What is a Raspberry Pi?

Raspberry Pi is the name of a series of single-board computers made by the Raspberry Pi

Foundation, a UK charity that aims to educate people in computing and create easier access
to computing education.

The Raspberry Pi launched in 2012, and there have been several iterations and variations
released since then. The original Pi had a single-core 700MHz CPU and just 256MB RAM,
and the latest model has a quad-core 1.4GHz CPU with 1GB RAM. The main price point for
Raspberry Pi has always been $35 and all models have been $35 or less, including the Pi
Zero, which costs just $5. The Raspberry Pi is a very cheap computer that runs Linux, but it
also provides a set of GPIO (general purpose input/output) pins that allow you to control
electronic components for physical computing and explore the Internet of Things (IoT).

HISTORY OF RASBERRY PI

In 2006, early concepts of the Raspberry Pi were based on the Atmel ATmega644
microcontroller. The first ARM prototype version of the computer was mounted in a package
the same size as a USB memory stick. It had a USB port on one end and a HDMI port on the
other.
In August 2011, fifty Alpha boards were manufactured. These boards were functionally
identical to the planned model B, but were physically larger to accommodate debug headers.
In October 2011, a version of RISC OS 5 was demonstrated in public, and following a year of
development the port was released for general consumption in November 2012.
In December 2011, twenty-five model B Beta boards were assembled and tested.
The first batch of 10,000 boards was manufactured in Taiwan and China.
Initial sales commenced 29 February 2012[47] at 06:00 UTC;. At the same time, it was
announced that the Model A, originally to have had 128 MB of RAM, was to be upgraded to
256 MB before release.
On 16 April 2012 reports started to appear from the first buyers who had received their
Raspberry Pi. As of 22 May 2012 over 20,000 units have been shipped. On 16 July 2012 it
was announced that 4000 units were being manufactured per day, allowing Raspberry Pis to
be bought in bulk. On 5 September the Raspberry Pi Foundation announced a second revision
of the Model B Raspberry Pi. On 6 September 2012 it was announced that going forward the
bulk of Raspberry Pi units would be manufactured in the UK, at Sony’s manufacturing
facility in Pencoed, Wales. The foundation estimates the plant will produce 30,000 units per
month, and will create about 30 new jobs. On 20 April 2012 the schematics for the Model-A
and Model-B were released by the Raspberry Pi foundation.
What Raspberry Pi models have been released

There have been three generations of Raspberry Pis: Pi 1, Pi 2, and Pi 3, and there has
generally been a Model A and a Model B of most generations. Model A is a cheaper variant
and tends to have reduced RAM and ports like USB and Ethernet. The Pi Zero is a spinoff of
the original (Pi 1) generation, made even smaller and cheaper.

 Raspberry Pi 1 model B
 Raspberry Pi 1 model A
 Raspberry Pi 1 model B+
 Raspberry Pi 1model A+
 Raspberry Pi Zero
 Raspberry Pi 2
 Raspberry Pi 3 model B
 Raspberry Pi Zero W

APPLICATION OF RASBERRY PI

The raspberry pi boards are used in many applications like Media streamer, Arcade machine,
Tablet computer, Home automation, Carputer, Internet radio, Controlling robots, Cosmic
Computer, Hunting for meteorites, Coffee and also in raspberry pi based projects

1)Raspberry Pi based Motor Speed Control

2) Auto Intensity control of Street lights by using Raspberry Pi

PIN DIAGRAM OF RASBERRY PI

ARDINO

Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company, project and user community that
designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building
digital devices. Its products are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License
(LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL),[1] permitting the manufacture of Arduino
boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in
preassembled form or as do-it-yourself (DIY) kits.

Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are
equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to
various expansion boards ('shields') or breadboards (For prototyping) and other circuits. The
boards feature serial communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on
some models, which are also used for loading programs from personal computers. The
microcontrollers can be programmed using C and C++ programming languages. In addition
to using traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino project provides an integrated
development environment (IDE) based on the Processing language project.

History

The Arduino project was started at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Ivrea,
Italy.[2] At that time, the students used a BASIC Stamp microcontroller at a cost of $50, a
considerable expense for many students. In 2003 Hernando Barragán created the
development platform Wiring as a Master's thesis project at IDII, under the supervision of
Massimo Banzi and Casey Reas. Casey Reas is known for co-creating, with Ben Fry, the
Processing development platform. The project goal was to create simple, low cost tools for
creating digital projects by non-engineers. The Wiring platform consisted of a printed circuit
board (PCB) with an ATmega168 microcontroller, an IDE based on Processing and library
functions to easily program the microcontroller.[4] In 2005, Massimo Banzi, with David
Mellis, another IDII student, and David Cuartielles, added support for the cheaper ATmega8
microcontroller to Wiring. But instead of continuing the work on Wiring, they forked the
project and renamed it Arduino.[4]

The initial Arduino core team consisted of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe,
Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis,[2] but Barragán was not invited to participate.[4]

Following the completion of the Wiring platform, lighter and less expensive versions were
distributed in the open-source community.

It was estimated in mid-2011 that over 300,000 official Arduinos had been commercially
produced,[5] and in 2013 that 700,000 official boards were in users' hands.[6]

In October 2016, Federico Musto, Arduino's former CEO, secured a 50% ownership of the
company. In April 2017, Wired reported that Musto had "fabricated his academic record....
On his company's website, personal LinkedIn accounts, and even on Italian business
documents, Musto was until recently listed as holding a PhD from the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology. In some cases, his biography also claimed an MBA from New York
University." Wired reported that neither university had any record of Musto's attendance, and
Musto later admitted in an interview with Wired that he had never earned those degrees.

Different Types Of Arduino Boards

 Arduino Uno (R3)
 LilyPad Arduino
 Red Board
 Arduino Mega (R3)
 Arduino Leonardo

Features of Arduino Boards

Arduino Board Processor Memory Digital I/O Analogue I/O

2KB SRAM, 32KB

Arduino Uno 16Mhz ATmega328 14 6 input, 0 output
flash

84MHz 96KB SRAM, 512KB

Arduino Due 54 12 input, 2 output
AT91SAM3X8E flash

16MHz 8KB SRAM, 256KB

Arduino Mega 54 16 input, 0 output
ATmega2560 flash

16MHz 2.5KB SRAM, 32KB

Arduino Leonardo 20 12 input, 0 output
ATmega32u4 flash

Applications of Arduino Technology

1)The Obstacle Avoidance Robot Operated with Arduino

2)Arduino based Controlling of Electrical Appliances using IR

3) Arduino based Home Automation

4) Underground Cable Fault Recognition using the Arduino Board

PIN DIAGRAM OF ARDUINO