Dissertation Report PDF

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE
BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE
2015-2020
DISSERTATION REPORT
Construction on the Moon
AMNISH SINGH
2015PUSPABARX03825
V Year
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Ar. Yash Pratap Singh
POORNIMA UNIVERSITY
IS 2027-31, Ramchandrapura, PO VidhaniVatika, Sitapura Extension,

Jaipur – 303905, Rajasthan (India)
www.poornima.edu.in
Construction on Moon 2019
APPROVAL
The study titled ‘CONSTRUCTION ON MOON’ is hereby approved as an original work of

AMNISH SINGH, enrolment no. 2015PUSPABARX03825 on the approved subject carried out
and presented in manner satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as per the standard laid down by
the university. This report has been submitted in the partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor
of Architecture degree from School of Planning and Architecture, Poornima University, Jaipur.
It is to be understood that the undersigned does not necessarily endorse or approve any statement
made, any opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the study only for the
purpose it has been submitted.
Jaipur
Ar. YASH PRATAP SINGH
(GUIDE)
Amnish Singh
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DECLARATION
I, AMNISH SINGH, here by solemnly declare that the research work undertaken by me, titled
‘CONSTRUCTION ON MOON’ is my original work and wherever I have incorporated any
information in the form of photographs, text, data, maps, drawings, etc. from different sources,
has been duly acknowledged in my report.
This dissertation has been completed under the supervision of Ar. YASH PRATAP SINGH
AMNISH SINGH
V year B.Arch.
School of Planning and Architecture
Poornima University,
Jaipur
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ABSTRACT
Around 50 years were passed after humanities first approach on moon. Still has not even single
construction over there. We humans are always had frontiers which leads it to dream explore.
“THAT ONE SMALL STEP OF MAN,
ONE GIANT LEAP FOR MANKIND”
- NEIL ARMSTRONG
Moon, the only natural satellite of this planet earth. Spreading its cool light in the dark of night,
it is a body that gives a wonderful proof of beauty to all. And not only by looking, but studying it
a little, it will fascinate you with its characteristics. As we all know that after testing the
collective sample from the successful mission of Apollo 11, which was sent 50 years ago, it has
been proved that the Moon has a large source of energy, by which just with 25 tones would
power the entire United States all the year at according to current rate of energy consumption,
which is helium 3. This gas is very much in the soil of the moon is available, while its volume on
Earth is quite less. This energy can also be used as the fuel for space ships, which can be easily
transported to the planets that we imagine to go only today. Because of this, space travel can be
quite accessible, but for this we will have to colonize the moon first. Which in itself is quite a
difficult task. Because there is no atmosphere on the moon, nor any magnetic field that can
protect it from small meteorites. My goal in this report is that we will find out what the
challenges will be for us to settle Lunar Colony and we will identify any available solutions to
those challenges. The most important thing is that keeping in mind the effects of space radiation,
strong materials have to be chosen. Which can also protect the mechanism that makes the
structures of lunar colony. As we all know that transport any kind of material from the earth will
be quite expensive here, so keeping in mind the budget limitations, we consider it appropriate to
use Lunar soil also known as regolith. And it is also clear that we can use the same mechanism
which is automatic and intensive. So recently the mention of very famous and popular
technology for construction on the moon is spread all around the world is 3D printing
technology, which is completely automated and appropriate for construct structures on moon by
the help of regolith. These goals can be achieved by studying and improving terrestrial
applications, to making them fit for space requirements.
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Table of Contents
APPROVAL ............................................................................................................................... - 1 -
DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................ - 2 -
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ - 3 -
1 LUNAR COLONIZATION ................................................................................................ - 5 -
1.1 Need of study ............................................................................................................... - 5 -
1.2 Lunar nature ................................................................................................................. - 9 -
1.3 Analysis ...................................................................................................................... - 11 -
1.4 Summary .................................................................................................................... - 12 -
2 PROTECTION FROM RADIATION ON THE MOON .................................................. - 12 -
2.1 Introduction of Radiation ........................................................................................... - 13 -
2.2 A Brief History of Humans on the Moon ................................................................... - 16 -
2.3 Radiation Protection Methods .................................................................................... - 17 -
2.4 Lunar regolith as radiation shielding material............................................................ - 19 -
2.5 Summary .................................................................................................................... - 20 -
3 Materials for Construction on the Moon ........................................................................... - 22 -
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ - 22 -
3.2 Regolith composition ................................................................................................. - 22 -
3.3 Factors affecting lunar base construction ................................................................... - 23 -
3.4 Proposals .................................................................................................................... - 24 -
3.5 Analysis ...................................................................................................................... - 29 -
3.6 Result.......................................................................................................................... - 30 -
4 Possibilities of Structures with Mechanism ...................................................................... - 31 -
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ - 31 -
4.2 Robotics in Construction ............................................................................................ - 32 -
4.3 Possible Structures ..................................................................................................... - 35 -
4.4 3D printing technology with lunarcrete as material ................................................... - 37 -
5 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. - 38 -
6 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................... - 39 -
7 Annexure ........................................................................................................................... - 41 -
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( CHAPTER – 1 )
1 LUNAR COLONIZATION
An inflatable lunar module with an airlock (left) and a base operations center. Source: NASA
1.1 Need of study
Homo sapiens, the first modern humans, evolved from their early hominid predecessors between
200,000 and 300,000 years ago. But at that time, man was not so capable and advance how to
live and how to spend his life, but today after millions of years, when we have become so
advanced and we have a lot of advance technologies available, then in the present times if we
have a new community, we can manage it in a very good way.
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Nearly half the time around the century has passed, the human being is taking his first steps on
the moon, but till date the moon is waiting for its architecture. Not a single building has been
built there yet.
Moon race pamphlets, Source: Google images
After returning from a successful mission of Apollo 11, it seems that the space race had been
started. According to the report of worldatlas, 6 countries have visited the moon so far. United
States, Russia, Japan, China, India and Europe. Of which only the United States is the one that
has sent people to the moon so far, all the other countries have visited the moon only through
probes. But from this space race, the dream of humans knowing the moon and going there is
clearly visible.
Our neighboring moon, on which life is possible in the coming years.
But why?
Just think that, how a person is easily use a vehicle in daily life, in the same way if he can also
drive a space ship, what will that experience be like?
Sound's interesting?
Yes, in the coming times it will become as simple as mobiles have been in today's era, otherwise
there was a time when everything seemed like a story. But if it is possible, then how?
Yes, it is possible, if we have such fuel which can run the space ship in the same way as the bike
is run by petrol.
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The moon has a huge reservoir of one such source of energy. Which is called helium 3.
Gerald Kulcinski has been developing fusion with helium-3 for decades.
Credit: university of Wisconsin-Madison, Source:

https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/science/physics/helium-3-lunar-gold-fever/
According to the report recorded in the Artemis Project paper, about 25 tons of helium 3 can be
produced in such an amount that power can be supplied for the whole year according to the
current consumption of the entire United States.
A paper published in 1988 Kulcinski, et al. It has been reported that about 1,100,000 metric tons
of helium 3 is present in the soil of the moon due to solar wind. Helium 3 has penetrated far
enough inside the moon's surface due to the rain of meteoroids.
By using this energy in space ships, space can be further explored better. All this is possible only
when we stay on the moon and use this source of energy through mining. A new chapter can be
started through this. The kind of future that we have been seeing in movies all that can be
possible. If we start using this energy. As also written in the Parana’s, "Change is the law of the
world."
And we all know that if humans started living on the moon by making a colony, then it is sure to
change a lot in the field of technology.
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Spaceship designed by NASA with fusion reaction, Source: YouTube
Not only this, the sale of land on the moon has also started. There is a website called
lunarland.com where moon land is being sold under the aegis of International Association of
Human Planetary Exploration (IAOHPE). Where the price of one acre lunar land starts at $29.99,
i.e. approximately equal to just ₹ 2,122.68.
Advertisements of sale lunar land, Source: lunarland.com
According to the website report, so far more than 250 celebrities, and more than 5 million of
general public have bought Lunar land. One thing is clear from this figure that the number of
people who want to go to the moon is not less.
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1.2 Lunar nature
If seen from the point of view of Architects, before designing any place, it is very important for
us to know the environment of that place. All this is necessary because the building we are
designing is important Survive in that environment and by knowing the environment, we can
make that building efficient to a great extent. Then, whether it is earth or moon, we should know
about the environment. Lunar surface is outer space and therefore, poses extreme conditions for
instruments and structures to survive in. An analysis of these challenges and external constraints
allowed us to unveil all possible threats. Some of the constraints are listed below:
- Lunar gravitation is 1/6 of that on Earth.
- There is no atmosphere on the Moon.
- There is no global magnetic field on the Moon.
- The same side is always facing the Earth - 1 lunar day is equivalent to 27.3 terrestrial days, half
with sunlight, and half with darkness on lunar equator.
- The lunar surface temperature is predicted to show a fluctuation such that the range is (between
–1700C and +1200C on the equator) 3 times greater than that on the Earth, with a minimum of
approximately -2500C at the poles. It has also been measured that temperatures 30cm below
ground surfaces remained relatively constant at –56 0C with a slight variation of only 20 to 40C.
[Lin et al, 1991]
- The surface of the moon is continuously exposed to a flux of cosmic radiation. This effect
considerably increases during daytime, due to solar radiation.
- The thin atmosphere of the Moon allows even the smallest micrometeorites to impact with their
full cosmic velocities. This bombardment poses a hazard to all surfaces exposed on the lunar
surface, especially to delicate materials like telescope mirrors and coatings.
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- Seismic activity on the Moon is very low, basically insignificant. The largest recorded seismic
activities in eight years are approximately equivalent to a 4 on the Richter scale, with 1-2 being
typical.
ARTEMIS's comprehensive plasma and fields observations, Source: NASA
The Nature characterized above is very unique in relation to the one acclimated on the Earth. To
these distinctions, one needs to include the trouble of transport labor and different resources from
the Earth, the trouble of support and the level of low productivity of the workmanship on the
Moon, and an alternate degree of hazard, wellbeing, and unwavering quality on this unfriendly
condition. These elements will open new skylines to the architects.
The fundamental thought of working in these new skylines ought to be that nearby resources
would be utilized to a most extreme degree, successfully utilizing the neighborhood condition. A
straightforward model might be given in creating lunarcrete. For delivering this essential
auxiliary material, lunar resources can be utilized with no significant commitment originating
from the Earth. That is a certain something. Be that as it may, then again, warm boundaries could
be utilized for pounding lunar rocks to get cementitious material and totals, subsequently
adequately utilizing the nearby condition
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1.3 Analysis
One thing is clear from the data given above that the atmosphere of the moon is fuller of
challenges than the Earth. Breathtaking vacuum, extreme temperatures and space radiation pose
three major challenges if we want to settle on the moon. According to NASA, vacuum and
temperature can be handled by giving air and insulation through habitat and space suit. But there
is radiation which poses a serious challenge along with being harmful. The surface of the moon
is badly exposed to cosmic rays and solar flares. Furthermore, when cosmic rays hit the ground,
they produce a dangerous spray of secondary particles right at your feet. All this radiation
penetrating human flesh can damage DNA, boosting the risk of cancer and other maladies.
Whenever cosmic rays collide with any particle on the surface of the moon, there is a small
reaction, which releases radiation in the form of neutrons.
Unfortunately, the space radiation is 80-160 times more harmful than terrestrial radiation. Which
makes the use of terrestrial radiation shielding methods on the moon surface quite challenging.
First of all, to survive on the lunar surface, we have to protect our instruments, structures and
lunar settlers from harmful rays. My goal in this report is to find out possible solutions to protect
against harmful rays. A solution can also be to create a protective shell with the help of lunar
regolith itself, which will prevent cosmic radiation from entering inside. But for this, we have to
understand the properties of lunar regolith well and analyze its durability against high ion
bombardments.
If we want to construct lunar bases, then first of all we need to find such a material, which can
pass all the tests of lunar environment and its harsh conditions and which can stand in front of
space radiation. We should also keep in mind past proposals, where the structure in lunar
environment is concerned with design, construction and human habitation. Due to recent studies,
lunar colonization, which seems to be possible if we can create concrete from lunar soil /
regolith. Also known as lunarcrete. But we need a lot of water to make lunarcrete, and there is
not enough water available on the moon to use as a material in the construction of a structure.
According to the Japanese society of civil engineering (JSCE), another binding material exists on
the moon named Sulphur. Which is also available in plenty and is also able to survive in the
environment there. As we all know, everything has both advantages and disadvantages. We will
discuss this in detail in the coming chapters. The shape of the structure is also an important point,
which should be considered. All things have their own importance and all have their advantages
and disadvantages. Such as expandability and strength are also important factors in themselves.
Once we understand the way of making lunar regolith buildable and methods to protect from
lunar environment, then we will need such mechanism which can make the structure very
convenient at a low cost. Keeping in mind the harsh environment of the moon, we will need such
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mechanism which can be automatically functional and can be operate by remotes. This method
seems efficient and cost effective, because if moving such equipment from the earth, which can
do more work alone than 100 men, then it would be better to carry it. For this, first we have to
understand the robots used in construction. So that we can know that this mechanism is capable
of working in outer space. Once we get the best method, then we can make it capable of working
in the lunar environment and can also transport it very easily. So that it does not seem impossible
to prepare lunar base.
1.4 Summary
Due to the large amount of helium 3 inside the moon's regolith, it has so much energy reserves,
through which traveling in space can be exactly the same as today we travel in flight. With which
we will be able to travel in space without any fuel problem. Which will reveal many secrets of
our universe in the coming time. But for that we have to go to the moon ourselves and take
helium 3 out of lunar regolith through mining and send it to Earth. As indicated by the study,
mining it would be a gainful endeavor: the vitality created by the helium-3 would be 250 times
more noteworthy than that expected to separate this asset from the Moon and transport it to
Earth, where the lunar stores of helium-3 could supply human requirements for centuries. So,
that by the use of helium-3 as fuel, space ships can be designed. And after some time space travel
will become a part of daily life. From what we have understood, it is clear that the atmosphere of
the moon is more challenging than that of the earth. Human body cannot directly come in contact
with the atmosphere there, due to which we can walk on the surface of the moon only by wearing
space suits. Because there is no atmosphere there, our body will burn due to cosmic radiation and
extreme temperature. So we will need shielding that can stop the radiation. Space agencies such
as NASA and ISRO believe that lunarcrete is a very good material, with the help of which the
inflatables imported from the earth can be worn shield. Which can be made easily on the moon
with the help of regolith. And it can be made quickly and easily with 3D printing technology.
These are explained in detail in the following chapters.
(CHAPTER-2)
2 PROTECTION FROM RADIATION ON THE MOON
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2.1 Introduction of Radiation
Ionizing radiation is a sort of electromagnetic radiation with adequate vitality to ionize particles
and is generally more than 10eV which is adequate to break the chemical bonds to ionize the
atom. It is portrayed so because of its destructive impacts to living beings. This sort of radiation
cause harm to living cells, explicitly the DNA of the cell by ionization. A typical wellspring of
ionizing radiation is radioactive materials. X beams, γ beams and UV beams of high vitality run
comprise of ionizing radiation.
Ionizing radiations in electromagnetic spectrum. Source www.nasa.gov /space radiation
NASA bolsters research to dissect organic impacts at ground-based research facilities where the
space radiation condition can be reproduced. Research performed at these facilities is helping us
to comprehend and lessen the hazard for space explorers to create natural impacts from space
radiation, to guarantee legitimate estimation of the portions got by space explorers on the
International Space Station (ISS) and in future rocket, what's more, to create propelled materials
that improve radiation protecting for future long-span space investigation on the Moon.
The radiation situations shift among the moon, even at better places on the surface of individual
planets. The ISS has well-protected zones. In expansion, space explorers and the ISS itself are to
a great extent secured by the Earth's attractive field since it is in low Earth circle. Interestingly,
during a profound space voyage to the Moon (240,000 miles or 385,000 kilometers away), space
travelers and their vehicles will wander far outside of the 30,000-mile sweep of the Earth's
defensive attractive shield. For any future long duration profound space investigation, radiation
levels will be so high that uniquely planned storm shelters will be expected to secure space
travelers from getting fatal portions of radiation during high SPE/CME periods. For safe
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activities on the Moon a planned arrangement of satellites will be expected to screen space
climate to help caution space explorers when it is important to go into their shelters.
Space radiation is contained three sorts of radiation to be specific, particles caught in Earth's
attractive field, sun based molecule occasions and galactic cosmic radiation. All these radiation
is of the ionizing type. The power of this radiation is changing relying upon the distance from
Earth, sunlight based cycle and individual susceptibility.
Solar particle events are the point at which a solar flare or a coronal mass discharge happens. The
two frequently happen simultaneously and a lot of high vitality protons are discharged which can
arrive at Earth's shafts in less than 30 minutes. Sun based molecule occasions are hard to
anticipate and in this way no time is accessible to get ready for their appearance.
Near-Earth trapped radiation and solar proton environment [Source: Simonsen, NASA, 1991]
Galactic Cosmic Rays incorporate of overwhelming, high-vitality particles of components that

have had every one of their electrons stripped away as they ventured through the universe at
about the speed of light. Since these particles are influenced by the Sun's attractive field, their
normal force is most noteworthy during the time of least sunspots when the Sun's attractive field
is weakest and less ready to avoid them (NASA, 2002).. They are made out of 90% protons, 9%
α-particles and 1% HZE particles. Galactic Cosmic Rays are more risky than normal sun based
molecule occasion however are simpler to anticipate than sun based molecule occasions.
The ingested portion of radiation is the measure of vitality stored by radiation per unit mass of
material. It is estimated in units of rad (radiation assimilated portion) or in the worldwide unit of
Grays (1 Gray = 1 Gy = 1 Joule of vitality for every kilogram of material = 100 rad). The mGy
(milliGray = 1/1000 Gray) is the unit generally used to quantify how a lot of radiation the body
assimilates. Be that as it may, in light of the fact that various sorts of radiation store vitality in
special manners, an identical organic portion is utilized to gauge the impacts of various kinds of
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radiation. Proportionate portion is estimated in milliSieverts (mSv). The mSv, in this manner,
considers how much radiation an individual gets, yet how much harm that specific kind of
radiation can do – the more noteworthy the plausibility of harm for a similar portion of radiation,
the higher the mSv esteem (NASA, 2002).
Teams positioned at the International Space Station get a normal of 80 mSv for a half year at sun
based most extreme and around 160 mSv at sunlight based least. On Earth a human gets around 2
mSv a year. In light of this correlation the degrees of radiation in space is 80 to multiple times
when contrasted with earthbound conditions relying upon the Solar Cycle.
The radiation level on the Moon is seen as significantly less than the space radiation. Unshielded
blood-framing organ portion gauges for the flare occasions of August 1972, November 1960, and
February 1956 are roughly 50% of those of free space (Simonsen, 1991). Galactic Cosmic Rays
incorporate of overwhelming, high-vitality particles of components that have had every one of
their electrons stripped away as they ventured through the universe at about the speed of light.
Since these particles are influenced by the Sun's attractive field, their normal force is most
noteworthy during the time of least sunspots when the Sun's attractive field is weakest and less
ready to avoid them (NASA, 2002).. They are made out of 90% protons, 9% α-particles and 1%
HZE particles. Galactic Cosmic Rays are more risky than normal sun based molecule occasion
however are simpler to anticipate than sun based molecule occasions.
The ingested portion of radiation is the measure of vitality stored by radiation per unit mass of
material. It is estimated in units of rad (radiation assimilated portion) or in the worldwide unit of
Grays (1 Gray = 1 Gy = 1 Joule of vitality for every kilogram of material = 100 rad). The mGy
(milliGray = 1/1000 Gray) is the unit generally used to quantify how a lot of radiation the body
assimilates. Be that as it may, in light of the fact that various sorts of radiation store vitality in
special manners, an identical organic portion is utilized to gauge the impacts of various kinds of
radiation. Proportionate portion is estimated in milliSieverts (mSv). The mSv, in this manner,
considers how much radiation an individual gets, yet how much harm that specific kind of
radiation can do – the more noteworthy the plausibility of harm for a similar portion of radiation,
the higher the mSv esteem (NASA, 2002).
Teams positioned at the International Space Station get a normal of 80 mSv for a half year at sun
based most extreme and around 160 mSv at sunlight based least. On Earth a human gets around 2
mSv a year. In light of this correlation the degrees of radiation in space is 80 to multiple times
when contrasted with earthbound conditions relying upon the Solar Cycle.
The radiation level on the Moon is seen as significantly less than the space radiation. Unshielded
blood-framing organ portion gauges for the flare occasions of August 1972, November 1960, and
February 1956 are roughly 50% of those of free space (Simonsen, 1991).
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2.2 A Brief History of Humans on the Moon
Note that the NASA Apollo program was intended to arrive people on the Moon and bring them
securely back to Earth; it was not intended to build up a changeless nearness on the Moon. The
span of the lunar surface missions were very short, to a great extent because of the dangers of
room radiation presentation and the capricious idea of the solar weather.
Somewhere in the range of 1969 and 1972, six of the seven lunar landing missions (counting
Apollo 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17) were fruitful and empowered 12 space travelers to stroll on the
Moon. While superficially, the space explorers completed an assortment of lunar surface
examinations intended to examine lunar soil mechanics, meteoroids, seismic movement, heat
stream, lunar extending, attractive field appropriations, and solar breeze action. The space
explorers additionally accumulated examples and came back to Earth with more than 600 pounds
of Moon shakes and residue.
Since 1972, no human has come back to the Moon. The table underneath shows the measure of
time space explorers spent on the outside of the Moon during each lunar landing, and the normal
radiation portion they got.
Source: https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/284273main_Radiation_HS_Mod1.pdf
Through these and automated missions

(http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo_25th.html)
including the three Russian Luna test return missions, NASA Lunar Prospector
(http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov), and the forthcoming Lunar Precursor and Robotic Program
(http://lunar.gsfc.nasa.gov), researchers have and will keep on learning a lot about how and when
the Moon was shaped, how it might have assumed a significant job in the birthplace of life here
on Earth, and the earth, including radiation, on and beneath the Moon's surface.
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2.3 Radiation Protection Methods
Cement and steel are truly adept at engrossing radiation and they are similarly strong also,
subsequently utilized in shaping the protecting material in an atomic nuclear reaction facilities. A
normal reactor center would require an internal covering which is of the request for almost half
of meter thickness of steel. This is additionally strengthened by a layer of solid scarcely few
meters thick. Lead blocks, glass having high lead content are utilized for review purposes in high
vitality radiation conditions.
Shields that decrease γ beam power by half are 1 cm of lead, 6 cm of solid, 9 cm of Earth
pressing and 150 m of climatic air. Consequently to lessen the γ beam introduction by a 1000 a
shield must be increased multiple times for example 210 hence lessening the power by a factor of
1024. This would require 10 cm thickness of lead identical protecting material.
The earthbound techniques for radiation protecting is cumbersome it's anything but a space
commendable arrangement. Subsequently various kinds of protecting have been attempted and
tried for space situations of which one of them is Graded-Z protecting.
Reviewed Z protecting is an overlay of a few materials with various Z esteems (nuclear

numbers) intended to secure against ionizing radiation. Contrasted with single material
protecting, a similar mass of reviewed Z protecting has known to decrease electron infiltration by
60%. The quality of this strategy is the diminished mass when contrasted with single material
protecting (Atwell, 2013).
Recommended setup for a graded-Z shielding scheme [Source: http://www.propagation.gatech.edu]
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Normal structure include an inclination from high-Z (for the most part tantalum [Ta]) through
progressively lower-Z components, for example, tin, steel, and copper, typically finishing with
aluminum. At times considerably lighter materials, for example, polypropylene and boron
carbide are utilized. Optional impact of radiation can be taken consideration by including
dopants like boron, beryllium and lithium.
Enormous, ultra-light, expandable HTS loops are possible and are equipped for lessening
radiation presentation of people in the shuttle natural surroundings to worthy levels over longer
span missions. Ultra-light HTS loops offer critical redirection control for charged particles and
because of the low measure of material from the HTS magnets, optional molecule creation is
kept at a low level. Single layer expandable curls with widths of 4 to 8 m and lengths of 15 to 20
m, orchestrated in a 6-around-1 design comprise the best arrangement among all ideas
investigated (Westover, NASA).
Illustration of magnetic radiation shielding [Source: Westover]
Assessment of dispatch frameworks, dispatch bundling and fairing measuring, and get together
of such a loop framework must be led. This methodology will endeavor to limit Extra Vehicular
Activity (EVA) and apply autonomy to amass the security framework in space.
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2.4 Lunar regolith as radiation shielding material
The cost of moving material to the Moon will restrict us to supplemental protecting material.
Subsequently the favored option is utilizing the nearby lunar regolith to lessen the unsafe
ionizing radiation occurrence on the lunar surface. This is a practical arrangement in light of the
fact that lunar regolith is tried and true for the molecule and vast beam barrage, yet powerful
ways must be found to utilize it.
Radiation protecting properties like radiation transport, portion decrease properties of lunar
regolith have been considered on tests returned by Apollo missions. Likewise a few kinds of
engineered regolith and regolith simulants have been tried upon. The target of these tests are to
assess regolith as the potential protecting and measure the closeness of manufactured regolith on
protecting properties.
Engineered and simulant regolith testing is basic because of the shortage of Apollo soil.
Molecule quickening agents are utilized to create light emissions and heavier charged particles
which are tantamount to GCR and sun powered molecule release.
Estimations have been made at the HIMAC quickening agent at the National Institute of
Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan. The examination investigated the shot charge and mass
reliance of radiation portion behind regolith for a solitary shaft vitality and the variety of
protecting viability of lunar mare and highland regolith from a few destinations, just as
manufactured regolith and simulant. A pursue on study estimated the normal vitality affidavit as
a component of profundity, basically a profundity portion dispersion for a specific shaft going
through one sort of simulant (Miller, 2008).
The normal vitality stored in strong state locators by charged particles when going through the
examples was utilized to evaluate radiation portion decrease as a component of regolith
thickness. Sixteen distinct examples of regolith and simulant at areal densities somewhere in the
range of 6 and 13 gm/cm2 were presented to a pillar 400 MeV/u 10B particles. The percent
portion decrease per unit areal thickness was practically identical to aluminum and around a
large portion of that of polyethylene (Miller, 2008).
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Average percent dose reduction per unit areal density (gm/cm2) for lunar regolith compared to polyethylene,
graphite, aluminum and lead. Source: https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/nlsc2008/pdf/2028.pdf
The portion decrease as a component of profundity displays the trademark conduct of ionization
vitality misfortune by overwhelming charged particles.
The beam is totally weakened after 25 gm/cm2 regolith (around 15 cm expecting a thickness of
roughly 1.9 gm/cm3).
On the off chance that 75 g/cm2 of regolith is chosen for inclusion, such a BFO portion in the
round and hollow territory is around 19.5 rem/yr. Assessing the portion in the circular
environment is increasingly muddled as a result of the enormous variety in portion all through
the territory; be that as it may, the most extreme portion evaluated is around 19 rem/yr. These
portion gauges are well underneath the 50 rem/yr built up rules for United States space travelers
(Simonsen, 1991).
2.5 Summary
Of the different strategies examined and broke down in detail, every one of the various
techniques for protecting space radiation on the lunar surface have their own favorable
circumstances and drawbacks.
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The multi-layered Graded-Z strategy for radiation protection is an exceptionally encouraging

technique as it has just been tried. The one significant inconvenience is that it must be moved
from the Earth and furthermore should be raised at the site of colonization. Right off the bat it is
a weight as it builds the mass and furthermore it needs an instrument at the site of colonization to
make it practical.
Attractive and electro-attractive redirection technique is a promising idea as it doesn't require a

component to be practical. In any case, the necessities of high power and flows may constrain its
utilization in a space situation. There is likewise a hypothesis that the attractive fields produced
may not be sufficiently exceptional to withstand the particle siege. It is a zone of constant
continuous research.
Section of moon base, inflatable covered by lunar regolith. Source: the Artemis project [NASA]
Lunar regolith is a promising alternative for protecting as it is locally accessible and is

dependable to withstand the radiation. The issue here is recognizable proof of the necessary
volume, thickness and thickness of regolith to decrease radiations to a livable levels. Likewise
the issue of handling and trim the regolith into alluring qualities is suggestive. This can be
handled by automated setups which will give the ideal yield.
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(CHAPTER – 3)
3 Materials for Construction on the Moon
3.1 Introduction
This chapter centers around ideas for materials for lunar base structures that have been proposed
in the past just as new thoughts for tentative arrangements. Creating structures on the Moon is an
in fact testing task that requires gigantic HR and financing. There are numerous limitations and
prerequisites that are to be met when such a structure is proposed. These imperatives are
altogether different from earthbound prerequisites. Investigating the Moon condition would bring
about various potential structures that could be considered for the Moon. Various past thoughts
incorporates solid structures, metal casing structures and mixture structures. Every one of these
proposition include utilization of cutting edge materials and basic procedures. Yet, as mechanical
advances are building up, the lunar base appears as though a potential reality soon and new
thoughts can be proposed.
A lunar base is fundamental for humankind as it has many shifted focal points and employments.
Moon is the nearest planetary body and is appropriately called our 'second home'. Investigating it
would open entryways for further campaigns into Mars and more remote Planets. It would be a
Launch post for the adversary further interplanetary space investigation. It would be over the top
expensive to convey materials from the Earth to fabricate structures on the Moon. To limit this it
is critical to deliver a large scale modern development material by utilizing the inexhaustible
locally accessible lunar soil or regolith. The concentration in this section will be on basic
properties of the lunar soil or regolith and the techniques for forms proposed to make full use for
development and instruments required for the assembling forms. Variable Temperature
consequences for the materials are additionally broke down. Inflatable structure and future work
has been definite also.
3.2 Regolith composition
Regolith is an earthbound term, likewise utilized for the Moon. It has been characterized as "a
general term for the layer or mantle of fragmental and unconsolidated stone material, regardless
of whether lingering or moved and of exceptionally changed character, that almost wherever
frames the outside of the land and overlies or covers bedrock. All the lunar arrivals and every
photographic examination appear, that the whole lunar surface comprises of a regolith layer that
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totally covers the hidden bedrock, with the exception of maybe on some exceptionally steep
sided crater walls and lava channels, where there might be uncovered bedrock.
Lunar soil composition, Source: space.com
3.3 Factors affecting lunar base construction
1. Safety and robustness
Minimization of hazard and augmenting security is the principle factor in picking a fitting
material. Basic heartiness, and simple break for occupants when a fall happens are mulled
over. The structure depends on the farthest point of stacking on a divider or balance to the
moment that an absolute breakdown happens, that is, as far as possible (Benaroya 2002)
2. Gravity variations
Moon has 1/6 of the gravity consequences for Earth. One-6th the heap bearing quality is
required on the Moon as on the Earth. Lunar basic architects should work as needs be to
create mass based as opposed to weight based planning.
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3. Ease of construction
It is financially not reasonable to have materials shipped from Earth. Utilization of lunar
soil must be amplified and all materials must be produced on the Moon. The development
parts should be commonsense and measured so as to limit neighborhood creation as
mechanical systems can be shortsighted. Building on the Moon is altogether different
from earthly development. The current innovation must be altered to foresee occasions on
Moon precisely. Representing vulnerabilities in lunar condition is basic.
4. Temperature and pressurized vessel effects

Connections between lunar temperature cycles and material properties for material
weariness and probability of fragile breaks must be broke down. Impacts of vacuum on
cutting edge materials is another significant factor. Disappointment modes, clasping,
hardening, propping prerequisites which will be inside pressurized are to be
contemplated. The lunar structure will be a pressurized encased volume with an inner
weight of about 103.42 kPa (Benaroya 2002). The glass change temperature of numerous
if not the entirety of the geo-synthetics utilized on Earth is well over the chilly
temperatures that are experienced on up-and-comer locales including those on the Moon.
This would make the plastics fragile hence rendering them futile as strengthening
components (Benaroya 2002).
3.4 Proposals
1. Glass Content and regolith

The huge glass content in lunar soil can be utilized to expand the quality of lunarcrete.
Regolith has been gathered in modest quantities by a few missions to Moon and the
way that there is huge glass content has been demonstrated on numerous occasions.
Source: Markandeya Raju, Pranathi 2012
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Bond mostly contains CaO, Silica and Aluminum Oxide and can be made with any
extent of these three. Concrete can be produced by warming regolith at 2000 degree
Celsius. The main noteworthy contrast between earthbound cement and the lunar soil
tests is the lower CaO content in lunar soil. This distinction can be diminished by CaO
advancement including differential vaporization (Agosto 1984).
2. Inflatables
The inflatable development that has been so far proposed seeks after the airtight
chamber framework. It has been attempted in the International Space Station anyway
the qualification in the circumstances is the lunar condition. Besides, no material can
be transferred from Earth to the Moon.
The airlock space is a little room between the entryway to the outside and the
entryway to within. The two entryways should close exceptionally tight and not
release any air. Before the space explorer opens the outside entryway, within entryway
must be shut. The space explorer enters the airtight space and shuts the outside
entryway. At that point the sealed area is siphoned brimming with air. At exactly that
point can the space explorer open within entryway to enter the habitat. Leaving the
territory, the space explorer (in a spacesuit, obviously), ventures into the sealed area
with the outside entryway shut. Within entryway is then shut and all the air siphoned
out of the airtight chamber, making it a vacuum, much the same as the outside. The
space explorer opens the outside entryway and steps outside.’
Inflatable moon habitat, Source: NASA
Inflatable natural surroundings dispatch in a solidly squeezed course of action and

they expand in a general sense when they land at space. Since the expansiveness of the
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normal surroundings isn't deliberately obliged by the separation crosswise over of the
dispatch vehicle, inflatables can have a progressively unmistakable volume of living
space for a given mass. It has been proposed in Chow and Lin (1988, 1989) that the
structure can be worked of a twofold skin film stacked up with helper foam. A
pressurized torus-shaped substructure gives edge support. Securing is given by an
overburden of regolith. Rapidly, the improvement strategy requires shaping the
ground and spreading the uninflated structure upon it, after which the torus-formed
substructure is pressurized. Assistant foam is then injected into the inflatable part, and
the internal compartment is pressurized. The bottoms of both extended structures are
stacked up with compacted soil to give adequacy and a level inside floor surface.
They occupy less room in the rockets yet give an a lot bigger space to remain on the
Moon. There had been thoughts of making inflatables with elastic as they can be
devastated by any meteorite hit. Generally adaptable and more grounded materials like
Kelvar-weaves should be utilized. NASA has utilized multilayer textures to make
inflatables for testing. It has been recommended that Inflatables can be utilized as
connectors or passages between team quarters and can furnish radiation cover
whenever secured with lunar regolith. Inflatable structures are versatile and vigorous.
Further beneficial structures must be investigated upon once the principle structure is
finished. NASA has proposed that the testing be done in Antarctica. ILC Dover has
conveyed a 12-foot (3.65 meter) breadth inflatable structure made of multilayer
texture to Langley for ground-based assessment of developing advancements, for
example, adaptable basic wellbeing observing frameworks, self-recuperating materials
and radiation defensive materials. Appended to the structure is a littler inflatable
structure that fills in as a showing airtight chamber. Both are basically pressurized
chambers, associated by an air proof entryway.
3. Lunarcrete
Lunarcrete was probably the soonest recommendation made to construct structures on

the Moon. It is a theoretical total structure material shaped from lunar regolith created
by Larry Beyer at The University of Pittsburgh. The fundamental parts are lunar
regolith, water and bond. It is fundamentally the same as earthbound cement. Very
little of Moon rock has been shipped from the Moon to Earth. Thus, lunar soil
simulants have been created which have helped little scale testing. Some simulants
that have been utilized are JSC-1(Johnson Space focus Number One), JSC-1A and
MLS1(Minnesota Lunar Simulant 1). MLS-1 contrasts from JSC in the manner that it
is more extravagant in titanium. JSC is a basaltic debris with high glass content. A
comparative simulant has been mass created and made in mass amount from rock tests
distinguished at Sittampundi Anorthosite Complex, India.
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The proposed technique to make the concrete required for Lunarcrete is to beneficiate
lunar stone that has a high calcium content. The way toward delivering water is very
costly and needs edge-cutting innovation. Initially, it requires oxygen and hydrogen. A
wanderer would be required to get hydrogen from the all-time shadowed pits of
Moon's shafts. Techniques like Solar Heating and Heating with hot gas can be utilized
to remove hydrogen. A gear is additionally structured by a group to deliver hydrogen
through ilmenite decrease strategy (Markandeya Raju, Pranathi 2012). After hydrogen
is gotten, it very well may be blended in with lunar ilmenite at 800 °C, to create
titanium oxide, iron, and water. This has been tried in limited quantities previously
and it was equipped for withstanding compressive weights of 75 MPa, and lost just
20% of that quality after rehashed presentation to vacuum. This technique has
imperfections in it and has never been tried on an enormous scale enough to fabricate
a structure. Also, when presented to vacuum properties of Lunarcrete diminishes.
Laboratory-determined properties for Lunarcrete

[Source: Happel 1993, Ruess, Schaenzlin, Benaroya 2006]
It must be uncovered when the solidifying procedure is finished. Low gravity impacts
likewise influence Lunarcrete properties somewhat. A trial directed in Takoji Okada,
Japan in high gravity conditions and later introduced for low gravity condition
indicated 10% diminishing in quality which isn't that noteworthy considering an
enormous scale venture (Markandeya Raju, Pranathi 2012). There are no solid
verifications to help huge scale water nearness on Moon with the exception of around
shafts. Working close to the shafts probably won't be doable. To keep away from such
conditions of vulnerability and soaring spending plans, there have been numerous
choices recommended which wipe out the utilization of water to make a constructible
material from regolith and no different materials from Earth. Most recommendations
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utilize the glass content in lunar soil. Bond can be fabricated from the silica present in
regolith.
4. ‘Waterless’ Concrete
Sulfur is a generally excellent restricting specialist. As the way toward delivering

water on Moon is unfamiliar and costly assuming there is any chance of this
happening, it would be a superior plan to fabricate Lunarcrete or any solid material
from lunar soil with other restricting specialists, for example, Sulfur. Lunar soil
simulants referenced before were utilized and Sulfur was included as the coupling
operator. Sulfur can be gotten from lunar soil as mineral troilite, (FeS). These
substance extend from two or three several ppm in ferrous anthrosites to more than
2000 ppm in high titanium magmas from Apollo 11 and 17 destinations (Markandeya
Raju, Pranathi 2012). The recommended procedure required warming the Sulfur to
130–140 °C. After presentation to 50 cycles of temperature changes, from - 27 °C to
room temperature, the simulant Lunarcrete was seen as fit for withstanding
compressive weights of 17MPa. This could be expanded to 20MPa if Silica were
included. Silica can be gotten from regolith through procedures like Vacuum
pyrolysis. The utilization of Sulfur diminishes the requirement for high warmth and
simultaneously gives most extreme compressive quality in lesser time as a coupling
operator. In particular, water and concrete are not required. For the Sulfur to fill in as a
coupling operator it ought to be in fluid or semi fluid structure. Fast setting securing
around 70-80% of extreme compressive quality inside 24 hours is conceivable with
this Sulfur concrete. For this situation, Sulfur goes about as a thermoplastic material
official with a non-responsive substrate. Recommendations have been made to utilize
this to make take off platforms for rockets from Moon.
Sulphur concrete = 12-22% Sulphur + 78-68% aggregate
Figure 1 Sulphur concrete block
Source : https://sffsymposium.engr.utexas.edu/sites/default/files/2016/183-Yuan.pdf
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The best blend for ductile and compressive quality is 65% JSC-1 lunar regolith
simulant and 35% Sulfur, with a normal compressive quality of 33.8 MPa and rigidity
of 3.7 MPa. Expansion of 2% metal fiber increment the compressive solidarity to 43.0
MPa (Husam 1998).
3.5 Analysis
From the above data, we came to understand that to survive in the atmosphere of the moon, we
need inflatables, inside which we can live without a space suit. But to protect the inflatables from
radiation, we have to mount a layer of lunarcrete over the inflatables. Now this layer will be of
ordinary concrete or Sulphur concrete? Due to lack of water on the moon, we should use
waterless concrete i.e. Sulphur concrete. Sulphur concrete is also somewhat different from
ordinary concrete.
The fundamental factor influencing the usefulness of Sulfur concrete is the rate by weight of
Sulfur added to the blend. For appropriate clinging to happen, the level of Sulfur must be above
40%. The blends having under 40% Sulfur required compaction for legitimate arrangement and
weren't sufficiently liquid. 40% or more blend were anything but difficult to stream into molds
(Husam 1998). Higher the Sulfur content, simpler it is for the blend to set. This lessens the time
required all the while.
Effects of Corrosion on Sulphur Concrete and Ordinary Concrete, Source: [JSCE 2009]
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By the above image it’s been clear that the Corrosion doesn't influence Sulfur concrete. It
influences ordinary concrete a considerable amount. So, that Sulphur concrete is better option
then ordinary concrete. And it can be use over the inflatables as the protective layer. So, the
harsh environment of the moon can’t affect the inflatables.
3.6 Result
Lunar base design by European space agency, source [ESA 2015]
From the information we have received so far, it is clear that to build a base on the moon, we
have to take the inflatables from the earth because it is difficult for a human to live without a
space suit because there is no atmosphere on the moon. Therefore, we have to create such a
micro climate in which we can survive. Which can be created quite easily with the help of
inflatables. But to protect the inflatables from radiation, we have to put a layer of regolith on it.
And due to lack of water we cannot make concrete from regolith but for this also we have an
alternative, which is waterless concrete or Sulphur concrete. With the help of which we can
make the layer of regolith on inflatables and protect it from the harsh environment and radiation
of the moon.
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(CHAPTER - 4)
4 Possibilities of Structures with Mechanism
4.1 Introduction
The plan aims to build stable, habitable structures with minimal Earth assets, i.e. lunar regolith,
on the lunar surface. The main challenge is to process and transform the lunar regolith into a
coherent and solid construction material. Many processes must be made available on the Moon
in order to do so. The plan chapter addresses different mechanisms for achieving the objective.
An automatically, remote device is the most effective and cost-efficient way to achieve the
objective of colonization of Earth. Astronauts could also be equipped to use adapted land
machines to produce structures on the Earth, but this would be a very time-consuming process.
Only a limited number of astronauts can be sent to the Moon in due course to the cost of space
travel to complete the task. For fact, explorers cannot spend a long amount of time on the ground
owing to the environmental conditions in the lunar surface. We have therefore decided to
eliminate the involvement of human beings in the development process and rely exclusively on
the design of a device that can handle the lunar regolith and use it to create habitable structures in
time. To this end, a network consisting of several robots which perform separate smaller tasks
can be created. The whole machine can be shipped to the lunar surface and installed on the moon
in several startups.
ISRU-based robotic construction on lunar surface, [Source: NASA 2015]
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To order to interpret robotic building on the lunar surface, the terrestrial uses of robotics in
construction must be fully understood. Such terrestrial automated systems can be updated after
the right approaches have been established so that they can withstand the space environment and
be compact to be shipped at reduced costs. The lunar atmosphere and its effect on automated
systems including temperature changes, pollution and the availability of solar energy and
meteorite impacts need to be recognized and researched if technology is to be eligible in space.
This chapter will address these challenges more.
4.2 Robotics in Construction
Robot implementations in the building industry are increasing for different tasks. Creating,
installing, connecting, assembling, completing, wrapping, inlaying, sealing, mounting,
excavation, tunneling, testing, and restored parts are essential practices in civil engineering
projects built by robot. Automated building systems not only in nature but also in service are
complex. They have benefits though, such as:
a) Time efficiency,
b) Improvement in productivity,
c) Improvement in work quality,
d) Reduction of labor costs and
e) Savings accrued on safety and health improvements.
Global architects have recognized and invested in further improving the ability for robotic
design. The robotic building is moving rapidly from robotics laying bricks on roads to 3D
printing bridges. In this chapter some of these terrestrial technologies are discussed and their
usability is tested in a space environment.
1. Architectural 3D printing
3D Printing was developed in the 1980s, also known as additive construction. The
software allowed developers to easily test all 3D designs by building up multiple layers
of solid structures. Over recent years 3D over design has expanded to a new level in the
production process for final durable goods of concrete and steel. It innovation has been
adopted by the civil engineering field for the development of architectural designs. This
has encouraged several space agencies to envisage constructing a lunar colony utilizing
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3D printing technology alone. We should look at terrestrial technologies in order to

realize the promise for 3D printing in building.
3D printed wall construction, [Source: bdonetwork.com]
2. Mesh mold 3D printing
Complex structure of various contour can be made by mesh mold technique, [Source: Gramazio and Kohler
2015]
In ETH Zurich in partnership with Gramazio and Kohler, advanced mesh mold 3D
printing technology was developed. Mesh Mold 3D is an autonomic robotic building
system equipped with a custom extrusion tool that allows the mesh framework to be
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continuously generated in the vacuum. The Mesh Mold provides the material directly into
space, allowing for the extruder's Zaxi movement while printing, unlike conventional 3D
printing process that requires horizontal layering of material. This refers in tiny triangular
vertical shapes. The benefit of this approach is that big, complicated systems can be
imposed without wasting time and resources. (Gramazio, Kohler, 2015). The Mesh Mold
engineering can be used for form manufacturing in the building sense. The design is a
continuous or provisional mold to which cement is applied to construct constructs such as
walls and boards. Beton is a central building material which is often categorized into a
form-defining, lightweight and strong structural mass forming.
3. 3D printing in space
3D space printing could be a problem, as the design could not be resolved by lack of
gravity. Yet MX3D has shown that 3D printing does not have to rely on gravity in
building. The framework will remain firm and secure by positioning the components and
solidifying them almost immediately. The goal is to turn the lunar regolith into a surface-
to-surface continuity (Zolfagharifard 2014). If you can process the regolith to obtain the
required consistency. Using the available techniques and transported for mission to the
lunar surface, a small robotic arm like the one previously mentioned may be created. The
use of 3D printing to construct lunar surface structures simplifies the whole of the system
as compacting, molding and casting processes would not be necessary.
Computerized models demonstrating that 3D printing can be used for Moon structures
[Source: NASA 2015]
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4.3 Possible Structures
1. Inflatables
Structural parts such as concrete cylinders which have only a few 1/1000ths of a inch
wall thickness are designed to limit their load capacity in a thin, elastic structural
structure in low gravity to buckle with that threshold. The load would therefore have to
be transferred to other systems. This approach allows for inflatable and other lunar
constructs. (Nowak et al 1992).
Inflatable conceptual diagram from ASCE [Source: Vanderbilt et al. 1988, p. 353]
2. Underground structures
A well-built design may help the system withstand the impacts of the meteorites and
provide sufficient protection against changing surface temperatures and deep space; sun
radiation.
Excavating underground tunnels from scratch [source: NASA 1990, Siekmeier and Podnieks1990]
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We have to sample the lunar regolith to excavate tunnels. The thickness of the regolith is
the most interesting aspect. Even though the soil is densely compressed under the surface,
the soil is extremely dense within a few centimeters. The relative density on the air is
about 0-30%. It is only 5 to 10 cm under the ground, 60 to 65%; 90% at 30 cm (Carrier
and Mitchell 1990). The average density is 83 +/-3 per cent (Mitchell et el 1974; Houston
et el 1974) for the top 60 cm of the soil. This is because of a variety of meteorite impacts
on the region, leading to constant vertical pressure and dynamic movement. The median
frozen angle for the top 60 cm of the planet is 49 degrees, with a coherent cost of 1.6kPa.
Because of this high surface density and mining resistance, we agree that work should be
carried out in order to develop methods to resolve density without needing a great deal of
energy.
3. Above ground structures
An over ground structure is one of the most common approaches to designing the lunar
structure. The image shows the idea of a habitable dome over the earth by the European
Space Agency. Because they are easier to build and are able to spread powers evenly,
domes are preferred. As far as building is concerned, a machine from outside will most
likely build the cathedral by adding the dome to a previous crater. This would require
multi-layered insulation walls to be reinforced in order to avoid radiation exposure etc.
Above the ground structure conceptual design by European Space Agency,

[Source: ESA 2015]
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4. Lava tubes
It was tested how robust such signature characteristics are, and it was observed that 1 km
tubes are structurally sound and wider. The inner tubes can be fastened to resist stress and
the temperature needed. To improve sustainability, the ground must be compacted. This
topic must be further investigated in order to ensure safety and ease of construction
inside.
City of Philadelphia can conveniently be put within a theoretical lunar lava tube.
[Source: David Blair/Purdue University]
4.4 3D printing technology with lunarcrete as material
3D printers can be used to add layers of regolith to inflatables. Such a machine has been
designed by NASA in which cement and regolith from Lunar rocks can be banded through
Sulphur. Which will make a paste of lunarcrete so that 3d printer me can be easily constructed
using that paste. The influx of regolith on inflatables will not affect the harsh environment of the
moon, which will make it easier to maintain the temperature inside the inflatables.
SLS 3D printer designed by NASA [Source: NASA]
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(CHAPTER – 5)
5 CONCLUSION
A detailed analysis of the existing solutions and future work for the construction of lunar
colonization has been presented. There were also discussed some of the problems related to the
design and construction of systems for long-term lunar programs. Equipment, radiation
protection and robotic structures were the main focus for lunar bases. There has been talk of the
need for lunar exploration. It is constantly necessary to find an appropriate building material with
the need to ask whether Moon will carry humanity's future. In this respect, there is a huge scope.
Above all, research suggests, because of its unique properties, the lunar soil has a large potential
to become a construction material.
Since the concept of lunar bases was born in the 1960s, there were theories about the required
components. One of the first substances to be suggested is Lunarcrete. Lack of evidence of the
availability of water has led to a new concept called Sulphur concrete. Thanks to its
expandability and production flexibility, many innovations like inflatables receive attention.
Airlock is a multi-layered building system that has to be evaluated for its future lunar operations
in space centers such as NASA.
When a base is constructed on the moon, safety from cosmic radiation is important. There have
been two plans up to now. All of them have established their advantages and disadvantages. One
of the newer principles is the use of a multi-layer insulation for radiation protection, as in Graded
Z, which is not ideal but needs transfer from the ground. Another issue with the technology was
its erecting mechanism and its causes of inadequacy. Thanks to his capacity to defend against
GCR Heavy ion, but also to the mechanism for molding at necessary densities and compaction,
the lunar regolith that hold the secret for radiation safety.
In order to accomplish our moon colonization task, the design of our robotic technologies is very
necessary, since without it, the concepts of engineering and the safety from radiation cannot be
carried out. Thanks to viability and reliability considerations, it is more feasible to use automatic
systems for lunar building. While there are various terrestrial robotic uses, space-built robotics
also may need to be thoroughly designed to alter existing structures. The underground system
and 3D printers mentioned in this paper include some proposals that understand the promise of
robotics. The problem of constructing above or below ground should be addressed because the
former can be constructed more quickly, and the latter offers excellent security from harsh
weather. We would like to conclude that colonization of the Lunar Moon is still at the forefront
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and that an enormous amount of research and development must be carried out on all three
fronts.
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7 Annexure
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SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE

Construction on the Moon

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

IS 2027-31, Ramchandrapura, PO VidhaniVatika, Sitapura Extension,

The study titled ‘CONSTRUCTION ON MOON’ is hereby approved as an original work of

Ar. YASH PRATAP SINGH

School of Planning and Architecture

“THAT ONE SMALL STEP OF MAN,

ONE GIANT LEAP FOR MANKIND”

1.1 Need of study

Moon race pamphlets, Source: Google images

Our neighboring moon, on which life is possible in the coming years.

Credit: university of Wisconsin-Madison, Source:

Spaceship designed by NASA with fusion reaction, Source: YouTube

Advertisements of sale lunar land, Source: lunarland.com

1.2 Lunar nature

- Lunar gravitation is 1/6 of that on Earth.

- There is no atmosphere on the Moon.

- There is no global magnetic field on the Moon.

ARTEMIS's comprehensive plasma and fields observations, Source: NASA

2 PROTECTION FROM RADIATION ON THE MOON

2.1 Introduction of Radiation

Ionizing radiations in electromagnetic spectrum. Source www.nasa.gov /space radiation

Galactic Cosmic Rays incorporate of overwhelming, high-vitality particles of components that

2.2 A Brief History of Humans on the Moon

Through these and automated missions

2.3 Radiation Protection Methods

Reviewed Z protecting is an overlay of a few materials with various Z esteems (nuclear

Recommended setup for a graded-Z shielding scheme [Source: http://www.propagation.gatech.edu]

Illustration of magnetic radiation shielding [Source: Westover]

2.4 Lunar regolith as radiation shielding material

The multi-layered Graded-Z strategy for radiation protection is an exceptionally encouraging

Attractive and electro-attractive redirection technique is a promising idea as it doesn't require a

Lunar regolith is a promising alternative for protecting as it is locally accessible and is

3 Materials for Construction on the Moon

3.2 Regolith composition

Lunar soil composition, Source: space.com

3.3 Factors affecting lunar base construction

1. Safety and robustness

4. Temperature and pressurized vessel effects

1. Glass Content and regolith

Source: Markandeya Raju, Pranathi 2012

Inflatable moon habitat, Source: NASA

Inflatable natural surroundings dispatch in a solidly squeezed course of action and

Lunarcrete was probably the soonest recommendation made to construct structures on

Laboratory-determined properties for Lunarcrete

Sulfur is a generally excellent restricting specialist. As the way toward delivering

Sulphur concrete = 12-22% Sulphur + 78-68% aggregate

Figure 1 Sulphur concrete block

Lunar base design by European space agency, source [ESA 2015]

4 Possibilities of Structures with Mechanism

ISRU-based robotic construction on lunar surface, [Source: NASA 2015]

4.2 Robotics in Construction

c) Improvement in work quality,

d) Reduction of labor costs and

e) Savings accrued on safety and health improvements.

3D printing technology alone. We should look at terrestrial technologies in order to

3D printed wall construction, [Source: bdonetwork.com]

2. Mesh mold 3D printing

4.3 Possible Structures

3. Above ground structures

Above the ground structure conceptual design by European Space Agency,

4.4 3D printing technology with lunarcrete as material