CLOUD COMPUTING

(INFRASTRUCTURE & RELATED

CONCEPTS)-PART 3
 GRID COMPUTING (A RECAP OF DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS
BEFORE MOVING ON TO EXPLAIN “GRID COMPUTING”)
• DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING: Collection of entities, each of which is AUTONOMOUS, PROGRAMMABLE,
ASYNCHRONOUS & FAILURE-PRONE, and which communicate through an UNRELIABLE COMMUNICATION
MEDIUM or NETWORK (As a result, distributed systems formed)
• Examples: Internet, cloud, P2P systems (BitTorrent etc)
• Involves not only server-client systems but server-server & client-client systems as well
• AUTONOMOUS: stand-alone process or device which can work just fine on its own
• PROGRAMMABLE
• A written code runs underneath different processes & inside devices
• This code can be changed, thus, the working of a process or a device can be changed to suit the needs of the network or for any
other purpose
• ASYNCHRONOUS
• Each process or device runs according to its own clock (it may reply late to a request etc.)
• The processes are not synchronized with each other & do not function at the same time
• FAILURE-PRONE: Any service or device can crash or not work properly at any point in time
• Reasons may include natural disasters, irregularity in power supply, malware etc.
• UNRELIABLE COMMUNICATION MEDIUM or NETWORK:
• Any messages, sent over the network, may get dropped or delayed for long periods of time, possibly
• The internet speed may vary for different services so delays can happen
GRID COMPUTING
• Similar to Distributed Computing
• Heterogeneous computer resources, which are at multiple locations, &
connected to each other to achieve a common objective
• HETEROGENEOUS COMPUTER RESOURCES: Using of one or more kinds of processors
like Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) or Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or cores
to maximize performance & energy efficiency

• Main purpose: Breaks a complex task into smaller pieces, which are
distributed to the computers (CPUs) residing in the grid
GRID COMPUTING
DATA MIGRATION
• Data migration is the process of transporting data between computers, storage devices or formats
• A detailed explanation:
• Data migration is the process of selecting, preparing, extracting, and transforming data and permanently
transferring it from one computer storage system to another.
• A common practice in cloud computing for moving data between clouds, from one server to another
etc
• Recall your practical assignment in which you performed data migration between 2 computer
systems or virtual servers (as per the assignment) (ASSIGNMENT NOT INCLUDED IN YOUR FINAL
EXAM)
 LOAD BALANCING IN THE CLOUD
• Cloud load balancing is the process of distributing
workloads across multiple computing resources, for
example, distributing the workload of a single server
among other servers
• Device used: LOAD BALANCERS (distributes network or
application traffic across a number of servers)
• Recall “Advanced Load Balancing” (also called “Application-
Server Virtualization”) in the slides of Virtualization
• Cloud load balancing reduces costs associated with
document management systems & maximizes availability of
resources
• Makes sure that no computer resource is used over its limit
(Excess workload) or underutilized
UTILITY COMPUTING
• OFFERING COMPUTATIONAL RESOURCES,
ON DEMAND, AS A METERED SERVICE
• Managed IT Services: A solution that is
delivered by an IT service provider which CLOUD
COMPUTING
combines flat-rate, unlimited IT support for a
monthly fixed fee with the proactive
monitoring of IT workstations and UTILITY
COMPUTING
infrastructure
• IBM
• Atos GRID MANAGED
COMPUTING IT SERVICES
• Infosys
• Tata Consultancy Services
 CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE
• Collection of loosely coupled cloud components
• Front End: Interfaces & applications required to access the cloud computing platforms
e.g. web browser, apps
• Back End: Resources needed to provide cloud computing like servers, virtual machines,
security mechanism etc
CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE
 CLOUD COMPUTING INFRASTRUCTURE
• Hardware and software components -- such as servers, storage,
a network and virtualization software -- that are needed to
support the computing requirements of a cloud computing model.
• Management Software: Helps to maintain & configure the
infrastructure
• Deployment Software: Helps to integrate & deploy the
applications on the cloud
• Network: Helps in connecting cloud services over the internet
• Network as a Utility: Customer can customize the network route &
protocols

• Server: Helps to compute resource sharing/allocation/deallocation

& providing security (Server Hardening)
• Storage: Storing data/applications in the cloud (storage replicas
kept so if one storage resource fails, the concerned storage can be
taken from a replica)
COMMUNICATION-AS-A-SERVICE
• A method of delivering communication services in a method like Software-as-a-
Service (SaaS) delivery, but with some special considerations relating+ to
communications applications and the integration with proprietary communications
systems
• Communication services like Voice Over IP (VoIP), instant messaging, message routing, call
recording & audio/video conferencing
• Called Unified Communications as a Service (UCaaS) in some cases as a broad range of
communication and collaboration applications and services in the cloud

• A service model coming under XaaS (Anything-as-a-Service)

• For example, Netflix, being SaaS, can be loosely called “Entertainment-as-a-Service”
• Some familiar solutions for private use: Skype, FaceTime, Facebook Messenger
COMMUNICATION-AS-A-SERVICE

• Solutions for use in organizations: Zoom, Microsoft Teams,

Cisco Unified Communications Manager (Call Manager)
• VoIP systems: Enabling the business to run the corporate telephony system on
the same network as is used for data
• Eliminating the need to install and operate separate networks for voice and data
• VoIP systems difficult to purchase, configure & manage, thus out of reach of
small-to-medium sized businesses (SMBs)
BENEFITS OF COMMUNICATION-AS-A-SERVICE
MODEL
• The CaaS vendor is responsible for all hardware and software management and
offers guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS)
• CaaS allows businesses to selectively deploy communications devices and modes on a
pay-as-you-go, as-needed basis
• This approach eliminates the large capital investment & ongoing overhead for a
system whose capacity may often exceed or fall short of current demand
• The network capacity & feature set can be changed from day to day if necessary so
that functionality keeps pace with demand and resources are not wasted
• No risk of the system becoming obsolete and requiring periodic major upgrades or
replacement
MONITORING-AS-A-SERVICE
• MaaS: A service model coming under XaaS (Anything-as-a-Service)
• SaaS-based software or tool
• Providing cloud monitoring and management tools for monitoring cloud-based
platforms, websites, servers, IT infrastructure etc.
• Monitors & detects performance issues across the cloud infrastructure
• Performance stats & issues reported to the cloud administrators for reviewing in a central
dashboard or through email, SMS etc

• In short: PROVIDING A MANAGED INFRASTRUCTURE & RESOURCE

MONITORING SERVICE FOR CLOUD-BASED IT INFRASTRUCTURES
• Examples: Amazon CloudWatch, PRTG Network Monitor, CloudMonix
MAIN FEATURES OF MONITORING-AS-A-SERVICE
• End-to-end Monitoring: Monitoring the performance & availability of entire IT
resources hosted on a cloud infrastructure
• Maintain Performance: Ensuring best performance of the underlying IT
infrastructure
• Detect Cloud Infrastructure Issues: Helps cloud administrators to identify
problems with the monitored cloud infrastructure as soon as they happen
EXAMPLES OF MONITORING AS A SERVICE
 STANDARDS IN CLOUD COMPUTING
• Standards for application developers:
• Ajax (Asynchronous Javascript + XML): Used for creating web applications which send & receive
data from a web server asynchronously without affecting the display of the web page (Also
produces good animation on web pages)
• Standards for Data Exchange:
• JSON (JavaScript Object Notation): Syntax for storing & exchanging data (e.g. between a browser
& a server)
• XML (eXtensible Markup Language): Designed to store and transport data
• Standards for Messaging:
• Simple Message Transfer Protocol (SMTP): Used for communications between mail servers
• Client must have a constant connection to the host to receive SMTP messages
• Post Office Protocol (POP): Allows a server to store messages & enables downloading of messages
by the client
• Internet Messaging Access Protocol (IMAP): Allows messages to be kept on the server
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): A request/response standard between a client and a server
STANDARDS IN CLOUD COMPUTING
STANDARDS IN CLOUD COMPUTING

• The following groups are some which make sure that the quality & standards
of cloud computing like performance, security are maintained properly (There
are many others)
• Cloud Security Alliance (CSA)
• Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF)
• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
• Open Cloud Consortium (OCC)
CLOUD FEDERATION
• Practice of interconnecting the cloud computing environments of two or more
service providers for the purpose of load balancing traffic & accommodating
spikes in demand
• Cloud federation requires one provider to wholesale or rent computing resources to
another cloud provider
• Those resources become a temporary or permanent extension of the buyer's cloud
computing environment, depending on the specific federation agreement between
providers.

• Cloud federation offers two substantial benefits to cloud providers

• It allows providers to earn revenue from computing resources that would otherwise be
idle or underutilized
• Enables cloud providers to expand their geographic footprints and accommodate sudden
spikes in demand without having to build new points-of-presence (POPs).
CLOUD FEDERATION

• Service providers strive to make all aspects of cloud federation—from

cloud provisioning to billing support systems (BSS) & customer support—
transparent to customers
• When federating cloud services with a partner, cloud providers will also
establish extensions of their customer-facing service-level agreements (SLAs)
into their partner provider's data centers
PRESENCE
• Core component of an entity's real-time identity
• Its purpose is to signal availability for interaction over a network
• Presence serves as a catalyst for communication
• It is being used to determine availability for phones, conference rooms,
applications, web-based services, routers, firewalls, servers, appliances,
buildings, devices, and other applications
• The management of presence is being extended to capture even more
information about availability, or even the attributes associated with such
availability, such as a person's current activity, mood, location (e.g., GPS
coordinates), or preferred communication method (phone, email, IM, etc.)