Fluid Mechanics & Machines

Course outcome: Ability to apply the principles of continuity, Bernoulli’s and momentum to
solve the problems in fluid mechanics & machines

L-T-P 3-0-3: Credits (Lecture credit C=3 H=4) (Practical Credit – 1.5)
Total no of hours for the lecture N=14×4=56 Hours
Orientation of the course= 2 hours
Hours available for the actual course= 54 hours
Number of Tranches (Clusters): 6
Number of hours for each tranche= 54/6= 9 hours

Identification of 6 broad clusters of concepts:

Cluster 1: Fluid Properties and Measurement of pressure 9 Hours

Cluster 2: Fluid Statics and Fluid Kinematics 9 Hours
Cluster 3: Fluid dynamics 9 Hours
Cluster 4: Losses in pipes 9 Hours
Cluster 5: Hydraulic Similitude and Impact of free jet 9 Hours
Cluster 6: Fluid Machines 9 Hours

Mapping Clusters to Units

Unit I- Cluster 1
Unit II- Cluster 2
Unit III- Cluster 3 and cluster 4
Unit IV- Cluster 5
Unit V- Cluster 6
Unit Wise Competency Groups and Knowledge Concepts

UNIT-I (Cluster-I)
Competency group 1 (Fluid Properties)
1. Units and dimensions
2. Specific Gravity
3. Viscosity of fluids
4. Surface tension
5. Vapour pressure
Competency group 2 (Pressure measurement)
1. Systems of pressures
2. Types of pressure measuring devices
3. Simple Manometers
4. Differential manometers
5. Pressure gauges
UNIT-II ((Cluster-II)
Competency group 1 (Hydrostatic forces)
1) Force on plane surfaces
2) Centre of pressure on plane surfaces
3) Force on Curved surfaces
4) Archimedes principle
5) Center of buoyancy
Competency group 2 (Description of fluid flow and flow net)
1) Stremlines, strekalines and pathlines
2) Classification of fluid flow
3) Continuity equation
4) Acceleration of fluid flow
5) Flownet
UNIT-III (Cluster-III and Cluster-IV)

Competency group 1 (Equations of fluid flow)

1) Forces acting on fluid flow
2) Basic Equations of fluid motion
3) Euler’s equation
4) Bernoulli’s Equation
5) Momentum Principle

Competency group 2 (Practical Applications)

1) Venturimeter
2) Orifice-meter
3) Orifice
4) Mouthpiece
5) Force on pipe bend

Competency group 3 (Flow through tubes and parallel plates)

1) Reynold’s experiment
2) Laminar flow -characteristics
3) Turbulent flow – characteristics
4) Flow through Long tube (Hazen Poisuelli’s equation)
5) Coutte flow

Competency group 4 (Losses in pipes and compound pipes)

1) TEL and HGL
2) Major Losses
3) Minor losses
4) Pipes in Series
5) Pipes in parallel
UNIT-IV (Cluster-V)

Competency group 1 (Hydraulic Similitude)

1) Rayleigh’s method
2) Buckingham’s pi theorem
3) Similarities
4) Dimensionless numbers
5) Model and prototype relations

Competency group 2(Impact of Free Jet)

1) Impact of jet on fixed plates

2) Impact of jet on moving plates
3) Velocity Triangles
4) Work done
5) Efficiency

UNIT-V (Cluster-VI)

Competency group 1 (Turbines)

1) Pelton wheel
2) Francis turbine
3) Kaplan turbine
4) Performance characteristics
5) Cavitation

Competency group 2 (Pumps)

1) Centrifugal Pumps-Heads and efficiencies

2) Specific speed
3) Characteristic curves
4) Reciprocating pump –working
5) Heads and efficiencies
Course Outcomes (COs)
Each course should have 7 COs as follows:
3 Knowledge Outcomes (KO)
KO1: Unit I and Unit II –Have the ability to list/outline/describe/state Fluid
Properties, measurement of pressure, hydrostatic forces and fluid flow and flow net
KO2: Unit III –have the ability to list/outline/describe/state Equations of fluid
flow and their practical applications, flow through pipes and parallel plates and Losses in
pipes and compound pipes.
KO3: Unit IV and Unit V- have the ability to list/outline/describe/state
Hydraulic Similitude, impact of free jet, turbines and pumps.

3 Understanding/comprehensive Outcomes (UO)

UO1: Unit I and Unit II -Ability to compare the hydrostatic forces on surfaces of
different inclinations
UO2: Unit III- Give Practical examples of Bernoulli’s and Momentum principles
UO3: Unit IV and Unit V- distinguish among various flow measuring devices
1 Application Outcome (AO)
AO1: From entire syllabus - Ability to apply the principles of continuity, Bernoulli’s
and momentum to solve the problems in fluid mechanics & machines.
 SEMESTER - III L T P C
A2*** FLUID MECHANICS & MACHINES 3 0 3 4.5
Pre-requisite: Applied Mechanics Total Contact Hours – 45

Course Objective:
To apply the principles of continuity, Bernoulli’s and momentum to solve the problems in fluid
mechanics & machines.

SYLLABUS

UNIT – I: Fluid Properties and Measurement of Pressure 9 Hrs

Physical properties of fluids

Units and dimensions-Distinction between fluid and solid --fluid continuum- Properties of fluids-
Specific gravity -Viscosity of fluids-Surface tension-Vapour pressure- influence on fluid motion.
Measurement of Pressure
Systems of pressures-relation between gauge and absolute pressures-Types of pressure
measuring devices-Simple Manometers-Differential manometers-U-tube and inverted U tube -
Pressure gauges

UNIT – II: Fluid Statics and Fluid Kinematics 9 Hrs

Hydrostatic forces
Force on plane surface-horizontal, vertical and inclined -Centre of pressure-Force on Curved
surfaces-Archimedes principle-center of buoyancy

Description of fluid flow and flow-net

Streamlines, stream tube, streak lines and path lines-Classification of fluid flow-1D,2D and 3D
Continuity equation-Acceleration of fluid flow-tangential and convective-Circulation and
Vorticity
Velocity potential-Stream function-Relation between Velocity potential and Stream function-
Concept of flow net-Methods of construction of flow net
UNIT-III: Fluid dynamics and Losses in pipes 18 Hrs

Equations of fluid flow

Forces acting on fluids-Basic equations of fluid motion-Eulers’s equation of motion-Bernoulli’s

equation of motion-Momentum Principle

Practical Applications
Venturimeter, Orifice-meter, Orifice and Mouthpiece -Force on pipe bend

Flow through Tubes and Parallel Plates

Reynold’s experiment -Characteristics of Laminar flow and turbulent flow -Hazen Poisuelli’s
equation-Flow between parallel plates-Coutte flow

Losses in pipes and compound pipes

TEL and HGL- Major losses-variation of friction factor with Reynold’s number-Minor losses-
Pipes in parallel-Pipes in series

UNIT-IV: Hydraulic Similitude and Impact of Jet on vanes 9 Hrs

Hydraulic Similitude
Dimensional analysis-Rayleigh’s method and Buckingham’s pi theorem-study of Hydraulic
models – Geometric, kinematic and dynamic similarities-dimensionless numbers – model and
prototype relations.

Impact of Free Jet

Hydrodynamic force of jets on stationary and moving flat, inclined and curved vanes, jet striking
centrally and at tip, velocity triangles at inlet and outlet, expressions for work done and
efficiency.

UNIT-V: Fluid Machines 9 Hrs

TURBINES

Angular momentum principle-classification of turbines- Pelton wheel - Francis turbine - Kaplan

turbine – unit quantities and specific turbines- performance characteristics-cavitation.

PUMPS
Classification of pumps –centrifugal pumps – heads and efficiencies- specific speed- multistage
pumps-characteristic curves- NPSH- Cavitation.
 Reciprocating pumps-main components and working of reciprocating pump, work done and
efficiency

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Fluid Mechanics including Fluid machines by Dr.A.K.Jain, Khanna Publishers.

2. Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics including hydraulic machines”, by Modi and Seth,
Standard book house Publisher.

REFERENCES:

1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics and Machines by S.K. Som& G. Biswas, Tata McGraw
Hill Pvt. Ltd.
2. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines by K Subramanya, Tata McGraw Hill Pvt. Ltd

COURSE OUTCOMES:

CO1. ability to describe influence of various physical properties of fluids and measurement of
pressure
CO2. to know the principles of continuity, Energy and momentum principles
CO3. To list the various flow measuring devices
CO4. Ability to compare the hydrostatic forces on surfaces of different inclinations
CO5. Give Parctical examples of Bernoulli’s and Momentum principles
CO6. distinguish among various flow measuring devices
CO7. To apply the principles of continuity, Bernoulli’s and momentum to solve the problems in
fluid mechanics

CO-PO-PSO mapping
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2
CO1 3 2 1 3 1
CO2 3 2 1 3 1
CO3 3 2 1 3 1
CO4 3 3 1 3 1
CO5 3 2 1 3 1
CO6 3 2 1 3 1
CO7 3 3 1 3 1
Note:
Mention 1 or 2 or 3. (1-High, 2-Moderate and 3-Low relevance)

(A) PROGRAM OUTCOMES

Engineering Graduates will be able to:
1.Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2.Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3.Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
4.Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
5.Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities
with an understanding of the limitations.
6.The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to
the professional engineering practice.
7.Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need
for sustainable development.
8.Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
9.Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader
in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10.Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
11.Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12.Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

(B) PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

Civil Engineering Graduates will be able to:
1) Solve civil engineering problems using analytical methods and modern tools and techniques
2) Plan, design, execute, maintain and rehabilitate civil engineering structures and systems