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ANTH 352 – Gender and Development
Spring 2015‐2016
Instructor Dr. Nida Kirmani
Room No. New SS Wing
Office Hours TBA
Email nida.kirmani@lums.edu.pk
Telephone
COURSE BASICS
Credit Hours 4
Lecture(s) 2 lectures per Duration 1hr 50mins
week
Recitation/Lab (per Nbr of Lec(s) Per Duration
week) Week
Tutorial (per week) Nbr of Lec(s) Per Duration
Week
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course is located at the intersection between development studies and gender studies. It is designed
to introduce students to the main issues and debates in the field of gender and development. The first
part of the course will introduce students to the field of gender and development, tracing its emergence
as a key area of concern amongst actors in the development field. It will then focus on key issues and
themes related to gender and development. While the course is largely focused on the experiences of
women, as this area has been neglected in ‘mainstream’ development discourse, it aims to explore gender
in a holistic manner—focusing also on the experiences and challenges of men and members of the
transgender community. Case studies will be used to illustrate certain themes, and many of these will be
drawn from South Asia in particular.
Questions to be explored in this course will include:
1. How has the field of gender and development evolved?
2. How has gender been approached by various development actors?
3. How has gender equality been defined in various contexts?
4. What are the major stumbling blocks to the achievement of gender equality?
5. What strategies have been adopted in order to achieve this goal, and what have been the critiques
of these strategies?
The course will also engage with local initiatives related to the field of gender and development, inviting
practitioners and researchers with expertise in the field when possible. Students will also be encouraged
to engage with the Saeeda Waheed Gender Initiative as student associates and to contribute to the
development of this as a centre for gender‐related research in Pakistan.
COURSE REQUIREMENTS AND GRADING
The course will be comprised of 26 sessions of 100 minutes each. The course will combine lectures with
student‐led presentations and group discussion. Therefore, attendance and class participation is critical
for student learning and performance. Students are also responsible for material covered in class that may
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not be part of the readings, and for doing the readings on their own. This is a reading intensive course.
Students will be assigned an average of 40‐50 pages of reading per session along with optional additional
readings. Failure to attend classes will strongly influence class participation and performance in the
course. Students are also expected to abide by the appropriate decorum during class attendance and
avoid disruptions.
From session 10 onwards, students will present a case study during the second half of class related to the
theme being discussed. Students will also be required to undertake an independent research project on a
topic related to the course. This project can be based on primary or secondary research. Students will be
required to do a formal presentation on their research at the end of the course along with writing an essay
detailing their project. There will also be two major assessments, one mid‐term and one final exam. These
will be in‐class and will be comprised of a combination of short answer and essay questions.
Class participation: 10%
Attendance: 5%
Presentation on case study: 10%
Mid‐term: 20%
Project Presentation: 10%
Final essay: 20%
Final exam: 25%
Grading Scale:
A+ 97 and above
A 93‐96
A‐ 90‐92
B+ 87‐89
B 83‐86
B‐ 80‐82
C+ 77‐79
C 73‐76
C‐ 70‐72
D 60‐69
Fail Below 60
STUDENT RESPONSIBILITIES
1. Attend the lectures and participate in the discussions: You will lose 5% of your total class
participation mark for every missed class after 3.
2. Be in class on time. If you are more than five minutes late in the beginning of class or after the
break, or if you leave class before it is over without prior permission from the instructor, you will
get an “absent” for that class.
3. Do the readings: It is essential for you to do all the assigned readings in order to actively
participate in group discussions.
4. Turn your cell phones OFF before entering the classroom. Use of cell phones can result in being
marked absent.
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COURSE ETHICS
The strength of the university depends on academic and personal integrity. Students are expected to
abide by the rules of academic and personal honesty. Serious ethical violations include cheating,
plagiarism, reuse of essays, improper use of the Internet and electronic services, unauthorized
collaboration, alteration of graded essays, forgery, lying, and unfair competition. For more information
on ethics, please refer to the student handbook and the plagiarism document distributed by the
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences. Specific instructions for the essay and the projects will
be circulated prior to the submission.
COURSE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
Through the lectures, reflection papers, essays, tests, and presentations, students will engage intensively
and critically with key theoretical perspectives on development, and a range of historical and
contemporary case studies. In terms of the learning goals identified by the department of humanities and
social sciences, the course aims to achieve goals 1, 3, and 4 as outlined in the LOA document.
Through class participation, presentation, reflection papers, and the essay, students will demonstrate the
ability to summarize, analyze, critique, and compare the key concepts, bodies of knowledge, and
perspectives used in sociology and political economy. In this case, the focus will be on the concepts and
perspectives related to development, as well as the empirical details of the various case studies. (Goal #
1 of LOA)
Through the group projects, students will demonstrate their ability to apply the key concepts,
methodologies, and perspectives learnt in the course to the Pakistani milieu. They will design a theme‐
based project and choose the appropriate tools, locations, research strategies, and medium for
representation for this purpose in consultation with the instructor. (Goal # 3 of LOA)
Through the review essay and the final exam, students will demonstrate the ability to engage with and
reflect on arguments in a critical manner, develop their own arguments systematically, and present the
comparative and/or critical arguments in the appropriate manner of academic writing. (Goal # 4 of LOA)
CLASS SCHEDULE
Session 1: Overview of the Field
Rist, Gilbert (2010) ‘Development as a Buzzword’, in Deconstructive Development Discourse: Buzzwords
and Fuzzwords, pp.19‐28
Rai, Shirin (2011) ‘The History of International Development: Concepts and Contexts’, in The Women,
Gender and Development Reader, edited by Nalini Visvanathan, Lynn Duggan, Nan Wiegersma and Laurie
Nisonoff, pp. 14‐21.
Kabeer, Naila (1994) ‘The Emergence of Women as a Constituency in Development,’ in Reversed Realities:
Gender Hierarchies in Development Thought, New Delhi: Kali for Women, pp. 1‐10
Pearson, Ruth (2000) ‘Rethinking Gender Matters in Development,’ in Poverty and Development into the
21st Century, Tim Allen and Alan Thomas (eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 383‐402
Momsen, Janet H. (2004) ‘Introduction: Gender is a Development Issue,’ Gender and Development,
London and New York: Routledge, pp. 1‐20.
Sessions 2: Women in Development
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Kabeer, Naila (1994) ‘Treating Cancer with a Bandaid? The Theoretical Underpinnings of WID,’ in Reversed
Realities: Gender Hierarchies in Development Thought, New Delhi: Kali for Women, pp. 11‐94.
Session 3: From WID to GAD
Naila Kabeer (1994). ‘’Same Realities, Different Windows: Structuralist Perspectives on Women in
Development,’ and ‘Connecting, Extending, Reversing: Development from a Gender Perspective,’ in
Reversed Realities: Gender Hierarchies in Development Thought, New Delhi: Kali for Women, pp. 11‐94.
Rai, Shirin (2011) ‘Gender and Development: Theoretical Perspectives,’ in The Women, Gender and
Development Reader, edited by Nalini Visvanathan, Lynn Duggan, Nan Wiegersma and Laurie Nisonoff, pp.
28‐37.
Session 4: Gender, colonialism and postcolonial continuities
Mohanty, Chandra. ‘Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses,’ Feminist Review.
No. 30, Autumn 1988, pp. 61‐88.
Haggis, Jane. ‘White Women and Colonialism: Towards a Non‐Recuperative History,’ pp. 161‐189
White, Sarah (2011) ‘The ‘Gender Lens’: A Racial Blinder,’ The Women, Gender and Development Reader,
edited by Nalini Visvanathan, Lynn Duggan, Nan Wiegersma and Laurie Nisonoff, pp. 95‐98.
Abu Lughod, Lila (2011) ‘Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural
Relativism and Its Others,’ The Women, Gender and Development Reader, edited by Nalini Visvanathan,
Lynn Duggan, Nan Wiegersma and Laurie Nisonoff, pp. 89‐94.
Session 5: The Machinery of Development
Molyneaux, Maxine (2008) ‘The Chimera of Success: Gender Ennui and the Changed International Policy
Environment,’ in Feminisms in Development, pp. 227‐240
Tsikata, Dzodzi (2008) ‘Announcing a New Dawn Prematurely: Human Rights Feminists and the Rights‐
based Approaches to Development,’ pp. 214‐226.
UN Women (2014) Women’s Right to Equality: The Promise of CEDAW (report)
http://asiapacific.unwomen.org/~/media/field%20office%20eseasia/docs/publications/2014/7/the%20p
romise%20of%20cedaw%20final%20pdf.ashx
Heyzer, Noeleen (2005) ‘Making the Links: Women’s Rights and Empowerment Are Key to Achieving the
Millennium Development Goals,’ Gender and Development, Vol. 13(1), pp.9‐12.
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Session 6: The Language of Gender and Development
Standing, Hilary (2008) ‘Gender, Myth and Fable: the Perils of Mainstreaming in Sector Bureaucracies’ pp.
101‐111
Subrahmanian, Ramya (2008) ‘Making Sense of Gender in Institutional Contexts: Some Reflections on
Gender Mainstreaming,’ pp. 112‐121
Woodford‐Berger, Susan (2008) ‘Gender Mainstreaming: What is it (about) and should we continue doing
it?’ pp. 122‐134
Mukhopadhyay, Maitrayee (2008) ‘Mainstreaming Gender or ‘Streaming’ Gender Away: Feminists
Marooned in the Development Business,’ pp. 135‐149
Smyth, Ines (2010) ‘Talking of Gender: Words and Meanings in Development Organisations,’ in
Deconstructive Development Discourse: Buzzwords and Fuzzwords, pp. 143‐151.
Session 7: The Illusion of Participation and Empowerment
Naila Kabeer (1994). ‘Empowerment from Below: Learning from the Grassroots,’ in Reversed Realities:
Gender Hierarchies in Development Thought, New Delhi: Kali for Women, pp. 223‐263.
Session 8: The Gendered Economy
Naila Kabeer (1994). ‘Benevolent Dictators, Maternal Altruists and Patriarchal Contracts: Gender and
Household Economics,’ in Reversed Realities: Gender Hierarchies in Development Thought, New Delhi: Kali
for Women, pp. 95‐135.
Harcourt, Wendy (2009) ‘Productive and Caring Bodies,’ Body Politics of Development: Critical Debates in
Gender and Development, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 68‐93
Elson, Diane (2011) ‘International Financial Architecture: A View from the Kitchen,’ The Women, Gender
and Development Reader, edited by Nalini Visvanathan, Lynn Duggan, Nan Wiegersma and Laurie Nisonoff,
pp. 295‐305.
Session 9: Poverty and Inequality
Naila Kabeer (1994). ‘Beyond the Poverty Line: Measuring Poverty and Impoverishing Measures,’ in
Reversed Realities: Gender Hierarchies in Development Thought, New Delhi: Kali for Women, pp. 136‐162.
Kabeer, Naila (2015) ‘Gender, Poverty and Inequality: A Brief History of Feminist Contributions in the Field
of International Development,’ Gender and Development, Vol. 23(2), pp. 189‐205.
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Chant, Sylvia (2008) ‘Dangerous Equations? How Female‐Headed Households became the Poorest of the
Poor: Causes, Consequences and Cautions,’ in Feminisms in Development: Contradictions, Contestations,
and Challenges, eds. Andrea Cornwall, Elizabeth Harrison, and Ann Whitehead, New Delhi: Zubaan, 35‐47.
Chant, Sylvia (2011) ‘The ‘Feminization of Poverty’ and the ‘Feminization’ of Anti‐Poverty Programmes:
Room for Revision?’ The Women, Gender and Development Reader, edited by Nalini Visvanathan, Lynn
Duggan, Nan Wiegersma and Laurie Nisonoff, pp. 174‐194.
Perrons, Diane (2015) ‘Gendering the Inequality Debate,’ Gender and Development, Vol. 23(2), pp. 207‐
222.
Session 10: Gender and globalization
Sassen, Saskia (1996) ‘Towards a Feminist Analytics of the Global Economy,’ Indiana Journal of Global Legal
Studies, Vol. 4(1), pp. 7‐41.
Pearson, Ruth (2008) ‘Reassessing Paid Work and Women’s Empowerment: Lessons from the Global
Economy,’ pp. 201‐213.
Pearson, Ruth (2000) ‘Moving the Goalposts: Gender and Globalization in the Twenty‐First Century,’
Gender and Development, Vol. 8(1), pp. 10‐19.
Folbre, Nancy (2011) ‘The Invisible Heart: Care in the Global Economy,’ The Women, Gender and
Development Reader, edited by Nalini Visvanathan, Lynn Duggan, Nan Wiegersma and Laurie Nisonoff, pp.
41‐42.
Ehrenreich, Barbara and Arlie Russell Hichschild (2011) ‘Global Women’ The Women, Gender and
Development Reader, edited by Nalini Visvanathan, Lynn Duggan, Nan Wiegersma and Laurie Nisonoff, pp.
237‐244.
Elson, Diane and Ruth Pearson (2011) ‘The Subordination of Women and the Internationalization of
Factory Production,’ The Women, Gender and Development Reader, edited by Nalini Visvanathan, Lynn
Duggan, Nan Wiegersma and Laurie Nisonoff, pp. 212‐224.
Session 11: Women’s movements
Ray, R. and A.C. Korteweg (1999) ‘Women’s Movements in the Third World: Identity, Mobilisation and
Autonomy,’ Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 25, pp. 47‐71.
Molyneaux, Maxine (1998) Analysing women’s movements, Development and Change, 29, pp. 219‐245.
Jad, Islah (2008) ‘The Ngo‐ization of Arab Women’s Movements,’ pp. 177‐190
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Roy, Srila (2015) ‘The Indian Women’s Movement: Within and Beyond NGO‐ization,’ Journal of South Asian
Development, Vol. 10(1), pp. 96‐117.
Guest Speaker from Women’s Action Forum
Session 12: Masculinities and Development
Cornwall, Andrea (1997) ‘Men, Masculinity, and ‘Gender and Development’, Gender and Development,
Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 8‐13
Chant, Sylvia (2000) ‘From ‘Woman‐Blind’ to ‘Man‐Kind: Should Men Have More Space in Gender and
Development?’, IDS Bulletin, vol. 31(2), pp. 7‐17.
Sweetman, Caroline (2013) ‘Working with Men on Gender Equality,’ Gender and Development, Vol. 21(1),
pp. 1‐13.
Session 13: Microcredit as a Strategy
Visvanathan, Nalini and Karla Yoder (2011) ‘Women and Microcredit: A Critical Introduction,’ The Women,
Gender and Development Reader, edited by Nalini Visvanathan, Lynn Duggan, Nan Wiegersma and Laurie
Nisonoff, pp. 47‐54.
Kalpana, K. (2011) ‘Negotiating Multiple Patriarchies: Women and Microfinance in South India,’ The
Women, Gender and Development Reader, edited by Nalini Visvanathan, Lynn Duggan, Nan Wiegersma
and Laurie Nisonoff, pp. 55‐63.
Guest Speaker: TBA
Session 14: Gender‐based violence
Harcourt, Wendy (2009) ‘Violated Bodies,’ Body Politics of Development: Critical Debates in Gender and
Development, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 94‐128.
Purna, Sen (1998) ‘Development Practice and Violence against Women,’ Gender and Development, Vol.
6(3), pp. 7‐16.
Case Study: Karachi, Saba Gul Khattak
Case Study: Cairo, Mariz Tadros
Session 15: Gender and health (Population, reproductive rights and the sex ratio)
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Harcourt, Wendy (2009) ‘Reproductive Bodies,’ Body Politics of Development: Critical Debates in Gender
and Development, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 38‐67.
Sen, Gita and Piroska Ostlin (2011) ‘Gender as a Social Determinant of Health: Evidence, Policies and
Innovations,’ The Women, Gender and Development Reader, edited by Nalini Visvanathan, Lynn Duggan,
Nan Wiegersma and Laurie Nisonoff, pp. 64‐73.
Naila Kabeer (1994). ‘Implementing the Right to Choose: Women, Motherhood and Population Policy,’ in
Reversed Realities: Gender Hierarchies in Development Thought, New Delhi: Kali for Women, pp. 187‐222.
Session 16: Son Preference
Purewal, Navtej (2010) Son Preference: Sex Selection: Gender and Culture in South Asia, New York: Berg,
pp. 23‐66.
Session 16: Gender, Religion and Development
Kandiyoti, Deniz (2011) ‘Disentangling Religion and Politics: Whether Gender Equality?’ IDS Bulletin, Vol.
42(1), pp. 10‐14.
Balchin, Cassandra (2011) ‘Religion and Development: A Practitioner’s Perspective on
Instrumentalisation,’ IDS Bulletin, Vol. 42(1), pp. 15‐20
‘Engaging with Islam to Promote Women’s Rights: Exploring Opportunities and Challenging Assumptions,’
with Isabel Phllips, Progress in Development Studies, Volume 11(2), April 2011.
Session 17: Religion, Gender and Development in South Asia
Kirmani, Nida. ‘Strategic Engagements: Analysing the Indian and Pakistani Women’s Movements’
Relationships with Islam,’ ASIEN: German Journal for Politics, Economy and Culture, January 2013.
Kirmani, Nida (2011). ‘Re‐thinking the Promotion of Women’s Rights through Islam in India,’ IDS Bulletin,
Vol. 42(1), pp. 56‐66.
Session 18: Gender and conflict
Cockburn, Cynthia (2013) ‘War and Security, Women and Gender: An Overview of the Issues,’ Gender and
Development, Vol. 21(3), pp. 433‐452.
Kandiyoti, Deniz (2008) ‘Political Fiction Meets Gender Myth: Post‐Conflict Reconstruction,
‘Democratisation’ and Women’s Rights,’ pp. 191‐200.
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Moghadam, Valentine (2011) ‘Peace‐Building and Reconstruction with Women: Reflections on
Afghanistan, Iraq and Palestine,’ in The Women, Gender and Development Reader, edited by Nalini
Visvanathan, Lynn Duggan, Nan Wiegersma and Laurie Nisonoff, pp. 74‐82.
Salongon, Sarah and Preeti Patel (2012) ‘Sexual Violence against Men in Countries Affected by Armed
Conflict,’ Conflict, Security and Development, Vol. 12(4), pp. 417‐442.
Wachala, Kas (2012) ‘The Tools to Combat the War on Women’s Bodies: Rape and Sexual Violence against
Women in Armed Conflict,’ The International Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 16(3), pp. 533‐553.
Session 19: Gender in rural areas
Momsen, Janet H. (2004) ‘Gender in Rural Areas,’ Gender and Development, London and New York:
Routledge, pp. 136‐170.
Session 20: Gender and urbanization
Momsen, Janet H. (2004) ‘Gender and Urbanization,’ Gender and Development, London and New York:
Routledge, pp. 171‐190.
Brouder, Alan and Caroline Sweetman (2015) ‘Introduction: Working on Gender Issued in Urban Areas’,
Gender and Development. Vol. 23(1), pp. 1‐12.
Phadke, Shipla, Sameera Khan and Shilpa Ranade (2013) Why Loiter?
Session 21: Gender, development and the environment
Momsen, Janet H. (2004) ‘Gender and the Environment,’ Gender and Development, London and New York:
Routledge, pp. 106‐135.
Terry, Geraldine (2009) ‘No Climate Justice without Gender Justice: An Overview of the Issues,’ Gender
and Development, Vol. 17(1), pp. 5‐18.
Session 22: Sexuality and Development
Harcourt, Wendy (2009) ‘Sexualised Bodies,’ Body Politics of Development: Critical Debates in Gender and
Development, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 130‐160
Correa, Sonia and Susie Jolly (2011) Development’s Encounter with Sexuality: Essentialism and Beyond,’
The Women, Gender and Development Reader, edited by Nalini Visvanathan, Lynn Duggan, Nan
Wiegersma and Laurie Nisonoff, pp. 102‐104.
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Jolly, Susie (2000) ‘Queering’ Development: Exploring the Links between Same‐Sex Sexualities, Gender and
Development,’ Gender and Development. Vol. 8(1), pp. 78‐88.
Session 23: Case Study: HIV
Boyce, P. (2007). ‘Conceiving kothis’: Men who have sex with men in India and the cultural subject of HIV
prevention. Medical Anthropology, 26(2), 175‐203.
Boellstorff, T. (2005). The gay archipelago: Sexuality and nation in Indonesia. Princeton University Press.
(Interesting for the intersection of sexuality categories/identities, nation and development)
Cohen, L. (2005). The Kothi wars: AIDS cosmopolitanism and the morality of classification. na.
Khanna, A. (2009). Taming of the Shrewd Meyeli Chhele: A political economy of development’s sexual
subject. Development, 52(1), 43‐51.
(a good read for undergrad students)
Guest Speaker from Naz Male Health Alliance
Session 24: Gender and Education
Rao, Nitya and Caroline Sweetman (2014) ‘Introduction to Gender and Education,’ Gender and
Development, Vol. 22(1), pp. 1‐12