling mode of operation.
Fig. 5 AC switch

IV. MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS

Copper losses = 3i2r
Reduction in the input current will leads to reduction in
copper losses of the three phase induction motor as it is
square times related to current.
Supply voltage given to the motor is constant. As the Fig. 6 Symbol of IGBT
current is directly proportional to the copper losses hence
reduction in current drawn by the motor is required. Current
drawn by the drive can be reduced by improving the power
factor cos. Extinction Angle control technique reduces the
current requirement of the drive
For extinction angle control:
n= tan-1ሺെ•‹ሺ݊ߚሻͳ൅…‘•ሺ݊ߚሻሻ
1= - ߚ2
Hence the input power factor = cosሺെߚʹሻ= cos ߚʹ
Speed is directly proportional to input power small
reduction in speed will lead to considerable reduction in
input power. As the input power factor has been increased
hence the input current is reduced. Reduction in input current
reduces the copper losses. Reduction in copper losses will
reduce the power input and thus there is saving of power
with this drive.
Only One switch is provided per phase in the drive. The
switch comprises of an IGBT and four diodes arranged in a
diode bridge manner. The use of diode bridge rectifier is for
maintaining the unidirectional flow of current so that reverse
flow of current will not takes place during the freewheeling
mode of operation. Fig.4 shows the AC switch used in the
drive. Fig.5 shows the symbol of IGBT. Fig. 7 Conduction mode of operation
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VI. HARDWARE RESULTS

The proposed technique of extinction angle control had
been applied to mostly prefer industrial three phase
induction motor used for fan and blower application having
rating of ½ hp, 1.8A, 50 Hz, 220 V, 1460 rpm. The test
motor parameters are as follows:

Rm= 6.75

Xm=8.2

M=105

P=2

Rr=8.08

Xr=4

Fig. 8 Freewheeling Mode of Operation Ra=15.2

V. BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM Xa=10.9

Fig. 9 is the block diagram of proposed scheme. It shows Fig. 10 shows the characteristic of input power factor
the simple flow of current from supply end to the load end. with respect to the speed. Observing both the curves we can
During this it also supply current to the capacitor connected conclude that by small reduction in the motor speed the
across stator winding of the three phase induction motor. input power factor of the proposed drive will change from
Charging of capacitor is done during the time when the lagging to the leading range in comparison with the plain
switch is on. Thus extra power and time is not required for motor drive.
charging of capacitors. The stored power inside the
capacitors is used during the freewheeling mode when the
switches are off and the current from the supply end is cut
off. So continuous running of motor is possible without
disturbance and the power required for its operation is also
reduced. The current from the supply side is provided only
when the switches are ON whereas during OFF time supply
will not provide current.

Fig. 10 Speed vs. Input P.F. (comparison between proposed and plain
motor drive)

Fig.11 Speed vs. Input Current (comparison between proposed and plain
Fig. 9 Basic Block Diagram Of Circuit motor drive).
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 2018 International Conference on Smart Electric Drives & Power System
Fig.11 shows the characteristic of input current with the
change in the speed of the drive. Generally reduction in the
speed of the drive results in reduction of the current required
as per the investigation which had been takes place with
various techniques. But this reduction in current is in very
less amount. By considering the graph of speed vs. current
with extinction angle control it is clear that the resultant
decrease in the current with this control technique is high
with the respect of plain motor drive.
Fig. 12 shows the characteristics of speed vs. input
power. The aim of the proposed drive is to reduce the power
consumption of the continuously running motors. As the
extinction angle control technique is capable of reducing the
motor current and increasing the power factor hence the
change in both these quantities are responsible for the
reduction in the power required by the drive. From
observing the curves of input power for the plain motor
drive and the proposed drive it is clear that the power
consumption in proposed drive is less for the same variation
of the speed in both types of drives. For improving the
power factor the speed of the drive is reduced up to 20% but
with this small reduction in speed is responsible for
considerable power factor improvement. Plain motor gives
lagging power factor even after decreasing the speed of the
motor. Proposed scheme is giving leading power factor
which compensate the lagging power factor the motor.
Fig. 12 Speed vs. Input Power (comparison between proposed and plain
motor drive).
Fig.13 Speed vs. P.F. (Firing angle and plain motor)
Table No. 1: P.F. Comparison of EAC and FAC drive
Extinction angle Firing angle controlled
speed controlled drive PF drive PF
1320 0.85 leading 0.4 lagging
1350 0.90 leading 0.45 lagging
1360 0.94 leading 0.47 lagging
1380 0.96 leading 0.5 lagging
1400 0.98 leading 0.55 lagging
1420 0.995 leading 0.6 lagging
1440 0.9 lagging 0.65 lagging
1460 0.72 lagging 0.72 lagging
Fig.13 shows the speed vs. P.F. graph for the FAC drive
and Plain motor drive. For comparing the EAC drive with
firing angle control consider fig. and fig. 11. By observing
both the figure it is concluded that the in firing angle control
technique the power factor of the motor goes on decreasing
with the reduction of speed and it gives a poor performance
even less than the plain motor drive in respect of the power
factor. Whereas, in case of the extinction angle control drive
speed vs. P.F. curve it gives a power factor greater than the
normal plain motor drive. FAC drive is capable of reducing
the input current but it is unable to provide improvement in
the P.F. of the drive. Whereas the EAC drive provide P.F.
improvement with reduction in input current.
Firing angle control technique comparison with extinction
angle control technique:
The given Table No.1 gives the power factor for various
speed of the drive for extinction angle control drive and
firing angle control drive. EAC drive gives leading power
factor with small reduction in the operating speed of drive
whereas the FAC drive gives more lagging power factor
with the decreasing speed.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
The existing systems for improvement of performance of
the Induction motor are capable for increasing the efficiency
in small scale but they are unable to provide high power
factor operation of drive. The proposed drive is providing
the power factor improvement from lagging to leading range
by compensating the lagging P.F using the extinction angle
control technique. Comparison of EAC and FAC technique
also proves that proposed drive is giving better power factor
than FAC. High power factor operation with unidirectional
flow of the current is the novelty of this drive. In this the
power factor is going to increase up to unity which was very
difficult to obtain particularly in case of AC induction
motor. But with the help of this system it becomes easily
possible.
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