I.

INTRODUCTION
For a long time, clothing has been a part of an average person’s life and nowadays,
not a day goes by that people don’t wear clothes. In prehistoric times, humans would put
on anything that passes for a body cover. Leaves, animal pelt, animal skins, and the like
were the prehistoric fashion trends. This went on for hundreds of years until humanity
discovered weaving plant fibers which then gave birth to textiles. The first actual textile,
as opposed to skins sewn together, was probably felt. Surviving examples of Nålebinding,
another early textile method, date from 6500 BC. Our knowledge of ancient textiles and
clothing has expanded in the recent past thanks to modern technological developments.
Our knowledge of cultures varies greatly with the climatic conditions to which
archaeological deposits are exposed. The Middle East and the arid fringes of China have
provided many very early samples in good condition, but the early development of textiles
in the Indian subcontinent, sub-Saharan Africa and other moist parts of the world remains
unclear. In northern Eurasia, peat bogs can also preserve textiles very well. The first
known textile of South America was discovered in Guitarrero Cave in Peru which was
woven out of vegetable fibers and dates back to 8,000 B.C.E. From pre-history through
the early Middle Ages, for most of Europe and the Near East and North Africa, two main
types of loom dominated textile production. These are the warp-weighted loom and the
two-beam loom. The length of the cloth beam determined the width of the cloth woven
upon it, and could be as wide as 2–3 meters. The second loom type is the two-beam
loom. Early woven clothing was often made of full loom widths draped, tied, or pinned in
place.

Before clothes reach stores and the fashion industry, they go through their
birthplace- the textile industry. Textile manufacturing is a major industry. It is based on
the conversion of fiber into yarn and yarn into fabric which are then dyed or printed and
fabricated into clothes. A textile is a flexible material consisting of a network of natural or
artificial fibers (yarn or thread). Yarn is produced by spinning raw fibers of wool, flax,
cotton, hemp, or other materials to produce long strands. Different types of fibers are used
to produce yarn. Cotton remains the most important natural fiber, so is treated in depth.
Textiles are formed by weaving, knitting, crocheting, knotting or tatting, felting, or braiding.

Textiles have an assortment of uses, the most common of which are for clothing
and for containers such as bags and baskets. In the household they are used in carpeting,
upholstered furnishings, window shades, towels, coverings for tables, beds, and other flat
surfaces, and in art. In the workplace they are used in industrial and scientific processes
such as filtering. Miscellaneous uses include flags, backpacks, tents, nets, handkerchiefs,
and cleaning rags, transportation devices such as balloons, kites, sails, and parachutes.
Textiles are also used to provide strengthening in composite materials such as fiberglass
and industrial geotextiles. Textiles are also used in many traditional crafts such as sewing,
quilting and embroidery.

In modern times, textiles play a very big role in the industry. Clothes are considered
as a basic necessity and an ingredient for survival. Also, a big percentage of an average
person’s daily routines involve the usage of different textile products such as mittens for
cooking, towels for bathing, different cloths for cleaning, and most importantly, clothes.
Not an activity goes by without a person using anything textile. From the sheets we wake
up on in the morning, to the towels we use for night showers, we use textile products.
Seeing how much of a necessity textile products are in society, textile production
becomes a must.

II. HISTORY
The history of textile is almost as old as that of human civilization and as time moves
on the history of textile has further enriched itself. In the 6th and 7th century BC, the oldest
recorded indication of using fiber comes with the invention of flax and wool fabric at the
excavation of Swiss lake inhabitants.

Discovery of machines and their widespread application in processing natural

fibers was a direct outcome of the industrial revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries. The
discoveries of various synthetic fibers like nylon created a wider market for textile
products and gradually led to the invention of new and improved sources of natural fiber.
The development of transportation and communication facilities facilitated the path of a
transaction of localized skills and textile art among various countries.
Cotton Stage
During the late medieval period, cotton began to be imported into
Northern Europe. Without any knowledge of where it came from, other than that it was
a plant and noting its similarities to wool, people in the region could only imagine that
cotton must be produced by plant-borne sheep. By the end of the 16th century, cotton
was cultivated throughout the warmer regions of Asia and the Americas.
The main steps in the production of cloth are producing the fiber, preparing it,
converting it to yarn, converting yarn to cloth, and then finishing the cloth. The cloth is
then taken to the manufacturer of garments. The preparation of the fibers differs the most,
depending on the fiber used. Flax requires retting and dressing, while wool requires
carding and washing. The spinning and weaving processes are very similar between
fibers, however.
 Spinning evolved from twisting the fibers by hand, to using a drop spindle, to using
a spinning wheel. Spindles or parts of them have been found in archaeological sites and
may represent one of the first pieces of technology available. The spinning wheel was
most likely invented in the Islamic world by the 11th century.

Mughal Empire
Up until the 18th century, Mughal Empire was
the most important center of manufacturing in
international trade. Up until 1750, India produced
about 25% of the world’s industrial output. The
largest manufacturing industry in Mughal Empire
(16th to 18th centuries) was textile manufacturing,
particularly cotton textile manufacturing, which
included the production of piece goods, calicos, and
muslins, available unbleached and in a variety of
colours.
In early modern Europe, there was
significant demand for textiles from The Mughal Empire, including cotton textiles
and silk products. European fashion, for example, became increasingly dependent on
textiles and silks imported from The Mughal Empire. In the late 17th and early 18th
centuries, The Mughal Empire accounted for 95% of British importsfrom Asia.
Industrial revolution
In 1734 in Bury, Lancashire, John
Kay invented the flying shuttle — one of the
first of a series of inventions associated with
the cotton woven fabric industry. The flying
shuttle increased the width of cotton cloth
and speed of production of a single weaver at
a loom. Resistance by workers to the
perceived threat to jobs delayed the
widespread introduction of this technology,
even though the higher rate of production
generated an increased demand for spun cotton.
 In 1764, James Hargreaves is credited as
inventor of the spinning jenny which multiplied the
spun thread production capacity of a single worker
— initially eightfold and subsequently much further.
Others credit the invention to Thomas Highs. Also
in 1764, Thorp Mill, the first water-powered cotton
mill in the world, was constructed at Royton,
Lancashire, and was used for carding cotton. With
the spinning and weaving process now
mechanized, cotton mills cropped up all over the
North West of England.
The stocking frame invented in 1589 for silk
became viable when in 1759, Jedediah
Strutt introduced an attachment for the frame which
produced what became known as the Derby Rib, that
produced a knit and purl stitch. This allowed stockings
to be manufactured in silk and later in cotton. In 1768,
Hammond modified the stocking frame to weave weft-
knitted openworks or nets by crossing over the loops,
using a mobile tickler bar. This led in 1781 to Thomas
Frost's square net. Cotton had been too coarse for lace,
but by 1805, Houldsworths of Manchester were
producing reliable 300 count cotton thread.
19thCentury Developments
In 1830, using an 1822 patent, Richard
Roberts manufactured the first loom with
a cast iron frame, the Roberts Loom. In
1842 James Bullough and William Kenworthy,
made the Lancashire Loom, a
semiautomatic power loom. Although it is self-
acting, it has to be stopped to recharge empty
shuttles. It was the mainstay of
the Lancashire cotton industry for a century,
until the Northrop Loom (invented in 1894, with
an automatic weft replenishment function)
gained ascendancy. Also, in 1830, Richard
Roberts patented the first self-acting mule. This Roberts self-acting mule with quadrant gearing
stimulated research into the problem of applying
power to the winding stroke of the mule. Before 1830, the spinner would operate a partially
powered mule with a maximum of 400 spindles. After, self-acting mules with up to 1300
spindles could be built.
The industrial revolution changed the nature of work and society. The three key
drivers in these changes were textile manufacturing, iron founding and steam power. The
geographical focus of textile manufacture in Britain was Manchester and the small towns
of the Pennines and southern Lancashire.
Textile production in England peaked in 1926, and as mills were decommissioned,
many of the scrapped mules and looms were bought up and reinstated in India.

20th Century
Major changes came to the textile industry during
the 20th century, with continuing technological
innovations in machinery, synthetic fiber, logistics, and
globalization of the business. The business model that
had dominated the industry for centuries was to change
radically. Cotton and wool producers were not the only
source for fibers, as chemical companies created new
synthetic fibers that had superior qualities for many
uses.
The variety of synthetic fibers used in
manufacturing fiber grew steadily throughout the 20th
century. In the 1920s, the computer was invented. In
Textile factory workers in Poland, 1950s
the 1940s, acetate, modacrylic, metal fibers,
and saran were developed; acrylic, polyester,
and spandex were introduced in the 1950s. Polyester became hugely popular in the
apparel market, and by the late 1970s, more polyester was sold in the United States than
cotton.
By the late 1980s, the apparel segment was no longer the largest market for fiber
products, with industrial and home furnishings together representing a larger proportion
of the fiber market industry integration and global manufacturing led to many small firms
closing for good during the 1970s and 1980s in the United States. During those decades,
95 percent of the looms in North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia shut down, and
Alabama and Virginia also saw many factories close.
 III. RAW MATERIALS
Textiles are made from many materials, with four main sources: animals (wool, silk),
plants (cotton, flax, jute, bamboo), minerals (asbestos, glass fiber), and synthetics
(nylon, polyester, acrylic, rayon).
Cotton: Cotton is grown anywhere with long, hot dry summers with plenty of sunshine
and low humidity. Indian cotton, Gossypium arboreum, is finer but the staple is only
suitable for hand processing. American cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, produces the
longer staple needed for machine production.
Jute:Jute is a bast fiber, which comes from the inner bark of the plants of the Corchorus
genus. It is retted like flax, sundried, and baled. It can be bleached and dyed. It was
used for sacks and bags but is now used for the backing for carpets. Jute can be
blended with other fibers to make composite fabrics.
Wool:Wool comes from domesticated sheep. It forms two products, woolens and
worsteds. The sheep has two sorts of wool and it is the inner coat that is used. This can
be mixed with wool that has been recovered from rags. Shoddy is the term for
recovered wool that is not matted, while mungo comes from felted wool.
Raw Silk:Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles.
The protein fiber of silk is composed mainly of fibroin and is produced by certain insect
larvae to form cocoons. The best-known silk is obtained from the cocoons of the larvae
of the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori reared in captivity (sericulture).
Synthetic Fibers: Synthetic fibers are the result of extensive development by scientists
to improve upon the naturally occurring animal and plant fibers. In general, synthetic
fibers are created by forcing, or extruding, fiber forming materials through holes (called
spinnerets) into the air, thus forming a thread.
Fiber
The textile industries use different types of fibers which are derived from nature or
manually produced. These fibers are used to produce dresses, towels, blankets etc.
Fiber is a matter which includes flexibility, fineness and a high ratio of length to
thickness. It is necessary to have at least a length to diameter ratio of 1000 to consider
a fiber.Some additional characteristics are the required for textile fibers, such as stability
at high temperature, a certain minimum strength & extensibility.Some additional
characteristics are the required for textile fibers, such as stability at high temperature, a
certain minimum strength & extensibility.
Fabric
Fabric is a planar textile structure produced by interlacing yarns, fibers, or filaments.
It may be woven, knitted and non-woven.Most fabrics are produced through knitting or
weaving, but some are produced by non-woven processes such as braiding, felting, and
twisting.
Dyes
The dye is a complex compound which is applied in textile materials. It
represents color and contains chromophore and auxochrome groups in its chemical
structure. It is necessary to know which dyes have an affinity for the vegetable, animal,
or man-made fibers to select the proper dye for a fiber.The dye is generally applied in
an aqueous solution, and requires a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the
fiber.
Chemical and Auxiliaries
Dyeing auxiliaries mean a chemical or formulated chemical product which enables a
processing operation in preparation, dyeing, printing or finishing to be carried out more
effectively, or which is essential if a given effect is to be obtained.

IV. PROCESS
Spinning
Blow room is one of the most important part of textile spinning sector. It is consists of a
number of machines which are sued in succession to open and clean the cotton fibre
according to the required amount of degree. In blow room section, normally 40-70% trash
is removed.
Carding is a mechanical process that disentangles, cleans and intermixes fibres to
produce a continuous web or sliver suitable for subsequent processing.[1] This is achieved
by passing the fibers between differentially moving surfaces covered with card clothing.
It breaks up locks and unorganised clumps of fibre and then aligns the individual fibers to
be parallel with each other. In preparing wool fibre for spinning, carding is the step that
comes after teasing.
Drawing, also called Drafting, in yarn manufacture, process of attenuating the loose
assemblage of fibres called sliver (q.v.) by passing it through a series of rollers, thus
straightening the individual fibres and making them more parallel. Each pair of rollers
spins faster than the previous one. Drawing reduces a soft mass of fibre to a firm uniform
strand of usable size. In the production of man-made fibres, drawing is a stretching
process applied to fibres in the plastic state, increasing orientation and reducing size.
The combing process is carried out in order to improve the quality of the sliver coming
out of the card. The process eliminates short fibres, it achieves better parallelisation of
fibres, it straightens curls, and it removes neps and residue impurities. It is clear from
these functions that the combing process is essentially aimed at obtaining excellent
quality yarns and to fulfill this objective raw materials with above average physical and
mechanical features must be used from the very beginning of the spinning process.
A roving is a long and narrow bundle of fiber. Rovings are produced during the process
of making spun yarn from wool fleece, raw cotton, or other fibres. Their main use is as
fibre prepared for spinning, but they may also be used for specialised kinds of knitting or
other textile arts.After carding, the fibres lie roughly parallel in smooth bundles. These
are drawn out, by hand or machine, and slightly twisted to form lengths suitable for
spinning. These unspun strands of fibre are the rovings. Roving can also mean a roll of
these strands, the strands in general (as a mass noun), or the process of creating
them.Because it is carded, the fibres are less parallel than top (which is combed) and
are not of uniform length. Carded rovings look fluffier than combed top, which looks
smooth and has a high lustre. The fibres in combed top tend to be of a fairly uniform
length due to the method of preparation. Though drawing it into strips may line the fibres
up a bit.[1][2] Roving is not to be confused with sliver as there is twist in roving.
Spinning is the twisting together of drawn-out strands of fibers to form yarn, and is a
major part of the textile industry. The yarn is then used to create textiles, which are then
used to make clothing and many other products. There are several industrial processes
available to spin yarn, as well as hand-spinning techniques where the fiber is drawn out,
twisted, and wound onto a bobbin.
Winding:

The formation of big yarn packages which can be smoothly unwound, during next process
is known as winding. Winding is the most essential process both of yarn
manufacturing and fabric manufacturing. The main purpose of winding is to make a
suitable package for both woven and knitted fabric production. The most common
packages are cone and cheese packages. Both packages are cross wound package.

Fabric Formation

Sizing is the most important terms for weaving technology. After winding and
warping,sizing of yarn is done during beam preparation. Sizing is done by applying
various types of size materials on the yarn. ... The process of applying a protective
adhesive coating upon the yarns surface is called sizing

Weaving is a method of textile production in which two distinct sets of yarns or

threads are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or cloth. Other methods
are knitting, crocheting, felting, and braiding or plaiting. The longitudinal threads are
called the warp and the lateral threads are the weft or filling. (Weft is an
old English word meaning "that which is woven"; compare leave and left) The method in
which these threads are inter-woven affects the characteristics of the cloth.[1] Cloth is
usually woven on a loom, a device that holds the warp threads in place while filling
threads are woven through them. A fabric band which meets this definition of cloth
(warp threads with a weft thread winding between) can also be made using other
methods, including tablet weaving, back strap loom, or other techniques without looms.
The way the warp and filling threads interlace with each other is called the weave. The
majority of woven products are created with one of three basic weaves: plain
weave, satin weave, or twill. Woven cloth can be plain (in one colour or a simple
pattern), or can be woven in decorative or artistic design.

Knitting is a method by which yarn is manipulated to create a textile or fabric, often

used in many types of garments.Knitting creates multiple loops of yarn, called stitches,
in a line or tube. Knitting has multiple active stitches on the needle at one time. Knitted
fabric consists of a number of consecutive rows of intermeshing of loops. As each row
progresses, a newly created loop is pulled through one or more loops from the prior
row, placed on the gaining needle, and the loops from the prior row are then pulled off
the other needle.Knitting may be done by hand or by using a machine.Different types of
yarns (fibre type, texture, and twist), needle sizes, and stitch types may be used to
achieve knitted fabrics with different properties (color, texture, weight, heat retention,
look, water resistance, and/or integrity).

Processing
Singeing
The verb ‘singe’ literally means ‘to burn superficially’. Technically, singeing refers
to the burning off of loose fibers not firmly bound into the yarn or fabric structure. Singeing
is an important part of pre-treatment. This is the burning off of protruding fiber ends from
the surface of the fabric. If not done properly, unclear print patterns, mottled fabric
surfaces, and pilling results.
Singeing of fabric is done in order to achieve the following objectives.
 To improve piling rating of fabric.
 To give a uniform luster to the surface.
 Removal of projection fiber.
Type of Singeing
 Plate singeing machine. In this type of singeing machine, the cloth passes over
and in contact with one or two heated curved copper plates. The thickness of the
plates ranges from 1 to 2 inches. The heating of the plates is done by a suitable
burning arrangement of gas mixed with air. The plates are heated to bright
redness and the cloth passes over and in contact with these plates at a speed
ranging from 150 to 250 yards per minute. Brass is a metal alloy made of copper
and zinc (melting point 900-1025°C)

 Roller Singeing Machine. In this type of singeing machine, the cloth passes
over and in contact with a heated rotary cylinder made of copper or cast iron. The
rotary cylinder has internal firing and revolves slowly so that constantly a fresh
surface of the roller comes in contact with the cloth. The direction of rotation of
the cylinder is opposite to the direction of the fabric so that the protruding fibers
or nap of the fabric is raised. In this type of singeing machine, the fabric passes
over a burning gas flame at such a speed that only the protruding fibers burn and
the main body of the fabric is not damaged by the flame.

Desizing
The removal of sizing material is called desizing. It is done in the desizing
chamber. In this way the sizing material is removed.
METHODS OF DESIZING
Following methods are used for desizing.
 Water Desizing
It is the oldest method for desizing. For this purpose we use hot water. If our
sizing material is soluble in water then it becomes soluble in water and is
removed in this way.
 Acid Desizing
For acid desizing, very dilute HCL ( Hydrochloric Acid) or H2SO4 (Sulfuric Acid)
is used for 4-8 hours. It is done at room temperature.
 Enzymatic Desizing
It is a traditional desizing procedure of degrading starch size on cotton fabrics
using enzymes. Enzymes are multipart organic, soluble bio-catalysts, created by
living organisms that catalyze chemical effect in a biological process.
Scouring
The term ‘scouring’ applies to the removal of impurities such as oils, waxes,
gums, soluble impurities and sold dirt commonly found in textile material and produce a
hydrophilic and clean cloth. The objective of scouring is to remove all the waxes and
pectins and to make the textile material hydrophilic and clean cloth.
Bleaching
Bleaching improves whiteness by removing natural coloration and remaining Commented [JP1]: What the fuck? Unsa daw
trace impurities from the cotton. The degree of bleaching necessary is determined by
the required whiteness and absorbency. Cotton being a vegetable fiber will be bleached
using an oxidizing agent, such as dilute sodium hypochlorite or dilute hydrogen
peroxide. However, for white bed sheetings and medical applications, the highest levels
of whiteness and absorbency are essential.
METHODS OF BLEACHING
Bleaching is done using different compounds such as:
 Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
 Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO)
 Sodium chlorite (NaClO2)
Mercerizing
Dye affinity and tensile strength of the cotton can be increased by mercerizing.
This gives knitwear a smoother feel and higher dimensional stability. Mercerizing is
specially applied on cotton products such as bed linen, table cloth, and fabric for
dresses. The material is treated with concentrated caustic soda solution the fiber
surface become smoother so that the light reflecting ability and thus, gloss is increased.
Dyeing
It is the process of coloring textile materials by immersing the cloth in an aqueous
solution of dye called dye liquor. Generally, the dye liquor consists of dye, water and
other such materials which increase the effect of dyeing. Heat is usually applied to the
liquor.
Some specific dyeing materials are mentioned for some fiber materials. Different
dyeing materials are used for different fiber materials. Various dyeing materials exist, as
the fiber possess different reactive groups due to their chemical structure.
 Direct Dyes
 Vat Dyes
 Reactive Dyes
 Sulfur Dyes Wool
 Acid Dyes
 Chrome Developed Dyes Polyester
 Disperse Dyes

Printing
 The main difference between printing and dyeing is that in dyeing the fabric is
given one color only by dipping in the solution of dye, whereas in printing, different
colors are applied according to the requirement of design.
PRINTING MACHINE
For printing, usually four types of machines are used:
• ROLLER PRINTING MACHINE
• MULTI ROLLER PRINTING MACHINE
• FLAT BELT PRINTING MACHINE
• ROTARY PRINTING MACHINE
Finishing Department
In the finishing department, the final process is done. The fabric is brought to finishing
department after bleaching, dyeing, or printing. Many qualities are produced in fabric
during finishing.
Finishing process is divided into two major portion.
1. Mechanical Finishing. This is surface treatment of textile by means of
specialmechanical processing machine. This process is used to develop the
special fabric characteristics e.g. Shearing, Gigging, Calendaring.

2. Thermal Finishing. Thermal Finishing includes finishing process that

requireswarmth, coating of chemical finishes and drying processes are
belong to this group.

V. EQUIPMENTS/ MACHINES
Cotton Gin
A machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds,
enabling much greater productivity than manual cotton separation.The cotton gin
separates seeds and removes the "trash" (dirt, stems and leaves) from the fiber.
Saw Gin. Circular saws grab the fiber and pull it through a grating that is too narrow for
the seeds to pass.
Roller Gin.It is used with longer staple cotton. A leather roller captures the cotton. A
knife blade, set close to the roller, detaches the seeds by drawing them through teeth in
circular saws and revolving brushes which clean them away
Scutching Machine
The scutching machine passes the cotton through a pair of rollers and then
struck with iron or steel bars called beaters. The beaters strike the cotton really hard
and in doing so, knock the seeds out.

Carding Machine
The carders line up the fibers nicely to make them easier to spin. The carding
machine consists mainly of one big roller with smaller ones surrounding it. All of the
rollers are covered in small teeth, and as the cotton progresses further on the teeth get
finer (i.e. closer together). The cotton leaves the carding machine in the form of a sliver;
a large rope of fibers.
Open-end Machine
Sliver from the card goes into the rotor, is spun into yarn and comes out,
wrapped up on a bobbin, all ready to go to the next step. The staples are blown by air
into a rotating drum, where they attach themselves to the tail of formed yarn that is
continually being drawn out of the chamber.
Yarn Gassing Machines
This machine is used as a Bunsen burner to heat the yarn, getting rid of excess
fuzz and deepening the color. In the machine, yarn is passed very rapidly through a
series of Bunsen gas flames in a gassing frame in order to burn off the projecting fibers
and make the thread round, smooth, and brighter.
 VI. TEXTILE PRODUCTS
Textile products can be divided into four main categories: apparel, home textiles,
automotive and technical textiles. Each market has its specific marketing environment.
Apparel
The most frequent changes occur in apparel as they follow fashion trends. The
apparel industry consists of cutting fabrics and other materials and sewing them together
to create apparel or accessories, including footwear, outerwear, pants, and tops. This
industry also includes lesser seen knitting mills. Accordingly, their supply chain varies the
most and may require partnerships with different suppliers. The gap between fashion
shows and consumers’ expectations has to be filled successfully. Textile suppliers (fiber
producers, spinners, weavers and finishers) have to be as flexible as possible.
Home Textiles
Home textile is a branch of technical textile comprising application of textiles in
household purposes. Home textiles are mainly used for their functional and aesthetic
properties which provides us the mood and also gives mental relaxation to the people.It
consists of a various range of functional as well as decorative products used mainly for
decorating our houses. A considerable portion of home furnishings consists of textiles. A
number of these furnishings are typical in households and are made according to certain
general methods of construction and composition. The basic home textiles may be
grouped as follows: Sheets and Pillowcases, Blankets, Terry towels, Table cloths, and
Carpets and Rugs.
Automative Textiles
Automotive textiles can encompass a variety of products from upholstery,
carpeting and headliner, to filters, tire cords and airbags.This automotive sector
consumes a lot of textile materials that may be visible or concealed in the vehicle.The
percentage of textile material used in motor car amounts to 2.2% of the overall weight of
the car.Nearly two-thirds of the automotive textiles are for interior trim, i.e. seat cover,
carpets and roof and door liners. The rest is utilized to reinforce tires, hoses, safety belts,
airbags, etc. It is projected that nearly 45 square meters of textile material is utilized in a
car for interior trim (seating area, headlines, side panel, carpet, and trunk).
Technical Textiles
Technical textiles are used in different forms in various industries like
construction, transport, agriculture, medical, hygiene, and sporting. In industrial
manufacturing operations, technical textiles are used for filters, machine clothing,
conveyor belts, and abrasive substrates. They are also incorporated into industrial
products such as electrical components and cables, flexible seals and diaphragms, and
acoustic and thermal insulation for other domestic appliances.Technical textiles include
textiles for automotive applications, medical textiles (e.g. implants), geotextiles
(reinforcement of embankments), agrotextiles (textiles for crop protection), and
protective clothing.(e.g. heat and radiation protection for fire fighter clothing).

VII. DEFINITION OF TERMS

 pelt – it is the skin of an animal or a beast with the hair on; a raw or undressed
hide; a skin preserved with the hairy or woolly covering on it
 weaving – a method of textile production in which two distinct sets of yarns or
threads are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or cloth
 peat bogs - a type of wetland whose soft, spongy ground is composed largely of
living and decaying Sphagnum moss; found throughout the world where cool
temperatures and adequate rainfall prevail
 loom – a device used to weave cloth and tapestry; hold the warp threads under
tension to facilitate the interweaving of the weft threads
 quilting – is the process of sewing two or more layers of fabric together to make
a thicker padded material, usually to create a quilt or quilted garment
 embroidery – the craft of decorating fabric or other materials using a needle to
apply thread or yarn; may also incorporate other materials such as pearls, beads,
quills, and sequins
 retting –a process employing the action of micro-organisms and moisture on
plants to dissolve or rot away much of the cellular tissues and pectins
surrounding bast-fibre bundles, and so facilitating separation of the fibre from the
stem
 carding - a mechanical process that disentangles, cleans and intermixes fibres
to produce a continuous web or sliver suitable for subsequent processing
 calico – breaks up locks and unorganised clumps of fibre and then aligns the
individual fibers to be parallel with each other
 muslin – a cotton fabric of plain weave and made in a wide range of weights
from delicate sheers to coarse sheeting
 modacrylic – relating to a synthetic textile fiber made from a polymer containing
a high proportion of units derived from acrylonitrile
 saran – a thermoplastic copolymer of vinylidene chloride and usually small
amounts of vinyl chloride or acrylonitrile: used as a fiber, for packaging, and for
making acid-resistant pipe
 mule –a machine used to spin cotton and other fibres
 bale –a large bundle of goods; a large closely pressed package of merchandise
bound and usually wrapped
 fibroin –a protein that is the chief constituent of silk and spider webs; one of the raw
states of silk
 sericulture –is the cultivation of silkworms to produce silk ;also known as silk
farming
 upholstery –is the work of providing furniture, especially seats, with padding,
springs, webbing, and fabric or leather covers

 VIII.CONCLUSION
The textile industry may be one of the strongest industries in our current society
yet. Aside from the industry’s old age, it has continued to evolve, survive and thrive
along with the people. The concept of textiles is as old as the human civilization and
through time, the production of textile continued to evolve to cater to the demands of the
society. Textile production grew from clothing and protection in the prehistoric ages to
industrial and technical applications in the present. Over time, the use and scope of
textiles expanded which is one of the reasons it has survived and thrived in the industry
for a very long time. The needs of the people changed and so did the textile industry.
In the beginning, textile production was discovered by our ancestors as a means
of reproducing clothing and body covering. Cotton is one of the oldest and most reliable
(and still is) material for producing textiles. Aside from comfort, cotton has other
characteristics which made it useful in other aspects as well, such as household use,
and gave birth to different kinds of textiles, one of which are home textiles. With the
textile industry having such a strong start with cotton textile production, no wonder it
would be able to stand side-by-side with humans for so long. It has a variety of uses
and continually proves itself to be necessary and convenient. In the present, textile
production serves as a support pillar to other industries as well due to its various
convenient qualities. The textile industry has continued proving over time that as society
evolves and the industry continues advancing, it will be able to continue catering to
whatever they need. Regardless, so long as people are in need of clothes made from
fabric and cloth, then the textile industry will never go out of business.
 IX. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Internet Sources:

 https://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/jom/0507/byko-0507.html
 https://www.thoughtco.com/textile-machinery-industrial-revolution-4076291
 https://www.questia.com/library/science-and-technology/technology/history-of-
textiles
 https://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2013/01/textile-raw-material-trm-
different.html?m=1
 https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/cotton-gins
 https://textileapex.blogspot.com/2015/11/different-types-of-home-textiles.html
 https://www.hsmemagazine.com/article/technical-textiles-1207
 https://textileapex.blogspot.com/2015/11/different-types-of-home-textiles.html
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/automotive-textile
 https://www.textilemates.com/automobile-textiles/
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/textile-product
 https://globaledge.msu.edu/industries/apparel-and-textiles/background

Book Sources:
 Tortora, Phyllis G., & Merkel, Robert S. (1996-01-10). ). “Fairchild's Dictionary of
Textiles (7th ed.)”. New York: Fairchild Publications. p. 567. Retrieved from
  Horrocks, A.R., & S.C. Anand. "Handbook of Technical Textiles." The Textile
Institute. Woodhead Publishing Limited (2000). Retrieved from

 Calladine, Anthony; Fricker, Jean (1993). East Cheshire Textile Mills. London:
Royal Commission on Historical Monuments of England.

*all sources last viewed on 07-03-2019