COMPUTERIZATION OF DAILY TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM

(A CASE STUDY OF NAPEX SHOPPING MALL)

BY:

NDA/11354

OFFICER CADET AA UMAR

68TH REGULAR COMBATANT DEGREE COURSE

(NAVY)

BURMA BATTALION

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER

SCIENCE, FACULTY OF MIL. SCIENCE AND INTERDISCIPLINARY

STUDIES, NIGERIAN DEFENCE ACADEMY, KADUNA, NIGERIA

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIEREMENTS FOR THE

AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.SC HONOURS) DEGREE IN

COMPUTER SCIENCE.

JULY, 2020
 DECLARATION

I, NDA/11354 OFFICER CADET AMINUDDEEN AKEEL UMAR hereby declare

that this project titled Computerization of Daily Transaction Processing System (A

Case Study of Napex Shopping Mall) System has been carried out by me and all

materials or articles used have been duly acknowledged.

SIGN………………………………… DATE ..…………………………

 CERTIFICATION

This project entitled Computerization of Daily Transaction Processing System (A

Case Study of Napex Shopping Mall) System by cadet AA umar meets the

requirements governing the award of Degree in Computer Science and is approved for

its contribution to knowledge and literary representation.

……………………… ……………………..

MRS. AJAKAIYE DATE

(PROJECT SUPERVISOR)

................................... .……………………..

DR. ODION DATE

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

External Examiner

Name:……………………………………… …………………………

Signature:…………………………………. Date
 DEDICATION

I dedicate this work first to the Almighty God, the fountain and source of my

inspiration and knowledge, for guidance and protection over me. I also dedicate this

work to my lovely parents, Engr. Umar Akeel and Haj. Daharatu Bala, and my

beloved brothers and sisters, SAMUNMAHKSAF. And also I want to use this great

opportunity to thank my roommates LT SD Hussain, PLT OFFR H Nasir for their

moral and financial support to me. May Almighty God reward you in thousands of

folds, Amen.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project will not be complete, if sincere thanks are not given to those who have

made it a success. First, I thank the almighty God for the provision of life, wisdom,

good health and strength during this period. My profound gratitude also goes to my

project supervisor, Mrs. Ajakaiye for her useful suggestions and guidance. I also

acknowledge the effort of staff and lecturers of Programming for their assistance

throughout the years. I am greatly indebted to my parents for their prayers, relentless

love, kindness and understanding all through the years. I also appreciate all my

friends too numerous to mention, for their mutual understanding that existed all

through this period.

Finally, I thank all and sundry whose name may not appear here. However, their

efforts and contribution are acknowledged and sincerely appreciated.

 ABSTRACT

The research project is about design and implementation of daily transaction

processing system, particularly for Napex Shopping Mall. To design and develops the

system; problems associated with the Napex Shopping Mall manual daily transaction

processing and profit analysis management system such as record inconsistency,

insecurity, record redundancy, mutilation of records and among others will be

identified via interview, observation and document review. The requirements for the

design and development of the daily transaction processing and profit analysis

management system will be elicited via modeling using activities diagram and entity

relationship diagram. Consequently, the designs of the daily transaction processing

and profit analysis management system will be developed using PHP, MySQL,

JavaScript, CSS and HTML.

 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The application of computer in our daily business transaction has been enhancing and

improving transaction in different ways. In small stores, stocks can be controlled

effectively by manual mean without the use of computer, unlike large stores or

malls, where stock are purchased in large quantity, stores and also supply in bulks.

For many small and medium size business, computer technology is been introduced

for the benefits of productivity worldwide. The purpose of this project is to give an

insight into how we can use a computerized processing system to calculate and

manage various items, customers, reports, and employees effectively during

transaction processes.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

In Napex shopping mall today, day-to day transaction are run, with adequate reports

and feedback on the status of the inventory and account. Transaction processing and

report system is always very important to managements of Napex shopping mall. The

point of sale of every shopping mall handle daily transaction and processing,

referencing the stock and taking into consideration the expired of products in the

stock, from the point of sale, the account status of the general transaction exercise is

ascertained. The daily transaction does not just take place without updating the stock

to make sure that no product runs out of stock. The expired data of every product is
also tested on daily basis with the generated income all these products report, which is

submitted to the management’s for decision making. Every year, new technology is

found in which computers is one of them, computers take part in solution of business

problems, initially, they were seen as capable of performing calculation, which would

be impossible, which came the commercial break through were faster method of

input, and output are more developed and it was realized that much clerical, budget

could be removed by using a machine to perform routine task. Computer is used in

different areas, including the modern shopping malls. Manually, the effective and

smooth management of a Napex shopping mall inventories of stock and daily sales

are done using excel spreadsheet, which is made up those columns and rows in which

information are kept or stored. Such information include quantity of goods bought,

name /part number of goods, price of each item bought (unit price) and the cost of

goods bought which is usually its unit price multiplied its quantity. The objective of

this project is to design a logic which with the aid of computer system that will

effectively handles operations which were mentioned above as being normally carried

out in Napex shopping mall i.e. computerization of a daily transaction and profit

analysis for Napex shopping mall.

Whenever two people make an exchange, it is called a transaction. Transactions

are important events for a company, and collecting data about them is called

transaction processing. Examples of transactions include making a purchase at a store,

withdrawing money from a checking account, making a payment to creditor, or

paying an employee. Because transactions generally involve an exchange of money, it

is critical that the data be protected during transmission and stored carefully so that it

cannot be altered. It is also critical that the data be saved so that managers can verify

the data if any conflicts arise. Also, the sales and purchase data from the foundation of
the accounting and financial systems of every company, so the system must be able to

produce the standard reports. This system, will therefore, spans organizational

boundaries and provides information to both internal external entities. So when we are

talking about the transactions of an organization in computerized manner, we talk

about Transaction Processing System, popularly known as TPS.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Being computer science students, we gave an insight into business processes to learn

some basic transaction processes. The problems identified the manual way of

recording daily transaction is being operated by writing and recording every

transaction on a record book , these record book can be damaged by water, oil, and

can be torn mistakenly, there are also mistakes in calculations. There is lack of

accuracy, because the sales personnel might forget to record some transactions if

other customers are waiting to be attended to and may record and calculate an

incomplete transaction at the end of the day. This problem lead to an inconsistency of

record keeping and will not be able to produce a consistent report. There is also lack

of privacy due to recording transactions in a record book because there is a tendency

that someone who is not part of the organisation will have access to it. The idea of

introducing computerized system into transaction activities will help Napex shopping

mall have record of their transactions effectively, and also reduce delay in getting,

processing, presenting, and calculating their products, this research will increase our

knowledge and also see how we can find solutions to the problems being identified in

the manual way of carrying transactions.

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. How do I intend to keep customer record in the computer system?

 2. What are the necessary requirements needed to execute the task efficiently?

3. How do I tackle the current system so as to know the requirements?

4. How do we develop the new system which will be reliable affordable?

5. What are the procedures taken to keep track of those records?

6. What are the attributes of fields need to keep track of the record?

7. What are the problems encountered with the current way of tracking

transaction record?

8. How long does it take to write and store a transaction record?

9. How secured are the transaction records?

10. How fast can a transaction record be accessed?

1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The main aim of the study is to design and develop software that will substitute the

existing method of daily transaction processing in Napex shopping mall and also

improve efficiency and customer management relationship. The objectives of

computerizing a daily transaction are:

 Design a logic which aid of computer system which will effectively

handle daily transaction and profit analysis operations of Burberry

shopping mall.

 Design a system that will substitute the existing method of managing

daily transaction analysis in Napex shopping mall.

 Design a system that can generate daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly

and yearly report of sales and transactions in Napex shopping mall.

 Updating information and maintaining transaction processing files

which management can use for future decision making.

  Provide an effective and accurate way of keeping record in the

shopping mall.

 Eliminate unnecessary time wastage in carrying transactions when

requested.

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The project covers credit sales of daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly transaction of

Napex shopping mall. This project work is limited to transaction in Napex shopping

mall. The research which lead to the problems of time constraints and financial

constraints, data collection and availability of computer resource for the development.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

It is obvious that the task of database management is very wide and no doubt it

requires human effort to execute such task efficiently. Its significance is:

 Illustrating and showing the way of keeping customer record in the

computer system for easy availability.

 Human error of calculations and substituting with a computerized one.

 Adding various customer record in a single general file so that when

there is need for specific record the right key should be selected for the

display of information about specific customer record.

 Generate quick response of reports that can be used in decision

making.

 To know the number of items available in stock.

 To Provide an automatic calculations of every transaction being

carried out.
  Saving time.

1.7 RESEARCH PROJECT DESIGN

The objective of a research work, the nature of items of information operational

possibility that will be involved determine to great extent of the method of data

collection. Although, there are many method of data collection such as questionnaire,

sampling techniques, observation, etc. the researcher concentrate on the interview as

the best method of data collection.

1. Documentation: It is a form of secondary research technique, which demands the

researcher going to the library or organization based resource centres (offline and

online) to search for pieces of information relating to the problem at hand. This

instrument involved gathering information from secondary sources such as

newspapers, magazines, textbooks, and past projects, and any relevant sources.

2. Interview: This technique is used for collecting information from respondents in

a personal contact or in a conversational mode, one on one. It is used when a

researcher wants to obtain reliable and valid information in the form of verbal

responses from respondents in order to confirm or reject hypothesis and to gather

relevant information.

1.8 PROJECT OUTLINE

This report will be organized into five chapters. The first chapter will take care of

introduction: background, problem statement, significance of the study, aims and

objectives, purpose and scope of the project. Chapter two surveys the literature review

of this work. In chapter three, the project methodology, data collection, analysis,

limitations of the existing system, system design, system flowchart, input and output
modules are critically analyzed. In chapter four, system implementation, testing and

integration: choice of development tools, system requirements, and testing were

carefully done. Finally chapter five closes with summary, recommendations and

conclusions: bibliography and appendices.

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

 Transaction: Is a business usually involved in buying and selling of

something.

 Analysis: Is a process of considering something in order to understand it or

explain what it consist of.

 Quantity in Stock: This is the number of goods presence or available in

stocks.

 Price: This is the amount of money that you must pay to buy something.

 Minimum Stock Level: this is the lowest level in which inventory should be

allowed to fall below it production may be disrupted by shortage materials.

 Maximum in Stock Level: This is the level of quantity which must be

exceeded other was liquid resources [capital] right unnecessarily tied out and

obsolesces waste and deterioration might occur.

 Automated: A system that is capable of operating without external control or

intervention.

 Database: A systematically arranged collection of computer data, structured

so that it can be automatically retrieved or manipulated. It is also called

databank.
 Document: An original or official paper relied upon as the basis, proof or

support of anything else, including any writing, book or other instrument

conveying information pertinent to such proof or support.

 HTML – Hyper-Text Mark-up Language: Is a scripting language use in

designing a website.

 Internet: Any set of computer networks that communicate using the Global

connection.

 Network: Any interconnected group or system

 Online: Connected to a computer network or accessible by computer.

 Protocol: Rules and regulation guiding transfer of file in the computer system

 Web Brower: This is a special kind of software that processes hypertext

make-up language – HTML document. In other words, a web browser is a

computer program that interprets HTML command to collect, arranged and

display the parts of a web page.

 PHP: is an acronym for Hypertext Preprocessor. It is a server side scripting

language for web applications.

 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Introduction of computer to business and general public has gone a long way to

improve the ways in which various activities are done including the record keeping

and transaction processes and reduce the burdens encountered in the field work

administrative work when computers were not yet introduced. This chapter gives a

review of related literature on the subject of study.

2.2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Information systems that collect, store, modify and retrieve records of transactions are

transaction processing systems. A transaction is an event that generates or modifies

data that is eventually stored in an information system. Transaction processing

systems meet record keeping and event tracking needs. TPS’s are all to do with

business, money and most importantly assure and register the daily venture of a

company. Its’ focus is on the processes of storing and retrieving, collecting and

analyzing. A type of computer processing that is responding immediately to user

requests is referred as the Transaction Processing System. Each of this requests are

considered to be called as transactions.

One of the exclusive domains of mainframe computers were transaction

processing system. The different typical examples of this system are the Airline

Reservation Systems, Banking Systems, and Accounting Systems of almost any large

companies. Transaction Processing Systems are mostly unidentified to the world of

personal computers because of this. But because of the Internet, all of this is changing

harshly. Nowadays, many of the small companies, non-commercial organizations, and

even private individuals are discovering applications that can benefit from a

transaction processing system. The introduction of computers to Burberry Shopping

Mall has gave the staffs in the mall the basic skills and knowledge of computer as it

has been a course which every staff must undergo in his/her field duty.

Abdul Kareem Badmos (2009/2010) was one of the first students to carry out

these research works. He explained how the mall would use efficient software to keep

track and manage their daily transactions of the sales and customer record and every

activities being carried out in the mall. According to Abdul Kareem Badmos, he

design a software program that would help the shopping mall to keep track of sales

record using Microsoft Access Database, with the research so far, it is very important

to improve the field of these study by going along way to develop a new

programming techniques that the shopping mall will be using to keep track of

transactions records.

This work was backed up by Ismail Yusuf (2012/2013) who went along to

improve the field of these studies by using Microsoft Visual Basic to design and

develop a software program that the company will be using to keep track of all the

transaction records.

I will go along to improve the field of these studies by using a web technology

platform of program development which involves the use of PHP (Hypertext

Preprocessor) and JavaScript as a Server Side Scripting Language, HTML5

(Hypertext Markup Language) for the data definition, CSS3 (Cascading Style Sheet)

to apply design styles to the web pages & MySQL (My Structured Query Language)

as the database platform application form that the mall will be using to keep track of

all the transaction records.

 This literature review is wholly the product of my effort and investigation based

on the authorized information I have gotten from the past writers and the information

I have been legally and helpfully given by Burberry Shopping Mall.

2.3 REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

M. O Yinyeh, S. Alhassan (2013) designed an Inventory Management System

Software for Public Universities in Ghana (IMSSPUG). They discovered that

managing inventories at public universities is one of the major challenges for higher

educational institutions in Ghana. This is especially true for large, diverse and

research-oriented institutions like the University for Development Studies. To

arrest this deficiency, they decided that an inventory management system software is

the ideal answer for the ever growing public Universities in Ghana. They present

Inventory Management System Software for public Universities in Ghana. The

software is efficient in managing stock supplies; stock issues and provides timely alert

messages and reports to management in order to make inform decisions. It also

requires minimal internal memory (512 MB) to operate and respond instantly to

commands. The software is made of two parts: the frontend is developed using

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010 and the backend from SQL Server Database 2008.

The software was implemented on personal computers (PC) over a Local Area

Network (LAN).

Anish Singh Maharjan, MandipHumagain (2016) designed an inventory

management system. The project was aimed at developing a desktop based

application named Inventory Management System for managing the inventory system

of any organization. The Inventory Management System (IMS) refers to the system

and processes to manage the stock of organization with the involvement of

Technology system. The system can be used to store the details of the inventory, stock

maintenance, update the inventory based on the sales details, generate sales and

inventory report daily or weekly based. This project is categorize individual aspects

for the sales and inventory management system. The system is used to solve different

problem affecting to direct sales management and purchase management. Inventory

Management System is important to ensure quality control in businesses that handle

transactions resolving around consumer goods. Without proper inventory control, a

large retail store may run out of stock on an important item. A good inventory

management system will alert the wholesaler when it is time to record. Inventory

Management System is also on important means of automatically tracking large

shipment. An automated Inventory Management System helps to minimize the errors

while recording the stock.

Anish Shiroshi (2009), designed a Sales and Inventory Management System

for optimal sales and inventory management processes. The system has robust

functionality for managing organization logistics facilities. The system also provide

support for inventory management which helps record and track materials on the basis

of both quantity and value. The software helps to reduce the cost for warehousing,

transportation, order fulfillment, and material handling while improving customer

service, improve inventory turns, optimize the flow of goods, and shorten routes

within warehouse or distribution center. The system improves cash flow, visibility

and decision making. The software is user friendly and hence easy to use. Employees

can plan, enter, and document warehouse and internal stock movements by managing

goods issues, storage, picking and packaging, physical transfer and transfer postings.

The system was designed using Microsoft Visual Basic (.NET) 2008 with a Microsoft

Access database.
2.4 TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM (TPS)

Raymond McLeod Jnr. (2007) the term transaction processing system is used to

describe the information system that gathers data describing the firm's activities,

transform the data into information, and makes the information available to users both

inside and outside the firm. He further added that ‘this processing produces a database

that is used by other systems within the firm’. The transaction processing system of a

firm that is in the distribution business (i.e. manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer)

processes customer sales orders, orders replenishment stock, and maintains a general

ledger.

Similarly, Stephen Haag et al (2005) stated "transaction processing system is a

system that processes transactions (buying and selling) within an organization. TPS

include Payroll system, inventory stocking systems, sales processing system and a

host of others. From the above definitions we understood that a TPS is a system that

describes how transactions (e.g. buying, selling and record keeping) are being carried

out in a business organization.

2.4.1 WHAT IS A TRANSACTION?

A transaction is an agreement between a buyer and a seller to exchange goods,

services or financial instruments. In accounting, the events that affect the finances of a

business must be recorded on the books, and an accounting transaction will be

recorded differently if the company uses accrual accounting rather than cash

accounting. Accrual accounting records transactions when revenues or expenses are

realized or incurred, while cash accounting records transactions when the business

actually spends or receives money. Transactions in terms of sales between buyers and

sellers are relatively straightforward. Person A gives person B a certain amount of

money for a good, service, or financial product. Transactions can become more

complex in the accounting world since businesses may sometimes make deals today

which won't be settled until a future date, or they may have revenues or expenses that

are known but not yet due. Whether a business records income and expense

transactions using the accrual method of accounting or the cash method of accounting

affects the company’s financial and tax reporting.

2.4.2 WHAT IS TRANSACTION PROCESSING?

Transaction processing is the process of completing a task and/or user/program

request either instantly or at runtime. It is the collection of different interrelated tasks

and processes that must work in sync to finish an overall business process transaction.

Transaction processing relates to any real-time business transaction or process

performed by a transaction processing system (TPS) or other business information

system (BIS). The process occurs when a user requests completion or fulfillment of

any process. Once a TPS or related system receives a request, it coordinates with the

respective system for authorization, data requests or any specific task essential to a

complete transaction. For example, when a cash withdrawal request is made at an

ATM machine, the machine first authorizes the user credentials and balance

inquiry/status from the back end banking systems. Once the information is received,

the ATM machine processes the user request or overall transaction. Moreover, a TPS

can accept, reject or halt a transaction based on environmental variables

2.4.3 WHAT IS A SYSTEM?

A System is a set of detailed methods, procedures and routines created to carry out a

specific activity, perform a duty, or solve a problem. It is an organized, purposeful

structure that consists of interrelated and interdependent elements (components,

entities, factors, members, parts etc.). These elements continually influence one

another (directly or indirectly) to maintain their activity and the existence of the

system, in order to achieve the goal of the system. All systems have:

 Inputs, outputs and feedback mechanisms,

 Maintain an internal steady-state (called homeostasis) despite a

changing external environment,

 Display properties that are different than the whole (called emergent

properties) but are not possessed by any of the individual elements, and

 Have boundaries that are usually defined by the system observer.

2.5 VARIOUS TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS

Raymond McLeod Jnr. (2007), transaction processing systems are of various types;

BATCH PROCESSING SYSTEMS

In batch processing systems, transactions are accumulated over a period of time and

processed as a single unit, or batch. For example, a store may update its sales records

every day after the store closes. Or, a payroll system may process all the time cards

every two weeks to determine employee earnings and produce paychecks. Whatever

the time period in a batch system, there is some time delay between the actual event

and the processing of the transaction to update the records of the organization. Batch

applications are still critical in most organizations in large part because many

common business processes are amenable to batch processing. While online systems

can also function when manual intervention is not desired, they are not typically

optimized to perform high-volume, repetitive tasks. Therefore, even new systems

usually contain one or more batch applications for updating information at the end of
the day, generating reports, printing documents, and other non-interactive tasks that

must complete reliably within certain business deadlines.

Some applications are amenable to flow processing, namely those that only need

data from a single input at once (not totals, for instance): start the next step for each

input as it completes the previous step. In this case flow processing lowers latency for

individual inputs, allowing them to be completed without waiting for the entire batch

to finish. However, many applications require data from all records, notably

computations such as totals. In this case the entire batch must be completed before

one has a usable result. partial results are not usable.

Modern batch applications make use of modern batch frameworks such as Jem

The Bee, Spring Batch or implementations of JSR 352 written for Java, and other

frameworks for other programming languages, to provide the fault tolerance and

scalability required for high-volume processing. In order to ensure high-speed

processing, batch applications are often integrated with grid computing solutions to

partition a batch job over a large number of processors, although there are significant

programming challenges in doing so. High volume batch processing places

particularly heavy demands on system and application architectures as well.

Architectures that feature strong input/output performance and vertical scalability,

including modern mainframe computers, tend to provide better batch performance

than alternatives. Scripting languages became popular as they evolved along with

batch processing.

REAL-TIME PROCESSING SYSTEM

In a real-time processing system, transactions are processed immediately as they

occur without any delay to accumulate transactions. Real-time processing is also

referred to as online transaction processing, or OLTP. In this case, the records in the

system always reflect the current status.A good example of a real time processing

system would be airline ticket reservations. When you book ticket and select a seat,

that booking is made right away, and nobody else can get same seat even a second

later. Any changes you make to your reservation are also updated in real time.

Another example is the stock market. When you submit an order to buy a stock, that

order is processed immediately and not at the end of the day. While real time

processing is often more efficient and in some cases necessary, batch processing may

be more effective. In the case of a payroll system, there is really no need to keep track

of how much an employee has earned every minute of the day and doing this

everytwo weeks is likely sufficient.

In computer science, real-time computing (RTC), or reactive computing describes

hardware and software systems subject to a “real-time constraint”, for example from

event to system response. Real-time programs must guarantee response within

specified time constraints, often referred to as “deadlines”. The correctness of these

types of systems depends on their temporal aspects as well as their functional aspects.

Real-time responses are often understood to be in the order of milliseconds, and

sometimes microseconds. A system not specified as operating in real time cannot

usually guarantee a response within any time-frame, although typical or expected

response times may be given. A real-time system has been described as one which

“controls an environment by receiving data, processing them, and returning the results

sufficiently quickly to affect the environment at that time”. The term “real-time” is

also used in simulation to mean that the simulation's clock runs at the same speed as a

real clock, and in process control and enterprise systems to mean "without significant

delay”. Real-time software may use one or more of the following: synchronous
programming languages, real-time operating systems, and real-time networks, each of

which provide essential frameworks on which to build a real-time software

application. Systems used for many mission critical applications must be real-time,

such as for control of fly-by-wire aircraft, or anti-lock brakes on a vehicle, which

must produce maximum deceleration but intermittently stop braking to prevent

skidding. Real-time processing fails if not completed within a specified deadline

relative to an event; deadlines must always be met, regardless of system load.

2.6 FEATURES/COMPONENTS OF TRANSACTION PROCESSING

SYSTEM

Philip A. Bernstein (2005) the features/components of TPS are;

RAPID PROCESSING

TPS systems are designed to process transactions virtually instantly to ensure that

customer data is available to the processes that require it.The rapid processing of

transactions is vital to the success of any enterprise? now more than ever, in the face

of advancing technology and customer demand for immediate action. TPS systems are

designed to process transactions virtually instantly to ensure that customer data is

available to the processes that require it.

RELIABILITY

TPS must be designed to ensure that not only do transactions never slip past the net,

but that the systems remain operational permanently.Similarly, customers will not

tolerate mistakes. TPS systems must be designed to ensure that not only do

transactions never slip past the net, but that the systems themselves remain

operational permanently. TPS systems are therefore designed to incorporate

comprehensive safeguards and disaster recovery systems. These measures keep the
failure rate well within tolerance levels.

STANDARDIZATION

TPS interfaces are designed to acquire identical data for each transaction, regardless

of the customer.Transactions must be processed in the same way each time to

maximize efficiency. To ensure this, TPS interfaces are designed to acquire identical

data for each transaction, regardless of the customer.

CONTROLLED ACCESS

Since TPS systems can be such a powerful business tool, access must be restricted to

only those employees who require their use.Since TPS systems can be such a

powerful business tool, access must be restricted to only those employees who require

their use. Restricted access to the system ensures that employees who lack the skills

and ability to control it cannot influence the transaction process

PERFORMANCE

Fast performance with a rapid response time is critical. Transaction processing

systems are usually measured by the number of transactions they can process in a

given period of time.

CONTINUOUS AVAILABILITY

The system must be available during the time period when the users are entering

transactions. Many organizations rely heavily on their TPS; a breakdown will disrupt

operations or even stop the business.

DATA INTEGRITY

The system must be able to handle hardware or software problems without corrupting
data. Multiple users must be protected from attempting to change the same piece of

data at the same time, for example two operators cannot sell the same seat on an

airplane.

EASE OF USE

Often users of transaction processing systems are casual users. The system should be

simple for them to understand, protect them from data-entry errors as much as

possible, and allow them to easily correct their errors.

MODULAR GROWTH

The system should be capable of growth at incremental costs, rather than requiring a

complete replacement. It should be possible to add, replace, or update hardware and

software components without shutting down the system.

The Components of a TPS Are:

1) Hardware

2) Software

3) People

People are which to be most considered among the three. Without people, the system

does not have a person that will purchase a commodity and without a person that will

purchase a commodity it does not have an execution to perform. People in a TPS can

be divided into 3categories: users, participants and people from the environment.

USERS

The users are the one who own the TPS in a company. They will not enter data

themselves but will use it to provide information about the system. The
information they will render from the TPS may be used to produce inputs for other

information systems such as stock control, and marketing.

PARTICIPANTS

Participants are the system’s direct user. They will be the one who will enter data.

They include data entry operators, customer service operators, people working at

checkouts and anyone carrying out the tasks demand to process the data.

PEOPLE FROM THE ENVIRONMENT

These are people off the street who sometimes need the services of a TPS as they

inscribe transactions and authenticate data such as a customer withdrawing money

from an ATM. They do not literally do the undertaking for the company.

2.7 MANUAL VS COMPUTERIZED TRANSACTION PROCESSING

SYSTEM

According to Arthur D. Even (1960)amanual system is a system where the data

processing and record keeping operations are done by human beings, aided only by

conventional office equipment and contact printing type drawing reproduction

machines. Manual transaction processing system requires the acting salesman or

bookkeeper to post business transactions to the general journal, general ledger and

worksheet by hand. This process can be completed by either using actual paper

journal and ledger sheets or by creating these sheets in a computer program such as

Excel. It is considered manual because each transaction is entered into the system

individually. A computerized transaction processing system allows the user to enter

the transaction into the program once, and all accounts are updated as necessary.

Computerized transaction programs are quicker as far as entering information

is concerned. However, even with the built-in error detection of computer programs,

sometimes it is easier to cross-check journals ledgers in a manual system since you

can flip to the pages you need, and even spread the books out on a table if needed.

This was also back up by Jawadekar B. (1995) as "Computerized transaction

packages will automatically pull all relevant ledger entries for the period reports.

Manual system takes longer, but can help a bookkeeper better understand the posting

and end-of-period process. With a computerized transaction system, information for a

particular period of time can be compiled quickly. With a manual system, it can take

time to locate the information from each book and compile it into a report. A

computerized system will make record keeping easier".

2.7 WHY COMPUTERIZED DAILY TRANSACTION PROCESSING

SYSTEM?

According to Arthur D. Even (2008)atraditional processing system is a system where

the data processing and record keeping operations are done by human beings, aided

only by conventional office equipment and contact printing type drawing reproduction

machines. Traditional transaction processing system requires the acting salesman or

bookkeeper to post business transactions to the general journal, general ledger and

worksheet by hand. This process can be completed by either using actual paper

journal and ledger sheets or by creating these sheets in a computer program such as

Excel. It is considered traditional because each transaction is entered into the system

individually. A computerized daily transaction processing system allows the user to

enter the transaction into the program once, and all accounts are updated as necessary.

Computerized transaction programs are quicker as far as entering information is

concerned. However, even with the built-in error detection of computer programs,
sometimes it is easier to cross-check journals ledgers in a traditional system since you

can flip to the pages you need, and even spread the books out on a table if needed.

This was also back up by Jawadekar B. (2016) as "Computerized transaction

packages will automatically pull all relevant ledger entries for the period reports.

traditional system takes longer, but can help a bookkeeper better understand the

posting and end-of-period process. With a computerized transaction system,

information for a particular period of time can be compiled quickly. With a traditional

system, it can take time to locate the information from each book and compile it into a

report. A computerized system will make record keeping easier".

Tromthy N. et al (1017) stated that with a computerized TPS it speeds up many

aspects of paper handling relevant to the organization's normal

functioning.Transaction processing systems are more reliable than the traditional

system and tends to make information available on demand to higher levels of

management which aids in decision making.

ByTerry Lucey (2005) Computerized data processing systems, which are highly

sophisticated and complex, perform the essential role of processing the day-to-day

transactions and provide much of the data from which management information can

be prepared.Transaction processing is substantially more significant in terms of

processing time, volume of input and output, and information production for tactical

and strategic planning.With a computerized transaction processing systems, an

uncomfortable level of error is eradicated. Frequently, it removes looking up to the

long prices, and prices incorrectly written an invoices or produces garbled journal

entries or source documents. TPS also eradicates loss of Source documents and file

folders which can easily get lost and misplaced if handled in a traditional processing
format which often results to loss of customer payments and delay purchase or

payments.Data from a single transaction often has to be transcribed several times, and

many types of low volatility data have to be recorded by clerks every time a new

transaction takes place.Customers like to know immediately if goods are not in stock,

when they can expect an order to arrive, what their current status regarding payments

and so on. This level of information support is difficult to achieve without a

computerized transaction processing system. Wilkinson J. Joseph (2017).Virtually

everything takes longer to do with a manual system. When orders are taken, the order

entry department might have to contact receivable department for credit check before

it can be validated. Mehler (2015).

2.7.1 INVOICING

An invoice is a paper bill containing the description of the items bought, the price and

quantity which is written by the sales person to the customer after transaction while a

computerized invoice is generated by the transaction processing system containing all

details of the transaction being made.An invoice, sometimes called a sales invoice, is

a document sent by a provider of a product or service to the purchaser. The invoice

establishes an obligation on the part of the purchaser to pay, creating an account

receivable. In other words, the invoice is a written verification of the agreement

between the buyer and seller of the goods or services.

WHAT DOES AN INVOICE INCLUDE?

The usual sections in an invoice include:

1. The date that the invoice was created. The date of the invoice starts the clock

ticking on the customer. If you have terms (a time limit for payment), you

want to include the date so everyone knows when the payment is due.
 2. Names and addresses of customer and supplier. If you're creating the invoice

in accounting software, you may only need the email address of the

customer, but it's still a good idea to collect and include the physical address,

in case you need to send a real letter or document.

3. Contact names of individuals at the two businesses (or business and

individual). It's a good customer relations rule to make sure you spell names

correctly.

4. Description of items purchased, either products or services, including prices

and quantities. Often you will have standard item descriptions and inventory

numbers. But be as specific and detailed as possible, when you create the

invoice. This avoids confusion and "I didn't know" issues.

5. Terms of payment. For example, the provider might specify "net 30 days,"

which means that the entire amount is due within 30 days.

HOW TO INVOICE A CUSTOMER

You may be using online business accounting software, or maybe you are using a pre-

printed invoice that you will complete. The process works the same way for both

invoicing processes. You will prepare an invoice only after you have shipped or

delivered the product or service to the customer.

 Start by identifying the customer. In some cases, you may also want to

identify a sub-customer or job within that customer's file.

 Include previous document numbers related to this sale, including any

purchase order or sales agreement or estimate.

  Identify the items sold and delivered. Usually, you would include the name of

the product or service, quantity (or time, for services) and rate (per item or per

hour). If you are using online software, the total for each item is calculated.

This is the place where you might need to classify an item as "back ordered."

 Each item gets its own line, and the total of all lines is added.

 Next, you will include information any deposits already made by the customer

or any discounts applied to this invoice.

 You may want to offer customers different payment methods, possibly giving

a discount for paying in cash.

 Include the shipping terms for products shipped. There are two types: FOB

shipping point or FOB destination. (FOB stands for "free on board.") If the

terms are FOB shipping point, the shipper (that's the seller) pays the shipping.

If the terms are FOB destination, the buyer pays the shipping. It's also a good

idea to note if the customer picks up the item or items, in case there is any

question about the item being received.

 Include the terms of sale. That is, when do you want the buyer to pay and will

you give any discount for early payment? The terms are expressed like this

2/10 Net/30. That means you will give a 2% discount if payment is received

within 10 days, and the entire balance is due in 30 days.

Invoices may be mailed or emailed or faxed to a customer. When a customer pays, the

invoice number should be noted on the sales receipt and matched to the sales receipt

in your accounting software, so it's clear that the invoice has been paid. The payment

takes the outstanding amount out of your accounts receivable account.

2.7.2 REPORTING
Reports are outputs provided by a transaction processing system. The outputs

provided by TPSs may be classified as:

TRANSACTION DOCUMENTS

Many TPSs produce transaction documents, such as invoices, purchase orders, or

payroll checks. These transaction documents produced by TPS may be divided into

two classes: action documents and information documents.

1. Action documents direct that an action take place. Turnaround documents

initiate action and are returned after its completion to the requesting agency. They

therefore also serve as input documents for another transaction.

2. Information documents confirm that a transaction has taken place or inform

about one or several transactions. Transaction documents require manual

handling and, in some cases, distribution of multiple copies. The process is costly

and may lead to inconsistencies if one of the copies fails to reach its destination.

QUERY RESPONSES AND REPORTS

TPS offer certain querying ad simple reporting capabilities, albeit much less elaborate

than those of management reporting systems. Most queries produce a screenful of

information. However, reports are also often produced as a result of inquiries. Unlike

management reporting systems, TPSs typically provide a limited range of preplanned

reports. The content and format of such reports are programmed into the TPS software

and the reports are produced on schedule. The TPS reports are often quite long.

The following report types are produced by TPS:

 1. Transaction Logs: are listings of all transactions processed during a system

run and include purchase order manifests or sales registers.

2. Error (Edit) Reports: error reports list transactions found to be in error

during the processing. They identify the error and sometimes also list the

corresponding master file or database records.

3. Detail Reports: detail reports are extracts from the database that lists records

satisfying particular criteria.

4. Summary Reports: typical summary reports produced by TPSs include

financial statements.

A prominent means of source data automation is electronic data interchange.

Electronic data interchange (EDI) is the computer to computer interchange of

electronic transaction documents, involving at least two trading partners. With EDI,

paper transaction documents, such as purchase orders or invoices are eliminated and

replaced with standardized electronic communications. EDI underlines much of

electronic commerce by enabling companies to conclude commercial transactions

over telecommunications networks, and the Internet in particular. EDI components

include the following:

1. Transaction standards: The messages are exchanged in a standard form,

agreed on by the participating partners.

2. Industry standard for product identification: Partners have to agree on the

standard way to identify their products.

3. Translation software: Translation software converts the incoming EDI

messages into a format that can be used by the owner firm's applications.
 4. Telecommunications system: EDI can be carried out via direct

telecommunications links between the partners, using a value-added network

(VAN) from a third-party supplier, or over the Internet. Among other

services, VANs supply electronic mailboxes that can hold messages for the

addressee.

Beyond direct savings, EDI has significant potential in competitive and strategic

applications of information technology. Among the principal effects are:

1. Compressing the business cycle by speeding up communications

2. Supporting time-based competitive modes, such as the just in time

manufacturing strategy that reduces or even removes inventories, and quick

response retail strategies

3. Intensified relationships between trading partners. This is due to the cost of

switching to another EDI system after the given one is in place and to avoid

misunderstandings because of errors, common in the exchanges of paper

documents.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MANAGEMENT REPORTING SYSTEMS

Management reporting systems are the most elaborate of the management oriented

information systems. The main objective of management reporting systems (MRS) is

to provide lower and middle management with printed or electronic reports and with

inquiry capabilities to help maintain operational and management control of the

enterprise. Characteristics of MRS include:

1. They are usually developed by information systems professionals, rather than

by end users, over an extensive period of time, with the use of life cycle oriented
 development methodologies as opposed to a rapid development by first building a

simpler prototype system and then refining it in response to user experience.

2. These systems are build for situations in which information requirements are

reasonably well known and expected to remain relatively stable.

3. MRSs do not directly support the decision-making process as a search for

alternative solutions to problems and the selection of the solution to be

implemented.

4. MRSs are oriented toward reporting on the past and the present, rather than

projecting the future.

5. MRSs generally have limited analytical capabilities. They are not built around

elaborate models, but rather rely on extraction of data from databases according

to given criteria, and on summarization of the data.

6. MRSs largely report on internal company operations rather than spanning the

company's boundaries by reporting external information.

Reporting by Management Report Systems

MRSs may produce reports either directly from a database collected and maintained

by a transaction processing system, or from databases spun off from the central

database for the purpose. Separate spin off databases may be created for several

reasons, such as:

1. Avoiding interference and delays in transaction processing

2. Maintaining the security of central databases

3. Economizing by using local databases accessible to local managers to counter

heavy telecommunications costs of working with a central database.

MRSs provide the following types of reports:

1. Scheduled (Periodic) Reports: are furnished on a daily, weekly, biweekly, or

other regular basis depending on the decision-making need. The format and the

informational content of scheduled reports are fixed in advance. However, it is crucial

to identify the essential informational needs of various managers to facilitate each

manager's decision making and to prevent information overload. The concept of

responsibility reporting is generally applied - managers receive reports within their

specific areas of responsibility. A hierarchy of performance reports arises, with each

report including only the items that the manager can control.

2. Exception Reports: Produced only when preestablishedamount of bounds@

conditions occur and containing only the information regarding these conditions.

Exception reporting helps managers avoid perusal of incident figures and concentrate

on deviations from the norm and on unusual events.

3. Demand (Ad Hoc) Reports: The ability of a manager to request a demand report

or screen output as needed enhances the flexibility of MRS use and gives the end user

the capability to request the information and format that best suit his or her needs.

Query languages provided by DBMSs make data accessible for demand reporting.

Strategic Potential Of Transaction Processing & Management Reporting Systems

TPS can be enablers of major process innovations. Redesigned business processes,

supported by TPS, cut through functional business lines and can ensure rapid and

high-quality customer service. Strategic TPSs may become a source of competitive

advantage or competitive parity by focusing on the internal or customer oriented

processes. The customer driven nature of many TPSs affords some firms the

opportunity to gain a competitive advantage by providing unique systems. Some of

the types of information systems based on these capabilities which can be exploited

for competitive effect include:

1. Tracking systems: Management reporting systems that continuously track the

status of a project or a product under development.

2. Locational systems: TPS that monitor the geographic location of materials or

vehicles.

3. Asset management systems: TPS and MRS that maintain and report on-line the

status of financial inventory, and human resources assets.

 CHAPTER THREE

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

3.0 INTRODUCTION

Methodology is generally a guideline system for solving a problem, with specific

components such as phases, tasks, methods, techniques and tools. It can be defined

also as the analysis of the principles of methods, rules, and postulates employed by a

discipline. This chapter entails the input and output specifications for the design and

implementation of the automated daily transaction processing system, Activity and

Class diagram as well as the System flowcharts and system requirements.

3.1 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

A fundamental aspect of any research work is the data collection process. It is the

method that involves the instruments and procedures for uncovering the information

demanded by a problem. Nonetheless, the methods utilized for the gathering of data

were basically documentation, interviewing and observation methods. Very

important, these instruments were used to collect the data for this project.

a) Documentation: It is a form of secondary research technique, which

demands the researcher going to the library or organization based resource

centers (offline and online) to search for pieces of information relating to the

problem at hand. This instrument involved gathering information from

secondary sources such as newspapers, magazines, textbooks, and past

projects, and any relevant sources.

b) Interview: This is a technique used for collecting information from

respondents in a personal contact or in a conversational mode, one on one. It is

used when a researcher wants to obtain reliable and valid information in the
 form of verbal responses from respondents in order to confirm or reject

hypothesis and to gather relevant information. As this project work is

concerned, I was able to carry out an interview with the staffs of Burberry

Shopping Mall and sufficient response was given by the responding staffs.

Some of the following are questions ask and response gotten.

11. What are the problems encountered with the current way of tracking

transaction record? Ans. The current system is error prone, time

consuming, not reliable, easily loss data, and very tedious processing large

amount of data.

12. How secured are the transaction records? Ans. Not Secured.

13. How fast can a transaction record be accessed? Ans. Very Slow

14. What are the attributes of fields needing to keep track of the record? Ans.

Customer name, quantity, product name, and amount.

15. Would you appreciate it if you have a complete system that can help manage

your daily transaction processing system.? Ans. A lot

c) Observation: The researcher observed the present daily transaction

processing system in Burberry Shopping Mall. The following were then put
into consideration during the observation:
a) Observing all daily transaction processing process.
b) Hypothesizing an explanation for the policies observed.
c) Predicting a logical consequence of the policies.
d) Creating a conclusion with data gathered in the observation.

3.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research methodology adopted for this project research are Documentary,

interview and observation method. The reason for using the documentary was to

acquire information that are related to the topic of study. The documentaries that was
used include past projects, textbooks and internet. Also, the interview methodology

was also employed to acquire information from Burberry shopping mall staff so as to

understand and have full knowledge of the current system of carrying out

transactions. The interview aid in giving insight as to how the new system will be

developed. However, as a social person who already as the opportunity to visit several

shopping malls to buy goods and in the processes usually observed how transaction

are done and the process flow involved, I was also able to employ the Observation

methodology as part of the research methodology to carry out this research work.

Hussey and Hussey (2016) maintain that it is not uncommon in business

research to use a mixture of methodologies especially in methods of collecting

and analyse data. This means that both qualitative and quantitative data

collection and analysis methods were used in this study, even if the study is mainly

quantitative in nature. The following steps will be taken in order to meet objectives of

this work

I. Conducting interview with some of the staff of Napex Shopping Mall to aid

gathering of adequate information required for designing and implementing a

dynamic daily transaction processing system.

II. A daily transaction processing system was designed to meet the requirement

identified during the interview

III. HTML5 and CSS3 is used to design the users friendly interface

IV. A database will be designed to store the sales and other records

V. MySQL will be used as a database platform

VI. PHP will be used as a server side scripting language to implement the

computation of the functionality of the service provided at the server side.

QUALITATIVE APPROACH
Creswell (2012) defined qualitative research as a method of inquiry that

involves getting information (data) by questioning the participants. Babooa

(2008) indicated that a qualitative research approach involves an in-depth

understanding of participants’ behaviour and the reasons that govern participants’

behaviour. Unlike a quantitative research approach, qualitative research relies on

reasons behind certain behaviours and experiences of the participants

QUANTITATIVE APPROACH

Maree (2012) defined quantitative research as an organised way of collecting

data in numbers from a certain group extracted from a population and

analysing that data in order to get the findings that will represent the population

that is being studied. a quantitative approach involves the use of structured questions

where the response options have been predetermined and a large number of

respondents are involved. quantitative research considers numbers, symbols,

measurements and statistics in outlining key variables for the collection,

analysis and interpretation of data. however, measurements applied must be

objective, quantitative and statistically valid (babooa, 2008). in this study, the

responses received from the staff through interview provided quantitative data.

MIXED APPROACH

Mixed-methods may be defined as “research in which the investigator collects and

analyses data, integrates the findings and draws inferences using both qualitative and

quantitative approaches/methods in a single study” (Tashakkori&Creswell, 2007).

Tashakkori and Creswell (2007) further stated that a mixed-methods study is one

that includes a qualitative and quantitative dimension, but difficulties often arise

when the researcher attempts to articulate how the two elements relate to one another.

However, the research methodology used in this study is the mixed approach.
3.3 SYSTEM DESIGN

Systems design is the process of defining the architecture, modules, interfaces, and

data for a system to satisfy specified requirements. Systems design could be seen as

the application of systems theory to product development. This involves transforming

the software requirements into an architecture that describes its top-level structure and

identifies the software components and developing a detailed design for each software

components. For each requirement, a set of one or more design elements will

be produced. A model is a representation of reality and can be built for existing

systems as a way to better understand those systems or proposed systems as a way to

document business requirements or technical design.

The system will run on a local server called Wampserver. For any user to

access the system, He/She must be a registered user on the system. The administrator

is the only grand user who has the privilege to add users with different role to the

system. When a user logged into the system, depending on the user role that’s what

will determine the user dashboard that will be open to that user. For an employee user,

He/she can carry out sales and generate receipt/invoice for the customer. They can

register customers and add new order. The admin can view all transaction posted as

well as the daily, weekly and monthly report of transactions as well as invoices. After

successful transaction, user can log out of the system. Since the system is a web based

application, it can be accessed by more than one user at the same time, Process

transactions at the same time, and view transaction reports at the same time.

3.4 CLASS DIAGRAM

Class diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of static structure

diagram that describes the structure of a system by showing the system's classes, their

attributes, operations (or methods), and the relationships among the classes.

Administrator Product Employee

Id: int Invoice Id: int

Username: string Payment Fullname: string
Password: string Staff Phone: string
Customers Username: string
addEmployee() Reports Password: string
fetchEmployee()
fetchTransaction() addItems()
generateDailyReports() fetchItems()
generateWeeklyReports() addCustomers()
generateMonthlyReports() generateInvoice()
viewInvoices()

Fig. 3.1: Class Diagram

3.5 USE CASE DIAGRAM AND SYSTEM FLOWCHART

Use case diagram is used to represent the various functionalities provided by a system

in terms of actors, their goals represented as cases and dependencies among the use

cases. System flowchart is a diagram of the sequence of movements or actions of

people or things involved in a complex system or activity. It is a graphical

representation of a computer program in relation to its sequence of functions (as

distinct from the data it processes).

Start

Is Login Admin

Employee

Manage Manage Generate

Manage Manage Generate
Items Customers Receipts/In
Employee Transactions Reports
voices

Logout

Stop
Fig. 3.2 System Flowchart

3.6 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM

Activity diagrams are graphical representations of work flows of stepwise activities

and actions with support for choice, iteration and concurrency. In the Unified

Modelling Language, activity diagrams can be used to describe the business and

operational step-by-step work-flows of components in a system. An activity diagram

shows the overall flow of control.

Login
Employee

Manage Products

Manage Customers

Generate
Invoice/Receipt

Manage Employee

Manage Transactions

Generate Reports

Logout
Admin

Fig. 3.3 Use Case Diagram

ACTIVITY DIAGRAM FOR INVOICE GENERATION

Home
Home

Login as employee

Login as employee

Enter Customer Details

Enter Customer Details

Add Purchased Items

Enter Total in Words

 Add Purchased Items

Enter Total in Words

Confirm
No

Yes
Save

Generate Invoice

Fig. 3.4 Invoice Generation Activity Diagram

ACTIVITY DIAGRAM FOR ADDING PRODUCT

Home
Fig. 3.5 Adding Products Activity Diagram
ACTIVITY DIAGRAM FOR EMPLOYEE REGISTRATION

Home

Login as Admin

Click on Employee Drop down link

Click on Register Employee

Enter Employee Details

Confirm

Save
No

Yes
Fig. 3.6 Employee Registration Activity Diagram

ACTIVITY DIAGRAM FOR PAYMENT REGISTRATION

Home

Login as Employee

Click on Payment Drop down link

Click on Add Payment

Enter Payment Details

Confirm

Save
 No

Yes

Fig. 3.6 Payment Registration Activity Diagram

ER-DIAGRAM
Fig. 3.7 Entity Relationship Diagram

3.7 DATABASE DESIGN

Database design is the organization of data according to a database model. The

designer determines what data must be stored and how the data elements interrelate.

With this information, they can begin to fit the data to the database model. Database

design involves classifying data and identifying interrelationships. The following

gives the description for the program database design.

Table 3.7.1 Admin Table

 Name Type Length Null

Id (Pk) Int 11 No

Username Varchar 100 No

Password Varchar 100 No

Table 3.7.1 Customer Table

Name Type Length Null

Id (Pk) Int 11 No

Fullname Varchar 100 No

Phone Varchar 100 No

Address Varchar 100 No

city Varchar 100 No

Date timestamp No

Table 3.7.1 Invoice Table

Name Type Length Null

Id (Pk) Int 11 No

Invoice_no Varchar 100 No

Customer Varchar 100 No

Amount in Word Varchar 255 No

Date timestamp No

Table 3.7.1 Product Table

Name Type Length Null

Id (Pk) Int 11 No

Product name Varchar 100 No

Quantity int 11 No

price double No

Date timestamp No

Table 3.7.1 Order Table

Name Type Length Null

Id (Pk) Int 11 No

Product id (FK) int 11 No

Quantity int 11 No

Date timestamp No

Table 3.7.1 Sales Table

 Name Type Length Null

Id (Pk) Int 11 No

Product id (FK) int 11 No

Quantity int 11 No

price double No

Date timestamp No

Table 3.7.1 User Table

Name Type Length Null

Id (Pk) Int 11 No

Fullname Varchar 100 No

Phone Varchar 100 No

Username Varchar 100 No

Password Varchar 100 No

Date timestamp No

3.8 INPUT DESIGN

Input Specification is described as the types of records within the file, the sequence of

the types of records, the fields within a record, indicators based on the contents of the

fields, control fields, fields used for matching records, and fields used for sequence
checking. The input specification was designed in such a way a user guides are

displayed on a label providing a text area on a text box allowing the user to enter the

field on the text box e.g. Full name, Password etc.

SAMPLE INPUT DESIGN FOR EMPLOYEE REGISTRATION

Fullname:

Phone Number:

Username:

Password:

SAVE

SAMPLE INPUT DESIGN FOR ADDING ITEMS

Item Description:

Item Cost:

SAVE

SAMPLE INPUT DESIGN FOR CUSTOMER REGISTRATION

Fullname:

Phone Number:

Address:

City:

SAVE
3.9 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

All software system developed has a predetermined system requirement on which it

has been designed to operate on for maximum performance. However, the system

requirements are the minimum hardware and software requirements for the

development of the software to be designed.

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

Below are the hardware devices that will be needed for the system

1) A Personal Computer (Intel Core I3 2GhMhz or higher)

2) 17” Visual Display Unit (SVGA)

3) Minimum RAM requirement should be 1Gb

4) Minimum 80GB HDD

5) UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)

6) Printers

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

1. Minimum of Windows XP Operating System (Remote standalone System).

2. Minimum of Windows 2008 Server operating system for the server (host)

computer.

3. Wampserver for local implementation.

4. Web browser e.g. Mozilla Firefox, Chrome, Internet Explorer etc.

 CHAPTER FOUR

IMPLEMENTATION AND SYSTEM TESTING

4.1 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION

The system will be implemented using a web browser such as Mozilla Firefox,

internet explorer, opera etc. One must also be connected to a server before he or she

can make use of the application. And also, the program can be amended from the

source code when the need for addition of some other items arose.

4.2 PREAMBLE

The motive of this research work is to effectively automate the daily transaction

carried out in Burberry shopping mall through the use of a computerized web

software. This is why we developed a software package that makes this run easy task.

Data Presentation

This chapter is the kernel of the project. It should be devoted to the development and

testing of the computer program to be use in the automation. It can be discuss on the

various ways in which it can be achieved successfully.

Data Analysis

Data analysis is a practice in which raw data is ordered and organized so that useful

information can be extracted from it. The process of organizing and thinking about
data is a key to understanding what the data does and does not contain. There are

varieties of ways in which people can approach data analysis data during the phase to

push certain conclusion or agendas. For this reason, it is presented and to think

critically about the data and the conclusion which were drawn.

Raw data are captured by this application through the progress of inputting each and

every inputs in text.

4.3 SYSTEM TESTING AND MAINTENANCE

The software can be upgraded easily to meet the changing need of the user.

Maintenance is necessary to eliminate errors in the system during its working life and

to tune the system to any variations in its working environment. It has been seen that

there are always some errors found in the system that must be noted and corrected. It

also means the review of the system from time to time. The review of the system is

done for

1. To deal with unexpected problems arising in operation. Sometimes, programs

may need to be modified to deal with unforeseen circumstances.

2. To confirm the planned objectives if they are met and take actions if they are

not.

3. To ensure that the system is able to cope with the changing requirement of

system.

4.4 SYSTEM INSTALLATION

Installing The Program Folder/Files

1. Open the CD containg the file “Durberry TPS”

2. Copy the entire folder to the root directory

 3. Create and install the database for the program

4. Close

Running The Software System

The software program used to design the application is Dreamweaver CS6 and

Wampserver. The programming language used is PHP (Hypertext Pre-processor),

CSS (Cascading Style Sheet), and MySQL (My Single Query Language). To run the

program;

1. Put your wampserver online

2. Open your browser
3. On the address bar, type localhost/program/index.php
4. The program is ready for use
4.5 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION TYPE

A system can be implemented after it has been tested. It is also known as system

conversion. It can be performed in any of the following ways:

1. Parallel Conversion: This is a type of conversion in which both new and old

systems operate together for a period of time is called parallel conversion. It is the

safest type of conversion. The results of both systems are compared. The old system

can be used until all problems in the new system are removed.

2. Pilot Conversion: In this type of conversion, one part of the organization uses the

new system and the rest of the organization uses the old system. When one part of the

organization is satisfied with the new system, the rest of the organization can start

using it.
3. Phased conversion: This is a type of conversion in which individual components

of new system are implementation one by one is called phased conversion.

4. Direct conversion: In this type of conversion, the old system is directly replaced

by the new system. It is the most risky conversion. It may be necessary when time is

very short. It is also called crash conversion. Also, the training of users is very

important to run the new system successfully. The users must be trained properly to

use the new system effectively. The users may also need manuals and reference

information. Computer-based training (CBT) is popularly used for training the users.

However, the implementation type used in this project is Parallel Conversion

because it is the safest type of conversion. The results of both systems are compared.

The old system can be used until all problems in the new system are removed.

4.6 CODING

Coding is the construction of the actual system using specific language. For this

proposed system, I have used PHP to actualize the system. It is a scripting language,

more secure and web based.

4.7 JUSTIFICATION OF CHOICE OF TOOLS USED

4.7.1 MySQL

MySQL is a very fast, robust, relational database management system (RDBMS)

which we used in developing our database. A database enables you to efficiently

store, search, sort, and retrieve data. The MySQL server controls access to your data

to ensure that multiple users can work with it concurrently, to provide fast access to it

and to ensure that only authorized users can obtain access. Hence, MySQL is a multi-
user, multi-threaded server. It uses Structured Query Language (SQL) the standard

database query language worldwide.

4.7.2 PHP

This is a server-side scripting language designed specifically for the web. Within an

HTML page, you can embed PHP code that will be executed each time the page is

visited. Your PHP code is interpreted at the web server and generates HTML or other

output that the visitor will see.

4.7.3 Wampserver

This is software package incorporating PHP, MySQL and APACHE and I also make

used of JavaScript and CSS programing language.

4.8 SAMPLE OUTPUT

OVERVIEW OF DATABASE TABLES

Table 4.1 Admin Table

This tables stores admin login details

Table 4.2 Customer Table

This tables stores customers details

Table 4.3 Invoice Table

This tables stores invoice details

Table 4.4 Product Table

This tables stores product details

Table 4.5 Order Table

This tables stores order details

Table 4.6 Sales Table

This tables stores sales details

Table 4.7 Employee Table

This tables stores employees details

OVERVIEW OF VARIOUS WEB PAGES

Homepage

About Page
Employee Login page
Admin Login Page

Admin Dashboard Page

Employee Registration Page

View Employee Page

Delete Employee Page
Stock Report

Orders Report
All Sales Transactions Report

Sales Invoice
Employee Dashboard
Product Registration Page

View Product Page

Delete Product Page

Sales Invoice Generation Pages

Register New Order Page
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 SUMMARY

The research work of this project was to design and develop a functional database

management system that will be used to manage the record and daily transaction

processing of the Burberry shopping mall. At the beginning of the research work, the

aim and objectives of the project where listed and the problems of the manual system

was figured out with solutions which will substitute the manual method of carrying

transactions to a computerized method. In the course of the research, related

literatures where reviewed by authors to present background knowledge of the study

before it was analyzed and designed.

5.2 CONCLUSION

This project work tried to present a computerized transaction processing, as computer

science students of Kaduna polytechnic. I also tried to show the nature of computer

and its applications to the entire field of human endeavors, taking Napex shopping

mall, NDA as a case study.

5.3 RECOMMENDATION

The recommendation of this project depends largely on the reliability of the project.

It was designed to be generally accepted and used by any standard mall that operates

on a manual method of carrying transactions. It is also designed to use the present

outline system of interacting with the computer without much effort.

 However, has this project work is available for further research, I will

recommend that the next person to take this project research work should include

some of the following:

1. Develop a mobile application version of this software that will be readily

available on play store for download.

2. Implement an online product purchase and payment using a payment

processor.
REFERENCES

1. Abraham Silberschatz et al (2006), “Database System Concepts”, Pg. (75),

McGraw-Hill.

2. Anders Moller et al, (1988), "An Introduction to XML and Web

Technologies", Pg. (3), Addison Wesley.

3. Arthur D. Even (1960), "Engineering Data Processing System Design" Pg.

(263),.D. Van Nostrand Company, Ins.

4. Don Gosselin et al (2001) "PHP Programming with My SQL”, Pg. (2).Course

Technology Cengage Learning.

5. F.L Bauer et al (1973),"Software Engineering", Pg. (17-18), Springer Verlag.

6. Gary W. Dickson et al (1968),"The management of information systems", Pg.

(294). McGraw-Hill International editions.

7. J. W. Haslett (1979),"Business Data Processing Handbook" Pg. (10-3),

McGraw-Hill

8. James A. O'Brien, (1996), "Management Information Systems", Page (44).

Irwin McGraw hill.

9. James A. Senn (1982) "Information System Management” Pg. (284) Wards

worth publishing company.

10. Jawadekar B. (1995),"Management Information System", Pg. (25),McGraw

Hill

11. Kenneth C. Loudon & Jane P. Loudon, "Management Information System",

(2006) Pg. (14). Pearson Education International.

12. Larry Long. (1984) "Computer in Business", Page 69, by Edo' Dougherty.

13. Mehler M. (1992), "Industrial and Automotive Products", Page (21-25), New

sprit on conservation computer world.

14. Narayan S. Umanath et al (1987), "Data Modeling and Database Design" Pg.

(11), Thomson course technology.

15. Odedele Timothy O. (2010), "Using Computer Software Packages", Pg. (7-8)

Olasunkanmi.

16. Patrick Carey, (1998), “HTML, XHTML, and Dynamic HTML”, Pg. (568),

Course Technology Cengage Learning.

17. Philip J. Pratt et al (1994), "Database Management System and Design", Pg.

(19) fortunatel software packages.

18. Philip A Bernstein et al (2005) "Principles of Transaction Processing" Pg.(84)

Morgan Kauffman

19. Ralph M Stair Jr. (1986), "Computer in Today's world", Pg. (70) Richard.

20. Raghu Ramakrishan et al (2003), "Database Management system" Pg. (4),

McGraw Hill.

21. Raymond McLeod Jnr. et al (2007), "Management Information System", Pg.

(183-184). Pearson Prentice Hall.

22. Stephzen Haag et al, (2005) "Management Information Systems for the

Information Age" Pg. (18). McGraw Hill.

23. Terry Lucey (2005), "Management Information Systems" Pg. (8), Thomson

Learning.
 24. Tromthy N. et al (1994) "Introduction to Computers" Pg. (84) McGraw-Hill.

25. Wilkinson J. Joseph (1986), "Accounting and Information System", Pg.

(1008).John Wiley and Sons.

PROGRAM CODE

<?php

session_start();

ob_start();

include_once('functions/connd.php');

include_once('admin_header.php');

?>

<!-- case studies -->

<section class="case_w3ls py-lg-5">

<div class="container py-5">

<div class="text-center wthree-title pb-sm-5 pb-3">

<h3 class="w3l-sub">View Employee</h4>

</div>

<!-- case studies row -->

<div class="row">

<div class="col-lg-0 col-md-6">

</div>

<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-6 my-md-0 mt-4">

<div class="thumbnail card" style="background-color: #fff; box-

shadow: 0 4px 8px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2); text-align: left;">

<div class="caption card-body p-lg-5 p-3">

<?php

// check for a successful form post

if (isset($_GET['s'])) echo "<div class=\"alert alert-success\">".$_GET['s']."</div>";

// check for a form error

elseif (isset($_GET['e'])) echo "<div class=\"alert alert-danger\">".$_GET['e']."</div>";

?>

<?php

echo "<div class='row'>

<div class='col-md-12'>

<table class='table table-bordered' style='font-size:12'>

<thead>

<tr >

<th>S/N</th>

<th>Fullname</th>

<th>Phone Number</th>

<th>Username</th>

<th>Password</th>

<th></th>

</tr>

</thead>";

$sql=mysqli_query($connection, "SELECT * FROM user_tbl") or die (mysqli_error($connect

ion));

$i=1;

while($row=mysqli_fetch_array($sql)){

$a=$row['id'];

$b=$row['fullname'];

$c=$row['phone'];

$e=$row['username'];

$f=$row['password'];

$first = base64_encode($a);

echo "<tbody>

<tr style='font-size:10'>

<td>$i</td>

<td>$b</td>

<td>$c</td>
 <td>$e</td>

<td>$f</td>

";

?>

<td><?php echo "<a href=\"delete_user.php?as=$first\">Dele

te</a>"; ?></td>

<?php echo "

</tr>

</tbody>";

$i++;

echo "</table>

</div>

</div>";

?>

</div>

</div>

</div>

<div class="col-lg-0 col-md-6 my-lg-0 mt-4">

</div>

</div>

<!-- //case studies row -->

</div>

</section>

<?php

include_once("footer.php");

?>

<?php

include_once('index_header.php');

?>

<!-- case studies -->

<section class="case_w3ls py-lg-5">

<div class="container py-5">

<div class="text-center wthree-title pb-sm-5 pb-3">

 <h3 class="w3l-
sub"><br>Daily Transaction Processing System <br><br><br>(A Case Study of Burberry Shopping Ma
ll, Kaduna)</h4><br><br><br><br>

</div>

<!-- case studies row -->

<div class="row">

<div class="col-lg-4 col-md-6">

</div>

<!-- //case studies row -->

</div>

</section>

<?php

include_once("footer.php");

?>

<?php

session_start();

ob_start();

include_once('functions/connd.php');

include_once('index_header.php');

?>

<!-- case studies -->

<section class="case_w3ls py-lg-5">

<div class="container py-5">

<div class="text-center wthree-title pb-sm-5 pb-3">

<h3 class="w3l-sub">About</h4>

</div>

<!-- case studies row -->

<div class="row">

<div class="col-lg-0 col-md-6">

</div>

<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-6 my-md-0 mt-4">

<div class="thumbnail card" style="background-color: #fff; box-

shadow: 0 4px 8px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2); text-align: left;">

<div class="caption card-body p-lg-5 p-3">

<p style="text-align: justify">

 Being computer science students, we gave an insight into business proc
esses to learn some basic transaction processes. The problems identified

the manual way of recording daily transaction is being operated by wri

ting and recording every transaction on a record book, these record book

can be damaged by water, oil, and can be torn mistakenly, there are al
so mistakes in calculations. There is lack of accuracy, because the sales

personnel might forget to record some transactions if other customers

are waiting to be attended to and may record and calculate an

incomplete transaction at the end of the day. This problem lead to an

inconsistency of record keeping and will not be able to produce a

consistent report. There is also lack of privacy due to recording tr

ansactions in a record book because there is a tendency that someone

who is not part of the organisation will have access to it. The id
ea of introducing computerized system into transaction activities

will help Burberry shopping mall have record of their transactions

effectively, and reduce delay in getting, processing, presenting,

and calculating their products, this research will increase our kno
wledge and see how we can find solutions to the problems being

identified in the manual way of carrying transactions.

</p>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

<div class="col-lg-0 col-md-6 my-lg-0 mt-4">

</div>

</div>

<!-- //case studies row -->

</div>

</section>

<?php

include_once("footer.php");

?>