BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION

(Civil Engineering)
Time: 3 Hours Max Marks: 70
PART – A (10x2 = 20 Marks)
Q. No Question BL CO Scheme
and
Solution
1.a Define dressing of Stones. L-1CO-1 Definitions of
Dressing of Stone is the working of quarried stone into the shape and size required for dressing of
use. This can be necessary as stones obtained from quarrying generally do not have the Stones 1M
exact required dimensions or finish. Explanation
Stone dressing requires considerable technical skill, as well as a good understanding 1M
of materials, design drawings and specifications.
b. What are the requirements of good stone masonry? L-1CO-3 Requirements
Strength: Compressive strength of building stones generally fall within the range of 60 of good stone
to 200N/mm2.
Durability: Building stones should be capable to resist the adverse effects of natural masonry 4
forces like wind, rain and heat. points
Appearance: In the case of the stone used for face work, where appearance is a 0.5*4=2M
primary factor, its colour and ability to receive polish is an important factor.
Hardness: When stones are used in floors, pavements or aprons of bridges, they
become subjected to wearing and abrasive forces caused by movement of men or
machine over them.
Toughness: Toughness of stones means it ability to resist impact forces. Building
stones should be tough enough to sustain stresses developed due to vibrations.
Porosity and Absorption: A good stone should not be porous, rain water, enter the
pores which is generally acidic, Chemical Composition of Stone Limestone and weak
sandstone are relatively less durable than a good sandstone, granite or gneiss.
Texture: The texture of a stone indicates the arrangement of its constituent minerals.
Good building stone should be homogeneous in structure.
c. What do you mean by precast construction? L-1CO-3 Explanation of
Precast concrete is an alternative to cast-in-situ concrete. While cast-in-situ concrete is precast
cast in its actual location, precast concrete is cast at another location, either at the
building site or in a factory, and is then lifted to its final resting place and fixed construction
securely. This means that unlike cast-in-situ construction, which is monolithic or with 4 points
continuous, precast concrete buildings are made of separate pieces that are bolted or 0.5*4=2M
connected together.
d. Explain various requirements of good stairs? L-2CO-5 Mentioning
Staircase should be located such that it can be easily accessible from different rooms requirements
of the building.
Generally for domestic buildings 1 m (3.3 feet) width is sufficient, while for public of good stairs
buildings 5 to 2.0 m (5 to 6.5 feet) width is required. with 4 points
For the comfortable ascent and descent of stairway, it is recommended that the number 0.5*4=2M
of steps in a single flight should not be more than 12 and less than 3.
The pitch of stair should not be more than 45 degree in any type of stairs, so that
climbing the stairs is less tiresome and dangerous.
The introduction of winders in a stair should be avoided if possible. They are
dangerous and increase the cost of construction.
e. What do you mean by Underpinning and scaffolding? L-1CO-6 Definition of
Underpinning is a method for repair and strengthening of building foundations. Underpinning
Underpinning methods, procedures and their applications in strengthening of different
types of foundations is discussed in this article. 1M
Scaffolding is a temporary structure to support the original structure as well as Definition of
workmen used it as a platform to carry on the construction works. Types of scaffolding scaffolding
vary with the type of construction work. Scaffolding is made up of timber or steel. It 1M
should be stable and strong to support workmen and other construction material placed
on it.
 PART – B (5x10 = 50 Marks)
Q. No Question and BL CO Scheme
Solution
2 Explain requirements of good bricks? Describe in detail different types of L4 CO1
Classifications of brick
Requirements of good bricks 3M
 Bricks should be uniform in color, size and shape. Standard size of brick
Each
should be maintained.
 They should be sound and compact. REQUIREMENT
 They should be free from cracks and other flaws such as air bubbles, stone 0.5M
nodules etc. with sharp and square edges.
 Salt attack hampers the durability of brick. The presence of excess soluble
salts in brick also causes efflorescence.
 Bricks should neither over-burnt nor under-brunt.
 Bricks should be non-inflammable and incombustible.
Describe in detail different types of Classifications of brick.
On the basis of quality, Bricks are of the following kinds:
First Class Brick: The size is standard. The color of these bricks is uniform yellow
or red. It is well burnt, regular texture, uniform shape. The absorption capacity is less
than 10%, crushing strength is, 280kg/cm2 (mean) where it is 245
kg/cm2 (minimum). It doesn’t have efflorescence. It emits a metallic sound when 7M
struck by another similar brick or struck by a hammer. It is hard enough to resist any 3 classification
fingernail expression on the brick surface if one tries to do with a thumbnail. It is free
from pebbles, gravels or organic matters. It is generally used- 2M
Second Class Brick: The size is standard, color is uniform yellow or red. It is well 4th class of bricks
burnt, slightly over burnt is acceptable. It has a regular shape; efflorescence is not 1M
appreciable. The absorption capacity is more than 10% but less than 15%. Crushing
strength is 175kg/cm2(mean) where the minimum is 154 kg/cm2. It emits a metallic
sound when struck by another similar brick or struck by a hammer. It is hard enough
to resist any fingernail expression on the brick surface if one tries to do with a
thumbnail. It is used for the construction of one-storied buildings, temporary shed
when intended durability is not more than 15 years.
Third Class Brick: The shape and size are not regular. The color is soft and light red
colored. It is under burnt, slightly over burnt is acceptable. It has extensive
efflorescence. The texture is non-uniform. The absorption capacity is more than 15%
but less than 20%. The crushing strength is 140kg/cm2(mean) where the minimum
crushing strength is 105kg/cm2. It emits a dull or blunt sound when struck by another
similar brick or struck by a hammer. It leaves fingernail expression when one tries to
do with the thumbnail.

3 Explain in detail various methods involved in Quarrying . L5 CO1

Stones occur in the form of natural rock masses or layers on the surface. The process Hand tools (3
of extraction of suitable stones from their natural rock beds or layers is commonly types explanation
called Quarrying of Stones.
Methods of Quarrying of Stones. with sketch)
Quarrying methods are classified differently. It is convenient to divide them under 4M
two main headings, namely, quarrying without blasting and quarrying by blasting.
Quarrying of Stones Without Blasting. Machine
In these methods, blocks of rocks are broken loose from their natural outcrops by
men using hand tools or special purpose channeling machines. quarrying (6
No explosive material is used at any stage in this method of quarrying of stones. Soft points )
rocks and also those rocks which have layered structure are easily quarried by these 3M
methods. As a first step, the loose cover of soil over the rock (the over-burden) is first
removed and the rock surface is cleared.
The Wedge Method of Quarrying: Blasting ( 2 types
It is consists of digging a few holes at carefully selected places on the rock. These explanation)
holes are dug either manually using chisels or hammers by the skilled workers. Or, in 3M
major quarrying, these holes may be drilled by special machines called hammer
drills.
Once the hole is ready, a steel wedge is inserted in between two steel strips or
feathers. This is done with all the holes drilled in a sequence.
Such firmly inserted wedges are then struck with a hammer almost simultaneously.
This process develops cracks along the lines joining the holes.
After that, long iron bars are inserted in the holes and cracks, and then the blocks of
the rocks are pushed forward onto the free face of a quarry.
Quarrying of Stones by Blasting.
This method consists of using explosives for breaking stones from very hard rocks. It
has been observed that quarrying of granites, basalts, traps, quartzites,
 and sandstones by wedging and other methods is very laborious and costly.
These hard rocks, however, can be loosened economically and easily by using
explosives. The basic principle of this method is to explode a small quantity of an
explosive material at a calculated depth within the rocks.
4 Explain in detail the manufacturing of Cement by dry process method with a Flow Chart - 2M
Flow Diagram. L5 CO2
Manufacturing of Cement Explanation of
In the manufacturing of cement, the following three important and any 4 stages
distinct operations occur: 2*4=8M
Mixing of Raw materials.
Burning
Grinding
The process, by which cement is manufactured, depends upon the technique adopted
in the mixing of raw materials. Therefore, on the basis of mixing the raw materials,
the processes may be classified as:-
WET PROCESS
DRY PROCESS
Out of these dry process is generally used.
Mixing of Raw Materials : The raw materials i.e. argillaceous and calcareous
materials are undergo the following stages :-
Crushing : The raw materials , first of all , are broken in crushers to small fragments
that vary in size.
Drying: The crushed materials are dried by heating at a sufficiently high temperature.
It may be done in drying kilns.
Reduction of size: The drying materials are then grind by using ball mills and tube
mills to reduce the size of materials to find powder.
Mixing in correct proportion : The finely dried materials are mixed in exact
proportions . The mixing may be done either mechanically or by pneumatic
methods(e. pumped under pressure).
Cement Manufacturing Process Flow Chart
(i) Drying Zones : In the wet process, the drying zone is comparatively larger than
dry process. In is because the raw material in slurry form is directly fed into the kiln
which has more amount of water. As shown in the figure it is the upper portion of the
kiln . In this zone, water is evaporated at temperature 100-400°C.
(ii) Formations of modules: As the slurry gradually descends in the kiln , the carbon
di oxide from slurry evaporates and small lumps formed which may be called as
modules.
(iii) Burning Zone:- The modules enter in this zone where temperatures is kept about
1400-1500° C. The modules are converted into dark greenish balls and the product
obtained in the kiln , known as clinker, is of varying size 5 to 20 mm. The clinkers
are very hot when come out from this zone.
(iv) Cooling of Clinkers:- As shown in figure another rotary kiln is provided in an
opposite direction which is also inclined. It is used for cool down the clinkers up to
about 90°C.
Grinding: The cooled clinkers are finally ground in ball mills or tube mills.Also, the
gypsum is added during grinding about 2-4% . The gypsum acts as a retarder and so
allows the cement to mix with sand or aggregate and to be placed in postion. i.e. it
increases the initial setting time of cement.
Storage and Packing : As cement comes out from grinding mills, it is collected in a
hopper and taken in bucket elevator for storages in silos.
The cement from silos is packed by machines in bags. Each bag of cement contains
50 kg or 0.035 m3 of cement.
5 Explain in detail the types and requirements of mortars. L5 CO2
Mortar is produced by mixing a binding material (cement or lime) with fine aggregate Requirement of
(sand, surki, etc) with water. For construction purpose, different types of mortar are mortars 6 points
used. Depending upon the materials used for mortar mixture preparation, the mortar
could be classified as follows. 0.5*6=3M
Cement Mortar Types of mortars
Lime Mortar List - 2M
Surki Mortar 2 types
Gauged Mortar
Mud Mortar explanation
Cement Mortar 2.5* 2 = 5M
Cement mortar is a type of mortar where cement is used as binding material and sand
is used as fine aggregate. Depending upon the desired strength, the cement to the
sand proportion of cement mortar varies from 1:2 to 1:6.
Lime Mortar
Lime mortar is a type of mortar where lime (fat lime or hydraulic lime) is used as
binding material and sand is used as fine aggregate. The lime to the sand proportion
of cement mortar is kept 1:2. The pyramids at Giza are plastered with lime mortar.
Gauged Mortar
Gauged mortar is a type of mortar where cement and lime both are used as binding
material and sand is used as fine aggregate. Basically, it is a lime mortar where
cement is added to gain higher strength. The process is known as gauging. The
cement to the lime proportion varies from 1:6 to 1:9. Gauged mortar is economical
than cement concrete and also possess higher strength than lime mortar.
Surki Mortar
Surki mortar is a type of mortar where lime is used as binding material and surki is
used as fine aggregate. Surki mortar is economic.
Mud Mortar
Mud mortar is a type of mortar where mud is used as binding material and sawdust,
rice husk or cow-dung is used as fine aggregate. Mud mortar is useful where lime or
cement is not available.

It is always desirable to use the best mortar in constructions. Therefore, the properties
of a good mortar must be investigated. Generally, good mortar possesses following
properties-
The main quality that mortar should possess is adhesion. Good mortar should provide
good adhesion to building units (bricks, Stones etc).
Mortar should be water resistant. It should have the capability of resisting the
penetration of water.
Deformability of mortar should be low.
Mortar should be cheap.
Mortar should be easily workable in the site condition.
The mobility of mortar should be good. It helps the mortar to be paved thinly and
evenly.
It should possess high durability.
To improve the speed of construction, good mortar should set quickly.

6 What are various requirements of good foundation? Explain in detail L5 CO3 Requirements of
different types of Foundations. good foundation
Requirements of Good Foundation
The foundation, including the underlying soil and rock, must be safe against a 6 points
structural failure that could result in collapse. For example, the foundation for a 0.5*6=3M
skyscraper must support the great weight of the building above on a relatively narrow Different types of
base without danger of overturning. Foundations
During the life of the building, the foundation must not settle in such a way as to
damage the structure or impair its function. List
It should be adequately rigid to minimize differential settlement specifically when 2M
superimposed loads are distributed unevenly. Any two types
The foundation must be feasible, both technically and economically, and practical to explanation with
build without adverse effects on surrounding property.
The ability of foundation to safely support and transfer combined dead loads, live sketch
loads, horizontal loads such as wind and earthquake to subsurface soil in one of the 2.5*2=5M
most prime design requirements.
The depth of foundation should be adequate so that it prevents overturning, and
protects the building against damage or distress caused by swelling or shrinkage of
the subsoil. Soil bearing capacity is good at sufficient depth.
Foundation structure should be designed in such as way that possess enough safety
against exceptional future loads for example earthquake and overloading.
It should resist attack from chemicals in soil. Various harmful materials like sulfates
may be present in groundwater and soil that deteriorate concrete foundation. Sulphate
attack can usually be offset by using sulphate resisting cement, but even this would
not be a perfect alternative to the problem unless sufficient care is taken in placing
the concrete, by vibrating and curing.
Different types of Foundations.
In general, all foundations are divided into two categories, such as
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
DEEP FOUNDATIONS.
The terms Shallow Foundation and Deep Foundation refer to the depth of the soil at
which the foundation is placed. Generally, if the width of the foundation is greater
than the depth of the foundation it is labeled as “Shallow Foundation” and if the
width of the foundation is smaller than the depth of the foundation it is called as
“Deep Foundation.”
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Several types of shallow foundations are discussed below:
1. Isolated Spread Footing
This is the most common and simplest type of foundation as this is the most
economical type of foundation.
Isolated footing type foundation consists of footing at the base of the column. This
type of foundations is independent footings. Usually, each column has its own
footing. The footing directly transfers the loads form the column to the soil. The
footings may be rectangular, square or circular in shape. The size of the footing can
be roughly calculated by dividing the total load at the column base by the allowable
bearing capacity of the soil.
2. Wall Footing or Strip footing
This type of footing is used to distribute loads of structural load-bearing walls to the
ground. Wall foundation runs along the direction of the wall. The width of the wall
foundation is generally 2-3 times of the width of the wall.
3. Combined Footing
The combined footing is very similar to the isolated footing. When the columns of the
structure are closely placed, or the bearing capacity of the soil is low and their footing
overlap each other, combined footing is provided.
The foundations which are made common to more than one column are
called combined footings. They may be rectangular, tee-shaped or trapezoidal in
shape. The main objective is the uniform distribution of loads under the entire area of
footing. For this is necessary to coincide the center of gravity of the footing area with
the center of gravity of the total loads.
4. Strap Footing
Strap footings are similar to combined footings and reasons for considering or
choosing strap footing is similar to the combined footing.
In strap footing, the footings under the columns are built individually and connected
by strap beam. Generally, when the edge of the footing cannot be extended beyond
the property line the exterior footing is connected by strap beam with interior footing.
5. Raft or Mat Foundation
Raft or Mat foundations are used where other shallow foundation or pile foundation
is not suitable. It is also recommended in situations where the bearing capacity of the
soil is poor, the load of the structure is to be distributed over a large area or structure
is constantly subjected to shocks or jerks.
Raft foundation consists of a reinforced concrete slab or T-beam slab placed over the
entire area of the structure. In this type of foundation, the entire basement floor slab
acts as the foundation. The total load of the structure is spread evenly over the entire
area of the structure. This is called Raft because in this case, the building seems like a
vessel which floats on a sea of soil.
DEEP FOUNDATIONS.
1. Pile Foundation
Pile foundation is a common type of deep foundation. They are used to reduce cost
and when as per soil condition considerations, it is desirable to transmit loads to soil
strata which are beyond the reach of shallow foundations.
Pile is a slender member with a small cross-sectional area compared to its length. It is
used to transmit foundation loads to a deeper soil or rock strata when the bearing
capacity of soil near the surface is relatively low. Pile transmits load either by skin
friction or bearing. Piles are also used for resist structures against uplift and provide
structures stability against lateral and overturning forces.
2. Pier Foundation
Pier is an underground structure that transmits heavier load which cannot be
transmitted by shallow foundations. It is usually shallower than pile foundations.
Pier foundation is a cylindrical structural member which transfer heavy load from
 superstructure to the soil by end bearing. Unlike pile, it can only transfer load by
bearing and by not skin friction.

7 Define stone masonry? Explain the English bond and Flemish bond with neat L5 CO3
sketches. Definition stone
Masonry means construction of buildings using building blocks like stone, bricks, masonry
concrete blocks etc.
Masonry is used for the construction of foundation, plinth, walls and columns. Mortar 2M
is the binding material for the building blocks. In this article different types of stone Explanation of
masonry used are explained and points to be observed while supervising stone the English
masonry works are listed. bond 4 points
Types of bonds in brick masonry wall construction are classified based on laying and
bonding style of bricks in walls. The bonds in brick masonry is developed by the with neat
mortar filling between layers of bricks and in grooves when bricks are laid adjacent sketches
to each other and in layers in walls. 0.5*4+2=4M
ENGLISH BOND Explanation of
English bond in brick masonry has one course of stretcher only and a course of
header above it, i.e. it has two alternating courses of stretchers and headers. Headers
the Flemish
are laid centered on the stretchers in course below and each alternate row is vertically bond 4 points
aligned. with neat
To break the continuity of vertical joints, quoin closer is used in the beginning and sketches
end of a wall after first header. A quoin close is a brick cut lengthwise into two
halves and used at corners in brick walls.
0.5*4+2=4M

FLEMISH BOND
For the breaking of vertical joints in the successive courses, closers are inserted in
alternate courses next to the quoin header. In walls having their thickness equal to
odd number of half bricks, bats are essentially used to achieve the bond.
Flemish bond, also known as Dutch bond, is created by laying alternate headers and
stretchers in a single course. The next course of brick is laid such that header lies in
the middle of the stretcher in the course below, i.e. the alternate headers of each
course are centered on the stretcher of course below. Every alternate course of
Flemish bond starts with header at the corner.
The thickness of Flemish bond is minimum one full brick. The disadvantage of using
Flemish bond is that construction of Flemish bond is difficult and requires greater
skill to lay it properly as all vertical mortar joints need to be aligned vertically for
best effects. For the breaking of vertical joints in the successive courses, closers are
inserted in alternate courses next to the quoin header. In walls having their thickness
equal to odd number of half bricks, bats are used to achieve the bond.
8 What do you mean by a lintel? List various functions and classification of L5 CO4
Lintels.
A lintel is one type of beam which used to support the above wall when openings Definition of
like doors, windows, etc. are necessary to provide a building structure. The main
lintel
function of the lintel is to take loads coming from the above wall and transfer its load
to the side walls. 2M
The lintel beam generally ends into the masonry wall so as to convey the weight Any 4 functions
carried by them to the masonry walls and its width is the same to the wall width. The 0.5*4=2 M
lintel can also be used as a decorative architectural element.
List the types
Followings are the function of lintel beams:
Lintel supports the walls above the openings like doors, windows, etc. of lintels
Lintels provide a safeguard of the windows and doors. 2M
Lintel withstands the imposed loads coming from above bricks or block including the Explanation of
roofing members. any two types
The lintel is used to transfer all imposed loads to the side walls.
Sometimes lintels are used as a decorative architectural element. of lintels with
Depending on the costing and availability of materials, different materials are used line diagram
for lintel construction. Lintels are classified into the following types according to the 2*2=4M
materials of their construction:
Timber lintel
Stone lintel
Reinforced concrete lintel
Brick lintel
Reinforced brick lintel
Steel lintel
Timber Lintel
Timber lintels are mainly used in the hilly areas where timbers are available. But in
plain areas, uses of timber are limited because of the high cost.
Stone Lintel
This type of lintel is mainly used in this area where the stone is abundantly available.
Its use is mainly confined to stone masonry structures. There are some disadvantages
to using stone lintel. Firstly, its high cost and secondly its inability to withstand
excessive transverse stress.
Reinforced Concrete Lintel
At present, reinforced concrete lintels are very common in use because of their
durability, rigidity, strength, and fire-resisting properties. They are suitable for heavy
loads and larger span. Also, they are economical and easy in construction. The main
advantage of the RC lintels is being the adaptability to suit any size and shape. RCC
lintels can be either pre-cast or cast-in-situ. Generally, pre-cast reinforced cement
concrete lintels are used when the lintel span is smaller. Lintel width should be the
same as wall width. The depth of lintel depends on the length of the span and the
loading’s magnitude.
Brick Lintels
Brick lintels are constructed with hard, well burnt first-class brick. It can be formed
as bricks on end, bricks on edge and coursed bricks laid horizontally over openings.
Reinforced Brick Lintels
Heavy loadings and larger span length are the problems for brick lintels. These can be
overcome by using the reinforcement bars. Reinforced brick lintels thus provide more
support than the brick lintels.
The arrangement of the bricks should be such as that there is enough space in
lengthwise between the adjacent bricks for the insertion of mild steel bars as
reinforcement. After insertion bars, the remaining gap is filled with 1:3 cement
mortar. 6 mm bars are used as vertical stirrups at every 3rd vertical joints. 8 to 10 mm
bars placed at the bottom are used as main reinforcement.
Steel Lintels
Steel inlets can be suitable when the superimposed loads are heavy and the opening
gaps are large. Steel lintels are more preferable when the depth of lintel plays an
important role because the designer cannot ignore the depth of reinforced concrete
lintels due to heavy loads.
9. What is the requirement of good roof? Explain in detail various types of roof. L5 CO4

It may be defined as the uppermost part of the building, provided as a structural Requirement of
covering, to protect the building from weather. good roof with 4
Structurally, a roof is constructed in the same way as an upper floor, though the
shape of its upper surface may be different. points 0.5*4=2M
Roof consists of structural elements which support roof is roof covering. Mentioning types
The roof coverings may be A.C. sheets, G.I. sheets, wooden shingles, tiles, slab of roof
itself. 2M
Requirements of a Roof:
It should be durable against the adverse effects of various agencies such as wind, Explanation of
rain, sun etc. any two types of
It should grant the desirable insulation against sound and heat. roof with
It should be structurally stable and sound, it should be capable of taking the loads sketches
likely to come over it.
It should be well-drained. 3*2=6M
It should have efficient water-proofing arrangement.
10 What are the terminologies used in ventilators? Explain briefly various types L5 CO5
of ventilators , doors and windows. Defining the
Terminologies used in ventilators terminologies used
in ventilators
Types of Door:- 2M
 Battened & ledged doors Mentioning the
 Battened, ledged and braced doors types ventilators,
 Battened, ledged and framed doors
 Battened, Ledged , Braced & Framed Doors doors and windows
 Glazed Doors 3M
 Flush Doors Explanation of any
 Louvered Doors one type from
 Wire Gauged Doors ventilators, doors
 Revolving Doors
 Swing Doors and windows with
 Sliding Doors sketches
 Collapsible Steel Doors 1+1.5*2=5M
 Rolling Steel Shutter Doors

Types of window:-
 Fixed windows
 Pivoted window
 Double-hung window
 Sliding window
 Casement window
 Sash or glazed window
 Louvered window
 Circular window
 French window
 Corner window
 Bay window
 Dormer window
 Sky light
11 Explain briefly on building services. Explain geometrical design of RCC doglegged L5 CO5 Explanation of
stair. building services
any 6 points
HAND WRITTERN 0.5*6=3M
Explanation of
geometrical
design of RCC
doglegged stair
Mentioning
standard
dimensions
2M
Writing design
procedure
3M
Line diagram of
plan and
elevation
2M
12. What are the materials required for plastering? Explain briefly on stucco L2 CO6
plastering and lathe plastering?
Materials required for plastering Materials
Cement Mud, Gypsum hydrated lime, sand, and water.
Stucco plastering required for
Stucco is the common name for Portland Cement Plaster, which is applied either to plastering 6
the indoor or outdoor surfaces of buildings. Stucco is hard and durable. It’s also rot points
and fungus resistant. It’s a great low-cost home exterior material. It does not require 0.5*6=3M
a lot of maintenance.
Stucco is the name given to a decorative type of plaster which gives an excellent Explanation of
finish. Stucco plaster can be used for interior as well as exterior surfaces. It is stucco plastering
usually laid in three coats making the total thickness of the plaster to about 25mm. with minimum 4
the first coat is called the scratch coat ; the second a finer coat , also known as the points
brown coat , and the third is called white coat or finishing coat.
Stucco is applied by an industry specialist to the interior and exterior walls. An 1*4=4M
expert can apply the plaster manually or by using a machine. This Portland Cement Explanation of
Plaster can be used on concrete wall systems, or on a frame structure. It is used for lathe plastering
siding, or to cover concrete, cinder block, clay brick, or adobe. with minimum 4
Stucco, or Portland Cement Plaster, is a low-cost, strong, and durable finish. It can
points
be used in a wide variety of climates. It is versatile and can be applied to concrete,
concrete masonry, brick, wood frame, or steel frame. It is fire resistant and colour 1*4=4M
retentive. Thus, various pigments can be added to the plaster to give your stucco
exactly the appearance that you are looking for.
Lathe plastering
Lathing may be either of wood or that of panded metal. Wooden lathe consists of
thin strips of well seasoned wood.Lath and plaster walls provided a measure of
insulation, helping homes stay warmer in winter and cooler in summer.
Due to its density, the thick layer of plaster dampened the transfer of noise from one
room to the next. Older homes are often much quieter than new homes with interior
walls made from drywall.
Plaster is more fire resistant than drywall.
While plaster walls are smooth and flat, they contain slight surface trowel marks,
adding a desirable Old World feel to the character of a home.
Lath and plaster is more contour-friendly than rigid drywall panels. This makes it
easier to create custom curves and arches in walls and ceilings.
1.
13. What are the ingredients used in paints. Explain in detail the different types of L2 CO6
paints. Ingredients for
For most of the paints the basic ingredients are: each 0.5*4=2M
Solvent
Binder Different types
Pigment of paints
Additives 2M
Explanation of
Different types of paints
Whitewash: any three paints
Whitewash is a low-cost paint made from mixture of slaked lime or powdered 3*2=6M
chalk, size and water used for whitening walls.
Oil Paint:
Oil based paints are slow drying paints which consist of particles of pigment
suspended in a drying oil or oil varnish as the basic vehicle ingredient. The
commonly available oils are linseed oil, Tung oil, poppy oil, nut oil. Oil-based
paints are thicker and harder.
Emulsion Paint:
Emulsion Paints are basically water based paints. Water is used as a solvent in
emulsion paint. They dry quickly & flexible and hence are suitable for both external
as well as internal surfaces.
Cement Based Paint:
Cement-based paints are water based paint in which cement forms the base. Cement
is the main constituent in cement based paints which is responsible for the hardness
and durability of the painted surface. Cement Paint can be applied on the exterior as
well as interior walls.
Enamel Paint:
Enamel paints are oil based paints and with a considerably glossy finish. Enamel
Paints consists of white lead, zinc white, resinous matter and petroleum spirit.
Distemper Paint:
Distemper paints are water based paints. The major constituents of distemper are
chalk, lime, water and some colouring pigments if necessary. Distemper paints are
used for both interior and exterior walls.
Epoxy Paint:
Epoxy Paints are made from epoxy resin i.e. they form binders. Epoxy paints are
finished material. It is used primarily as a base covering which forms a hard and
shiny surface upon application.
Latex Paint:
A paint based on pigment and synthetic resin produced by emulsion polymerization,
as the principal constituent of the binder. They can be apply on walls and trim,
concrete, wood etc.
Textured Paint:
Texture paint consists of coarse grains (such as gypsum, sand, etc.) metal, ribbon,
lace, leather, etc. with the water-thinned binder used for creating a rough pattern
effect on a wall. They have become one of the most popular trends in painting as
different types of styles can be created on the wall.