Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
- NATURE OF TOURISM
- COMPONENTS OF TOURISM
- SCOPE OF TOURISM
- IMPACT OF TOURISM
- TOURISM IN INDIA
CHAPTER - II
NATURE, SCOPE AND DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM
This chapter is devoted to the discussion of nature, scope and
development of tourism - a global review and tourism in India. Tourism
is a basic and most desirable human activity deserving all encouragement
and support from the people and the governments. In 1950s tourism
was considered to be a privilege of a few rich and was not accessible to
lower and middle class people. But with a rise in income and standard
of living of common people in the country, it is within the reach of middle
and also working class people. Travel, today, is no more a privilege for
a particular class but is common for most of the people.
Tourism is not only an economic activity of importance for national
development but also an important medium of cultural exchange among
nations of the world. Although a lot of emphasis has been laid on the
economic role of tourism but it is time now to understand the importance
of tourism as a means of social education and social mobilisation in the
country itself. Before discussing the role of tourism in development of
an economy, its meaning should be properly understood. The concept
of tourism found vivid expression in the definition of the Swiss Professor
Hunziker and Krapf in the year 1942. They stated, "Tourism is the
totality of the relationship and phenomena arising from the travel and
stay of strangers, provided the stay does not imply the establishment of
permanent residence and is not connected with remunerated activity".
This definition brings out the following three distinct elements of tourism:
i. involvement of travel by non residents
ii. stay of temporary nature in the area visited, and,
iii. stay not connected with any activity involving earnings
Tourism was first studies by geographers half a century ago. Early
American geographers considered tourism as a distinct and significant
form of land used and concentrated on the economic aspect of tourism.
However, tourism is a composite phenomenon. Its other aspects like
social, recreational and cultural are equally important. In fact, tourist is
a holiday maker who is in search of relaxation, knowledge, pleasure,
etc. The recreational, social, educational and cultural aspects make
tourism a social phenomenon.
Conceptually tourism therefore, distinguishes in particular from the
related concept of leisure and recreation on the one hand and from the
travel and migration on the other.
Tourism in real sense is essentially a pleasure activity. In this, money
earned in one's normal place is spent in the places visited. It involves a
discretionary use of time, place and money. In short we can say that
tourism is travel which is temporary, voluntary and without any
remunerative employment.
NATURE OF TOURISM
tourists with sporting goods and other general range of goods. Hair
dressers, food stores, chemist shops, sport activities,banks and
natural curiosity in them to travel and discover how others live and
work.5
2.8
vi) Political Stability
Tourism in India has been developed mainly after independence
simply because tourism is a peace elastic phenomenon and prospers
best in peace. Only after independence there could be political
stability in India and relations with other countries of the world
could be developed. International understanding and cooperation
Effect on Prices
Tourism industry has a great impact on the prices of various
local customers and are at times in a mood to pay slightly extra price.
tourism as such.
Tourism can be visualised as an important factor activating the idle
resources of the nation. The tourist industry creates a demand for the
products which otherwise would remain idle. From this point of view,
few decades ago, are today successful tourist destinations. Even the
2.11
most prominent tour companies. Little-known areas such as New Guinea,
the outback of Australia and the remote Maidive Islands in the South
Indian ocean are visited by travellers every year. The amounts of money
spent by international travellers have also been steadily rising and, today,
tourism is one of the world's largest items in international trade. Equally
important is the social perspective, because tourism often involves
interaction between people from vastly different cultures. And when
this interaction takes place at the scale that tourism has assumed today
and 700 million people are crossing international borders for tourism
purposes, the potential for social impact and improved understanding is
obvious. Tourism has come a long way since the time of the Sumerians
and other ancient people who first began to travel for trade purposes.
Today tourism is viewed as an economic and social force of major
proportions in this world.6
Table No. 2.1 shows that the total international tourist arrival in the
entire world was 515.7 million in the year 1993. It increased to 50 million
in 1994. In 1995 it remained constant, but in 1996, it again increased to
597 million. It showed an increasing trend upto 2000 and it increased to
786 million in 2000. But in 2001, it showed a minor decline and it
decreased to 684 million. In 2002, it again showed an increasing trend
and it increased to 703 million. But, again in 2003 it showed a decreasing
2.13
International Tourist Arrival (World)
(Figure in Million)
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Table No. 2.2 shows that total tourism receipt of all the countries of
the world was US $ 321.9 billion in the year 1993. It showed an increasing
trend upto the year 2000 and it increased to US $ 477 bn in 2000 but in
the year 2001 it showed a decreasing trend and it decreased to US $
463.6 bn but in 2002 and 2003 it again showed an increasing trend and
it increased to US $ 474.2 and 515.4 bn respectively. In the year 2003,
though there was 1.2 percent decrease in tourist arrival, but tourism
receipt showed a healthy increase of 8.5 percent.
Table No. 2.3 shows that during the year 2000, 2001 and 2002
France, Spain, USA, Italy, China, U.K., Canada, Mexico, Austria and
Germany were at the top among leading tourist arrival countries. There
was no major change in this structure during these three years except
USA was at no. 2 and Spain at no. 3 in the year 2000, but during 2001
and 2002 Spain was at No. 2 and USA was at no. 3.
Table No. 2.4 shows that the top 10 countries in tourist receipts
during the year 2000 were USA, Spain, France, Italy, U.K., Germany,
China, Canada, Austria and Greece. In the year 2001 the upper four
positions remained the same. But China which was at No. 7 in 2000
went up at no. 5 in the year 2001 and U.K which was at no. 5 in 2000
went down to no. 7 in the year 2001. Other countries remained at their
same positions. In the year 2002 also there was no major change except
Hong-Kong which was at no. 13 in the year 2000 and 2001 went upto no.
9 and Austria which was at no. 9 during 2000 and 2001 went up to no. 8
in the year 2002. Canada which was at no. 8 during 2000 and 2001 went
down to no. 11 in the year 2002.
2.15
Table No. 2.2
International Tourist Receipts
(Figure in Billion US $)
2.16
International Tourist Receipts (World)
(Figure in Billion US $)
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
TABLE No. 2.3
2.18
TABLE No. 2.3 COTD
44. Andora 2949 44. Swedan 2894 44. Parto Rico 3087
50. India 2649 50. Tiawan 2617 50. Sirian Arab 2809
2.20
TABLE No. 2.4
13. Hong Kong 7886 13. Hongkong 8241 13. Macxico 8858
15. Russian Fed. 7510 15. Switerland 7618 15. Thailand 7902
16. Switzerland 7500 16. Russian Fed. 7510 16. Netherland 7706
2.21
TABLE No. 2.4
27. Brazil 4228 27. Taiwan 3991 27. Russian Fed. 4188
2.22
With all this growth, the total arrival of tourists represents only
worldwide.
and they will be spending about $ 2000 billion,
between 1995 and 2005, 144 million new jobs would have been
created in this sector -112 million of them being in the Asia Pacific
region alone.7
TOURISM IN INDIA
had a fascination for man. But much of the travel in the earlier times was
the case these days. The man in ancient times travelled as a merchant,
2.23
TABLE No. 2.3 COTD
22. Singapur 6917 22. Singapur 6726 22. Saudi Arab 7511
25. Saudi Arab 6295 25. Ireland 648 25. Belgium 6724
26. S. Africa 6001 26. Saudi Arab 6295 26. Makao 6565
41. Parto Rico 3341 41. Parto Rico 3551 41. Andora 3516
2.19
seek fortunes. Gradually, opening of new trade routes gave a big boost
to travel. Travellers from distant lands started moving about in large
numbers and made contacts with one another resulting in increased
flow of trade and commerce. Trade relations then matured into cultural
relations and better understanding of ways of life of different people.8
With the development of growth of civilization, conscious travel in
order to explore and see the world began. The invention of money by
the summerians and development of trade and commerce in about 4000
B.C. perhaps marked the beginning of the era of conscious travel.
Summerians first grasped the idea of money and used it in their various
commercial dealings. Many traders could pay for transportation as well
as accommodation either with money or by the exchange of goods.
Shulgi, the ruler of ancient Babylonia, claimed to have protected roads
and built rest houses a various places for respectable way - fares. The
forerunners of modern day accommodation, these rest houses were the
ideal places for halt for the ancient travellers.
Homer's odyssey records the wonder lust of the ancient Greeks.
The Phoenicians were probably the first real travellers in the modern
a few of countless facets of India which are matchless in their appeal. All
traditions and rich cultural heritage. In the words of Marik Twain, India
is "the one country under the sun that is endowed with an imperishable
interest for alien prince and alien peasant, for lettered and ignorant,
wise and good, rich and poor, bonded and free and on land that all men
desire to have seen and having seen once by even a glimpse would not
give that glimpse for the shows of all the globe combined."11 This sums
up the relationship of history with tourism and shows how these two put
economy.
Now a days tourism has become a part of life style in the advanced
2.26
coming of European colonisers in India, some adventurers and scholars
also undertook tours and excursions in all parts of India either for the
fun of exploring unknown natural beauty or for finding biological or
historical treasures hidden in different parts of the country. The
establishment of the beautiful hill towns of Shimla, Dalhousie, Mussoorie,
Nainital, Kasauli and the hill cantonments of Bakloh, Baloon, Daghshai
and many others are the result of the exploration of such wandering
Europeans in Himalayas. With the establishment of these hill stations,
European administrators started either visiting these hills during
scorching heat of summer months in Indian plains or shifting their entire
summer headquarters to these hill stations during summer months.12
As a result these towns evolved all the features of modern tourism
India was initiated in the year 1955 when the Sargent Committee was
Sir John Sargent, the then Educational Adviser to the Government. The
Branch and its activities in various directions. With the increase in its
the year 55-56 the Headquarters' establishment was increased from one
branch to four branches, each having wide ranging duties. The four
With a view to attract more and more foreign tourists in India, Tourist
2.28
The main functions of these offices were to supply upto date information
of places of tourist interest to the tourists, to acquaint them with various
formalities at the airports, to provide adequate number of seats on major
tourist routes on Indian Airlines and Railways, and to extend certain
concessions/incentives to various segments of travel industry.
Based on the research findings and past experience, the government
is now drawing up a country specific marketing strategy to concentrate
on potential market segments.
The Department of Tourism performs the main marketing function
through a network of 18 Govt, of India tourist offices located overseas
with specific area demarkations under six distinct regions13^ as given
below:-
i) New York - Responsible for the entire North American and South
American continent.
ii) Frankfurt - Responsible for Continental Europe
iii) London - Responsible for UK and Ireland.
iv) Dubai - Responsible for West Asia & South Africa.
v) Sydney - Responsible for Australia
vi) Tokyo - Responsible for East Asia.
Under these offices, there are sub-offices located at Los Angeles,
Toronto, Paris, Milan, Amsterdam, Madrid, Geneva, Stockholm, Bahrain,
Singapore, Kuala Lumpur and Bangkok. Government is also planning
to open a few more offices in other places, keeping in view the emerging
trends in international tourist traffic.
The Govt, of India had also established a Tourist Information
2.29
Network (TOURNET) to provide latest information to the tourists
interested to visit India. Steps are being taken to upgrade the TOURNET
software into a multimedia package which could be installed in all the
Govt, of India offices abroad. It would give instant information about the
mode of transport, food, accommodation, places of interest, cost and
services in different languages to the foreign tourists.
ON-GOING ECONOMIC REFORMS/LIBERALISATION PROCESS:
As a part of the far-reaching programmes of economic reforms and
liberalisation, the Government of India has targeted the tourism industry
for a significant growth by the turn of this century :
i) The Industrial policy statement -1991, has placed "hotels and tourism
related industry" as a high priority sector for development.
ii) A National Action Plan for Tourism was drawn up in 1992, which
envisaged the growth of tourist traffics (i.e. 5 million international
tourists by 2000 AD) .identification of new tourists areas for
development, improvement of tourist infrastructure, restructuring/
strengthening institutions for man-power development and
encouragement of private investment.
iii) A tourism "Synergy Programme" has also been formulated to
remove the imbalance in the basic infrastructure and to ensure an
integrated development of tourists facilities.
iv) Development of hotels is one of the highest priorities in
Government's tourism development plans. Foreign collaboration
has been encouraged by permitting 51% of equity participation in
hotel projects, along with more liberal rules for sharing the profits,
2.30
The Govt, is also giving an interest subsidy on loans. Further,
namely (i) The Hotel Corporation of India (ii) The India Tourism
Corporations and (iii) The Indian Tourism Transport Corporation of India.
tourist interest.
shows, music concerts, sound and light shows, etc. for tourists.
iv) Providing shopping facilities to tourists.
tourists at home.
and an ancient heritage of art, history and culture, her wonderful land
and people, India has the potential, par excellence, for development of
sea coasts, unique and varied vegetation patterns and fabulous wild life
wildlifers and the upcoming eco and rural tourist. Incidentally, this
country has had a rich tradition of tourism in the form of pilgrimages for
this, the concept of dharamsalas, guide books and guides (Pandas) was
planning that till date none of these age old religious destinations have
Unfortunately, despite this unique legacy, India, today, has a very meagre
2.35
Table No. 2.1 shows international tourist arrival to India was 1.8
million in the year 1993. It increased to 1.9 million in 1994. After that it
was increasing every year upto 2000 and it increased to 2.6 million in
the year 2000. But in the year 2001, it showed a decreasing trend and it
in the year 2003 it showed a good growth and it increased to 2.7 million.
The percentage increase during this period (1993 to 2003) was -5.5,
6.9, 12.6, 7.7, 3.8, -0.7, 5.2, 6.7, -4.2, -6.0 and 14.3 percent respectively.
Indias' over all average increase of last 11 years was higher (3.71%) as
compared to the world's over all increase (3.05%) during the same period.
During the same period, the India's share in total tourist arrival of the
Table No. 2.2 shows that India's Tourism foreign exchange earnings
were US $ 2.1 billion in the year 1993 and it was increasing every year
upto 2000. It increased to US $ 3.2 billion in the year 2000. But in the
increase in foreign exchange receipts during this period was -0.1, 7.0
13.7, 9.6, 2.0, 2.1, 5.3, -4.0, -3.9 and 20.9 respectively. Indias' average
foreign exchange receipts India was at No. 36 during 2000 and 2001.
But in 2002, it went down to No. 38. A small country - Singapur was at
No. 22 in the year 2000 and 2001 and at No. 23 in the year 2002, in
take time to benefit its new status. But even the limited success, Indian
tourism has had, has not been insignficant. WTTC's analysis reveals,
"travel and tourism's GDP and employment contribution is substantial
today and has an even greater potential for India during the next
decade:17
travel and tourism related activities. The Council has suggested a five