Questions number 4 to 7 are based on the following passage.

In 1887 the Dawes Act legislated wide-scale private ownership of reservation lands in the United
States for Native Americans. The act allotted plots of 80 acres to each Native American adult. However,
the Native Americans were not granted outright title to their lands. The act defined each grant as a “trust
patent,” meaning that the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), the governmental agency in charge of
administering policy regarding Native Americans, would hold the allotted land in trust for 25 years, during
which time the Native American owners could use, but not alienate (sell) the land. After the 25-year
period, the Native American allottee would receive a “fee patent” awarding full legal ownership of the land.
Two main reasons were advanced for the restriction on the Native Americans’ ability to sell their
lands. First, it was claimed that free alienability would lead to immediate transfer of large amounts of
former reservation land to non-Native Americans, consequently threatening the traditional way of life on
those reservations. A second objection to free alienation was that Native Americans were unaccustomed
to, and did not desire, a system of private landownership. Their custom, it was said, favored communal
use of land.
However, both of these arguments bear only on the transfer of Native American lands to non-Native
Americans; neither offers a reason for prohibiting Native Americans from transferring land among them-
selves. Selling land to each other would not threaten the Native American culture. Additionally, if
communal land use remained preferable to Native Americans after allotment, free alien ability would have
allowed allottees to sell their lands back to the tribe.
When stated rationales for government policies prove empty, using an interest-group model often
provides an explanation. While neither Native Americans nor the potential non-Native American
purchasers benefited from the restraint on alienation contained in the Dawes Act, one clearly defined
group did benefit: the BIA bureaucrats. It has been convincingly demonstrated that bureaucrats seek to
maximize the size of their staffs and their budgets in order to compensate for the lack of other sources of
fulfillment, such as power and prestige. Additionally, politicians tend to favor the growth of governmental
bureaucracy because such growth provides increased opportunity for the exercise of political patronage.
The restraint on alienation vastly increased the amount of work, and hence the budgets, necessary to
implement the statute. Until allotment was ended in 1934, granting fee patents and leasing Native
American lands were among the principal activities of the United States government. One hypothesis,
then, for the temporary restriction on alienation in the Dawes Act is that it reflected a compromise between
non-Native Americans favoring immediate alienability so they could purchase land and the BIA
bureaucrats who administered the privatization system.
1. Which one of the following best
summarizes the main idea of the
passage?
(A) United States government policy
toward Native Americans has
tended to disregard their needs
and consider instead the needs of
non-Native American purchasers of
land.
(B) In order to preserve the unique way
of life on Native American
reservations, use of Native
American lands must be communal
rather than individual.
(C) The Dawes Act’s restriction on the
right of Native Americans to sell
their land may have been
implemented primarily to serve the
interests of politicians and
bureaucrats.
(D) The clause restricting free
alienability in the Dawes Act
greatly expanded United States
governmental activity in the area of
land administration.
(E) Since passage of the Dawes Act in
1887, Native Americans have not
been able to sell or transfer their
former reservation land freely.
2. Which one of the following best
describes the organization of the
passage?
(A) The passage of a law is analyzed in
detail, the benefi ts and drawbacks
of one of its clauses are studied,
and a fi nal assessment of the law
is offered.
(B) The history of a law is narrated, the
effects of one of its clauses on
various populations are studied,
and repeal of the law is advocated.
(C) A law is examined, the political and
social backgrounds of one of its
clauses are characterized, and the
permanent effects of the law are
studied.
(D) A law is described, the rationale put
forward for one of its clauses is
outlined and dismissed, and a
different rationale for the clause is
presented.
(E) The legal status of an ethnic group
is examined with respect to issues
of landownership and commercial
autonomy, and the benefi ts to rival
groups due to that status are
explained.
3. The author’s attitude toward the
reasons advanced for the restriction on
alienability in the Dawes Act at the time
of its passage can best be described as
....
(A) completely credulous
(B) partially approving
(C) basically indecisive
(D) mildly questioning
(E) highly skeptical
4. It can be inferred from the passage that
which one of the following was true of
Native American life immediately
before passage of the Dawes Act?
(A) Most Native Americans supported
themselves through farming.
(B) Not many Native Americans
personally owned the land on
which they lived.
(C) The land on which most Native
Americans lived had been bought
from their tribes.
(D) Few Native Americans had much
contact with their non-Native
American neighbors.
(E) Few Native Americans were willing
to sell their land to non-Native
Americans.
2
3
II. Study the passage and choose the best answer to the questions that follow!
Using a simple membrane extract from spinach leaves, researchers from the Technion-
Israel Institute of Technology have developed bio-photo-electro-chemical (BPEC) cell that
produces electricity and hydrogen from water using sunlight. The raw material of the device
is water and its products are electric current, hydrogen, and oxygen.
The unique combination of a human-made BPEC cell and plant membranes, which absorb
sunlight and convert it into a flow of electrons highly efficiently, paves the way for the
development of new technologies for the creation of clean fuels from renewable sources:
water and solar energy.
The BPEC cell developed by the researchers is based on the naturally occurring process
of photosynthesis in plants, in which light drives electrons that produce storable chemical
energetic molecules that are the fuels of all cells in the animal and plant worlds.
In order to utilize photosynthesis for producing electric current, the researchers added an
iron-based-compound to the solution. It mediates the transfer of electrons from the biological
membranes to the electrical circuit, enabling the creation of an electric current in the cell.
The electrical current can also be channeled to form hydrogen gas through the addition of
electric power from a small photovoltaic cell that absorbs the excess light. This makes
possible the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy that is stored as hydrogen gas
formed inside the BPEC cell. This energy can be converted when necessary into heat and
electricity by burning the hydrogen, in the same way hydrocarbon fuels are used.
However, unlike the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, which emit greenhouse gases
(carbon dioxide) into the atmosphere and pollute the environment, the product of hydrogen
combustion is clean water. Therefore, this is a closed cycle that begins with water and ends
with water, allowing the conversion and Storage of solar energy in hydrogen gas, which
could be a clean and sustainable substitute for hydrocarbon fuel.
“The study is unique in that it combines leading experts from three different faculties,
namely three disciplines: biology, chemistry and materials engineering,“ said Prof.
Rothschild. “The combination of natural (leaves) and artificial (photovoltaic cell and
electronic components), and the need to make these components communicate with each
other, are complex engineering challenges that required us to join forces”.
Taken from https://www.sciencedaily.com/release/2016/09/160922085743.html

5. What is the topic of the text?

(A) a promising step into creating a 7. Which of the following is true according
renewable energy source to the text?
(B) making use of photosynthesis to (A) the researchers used animal
create clean energy membranes to develop BPEC cell
(C) the combination of three (B) the researchers used cells of
disciplines in a research project animal and plants to develop
(D) clean renewable energy found in BPEC cell
nature (C) the BPEC cell was created
(E) utilizing electric current to create through electric current
renewable energy sources (D) the BPEC cell works like the cells
of animal and plants
6. The word “convert” in paragraph 2 is (E) the BPEC cell uses sunlight to
closest in meaning to .... create fuels
(A) exchange
(B) transform 8. What does the word “it” in paragraph 4
(C) translate refer to?
(D) remove (A) the BPEC cell
(E) replace (B) photosynthesis

4
 (C) the solution
(D) an iron-based compound
(E) electric current
9. The text states all of the
following, except ....
(A) the electrical current can also be 13. The word “artificial” in paragraph 7 is
channeled to form hydrogen gas best replaced by ....
(B) a photovoltaic cell is used to (A) superficial
absorb light (B) man-made
(C) a BPEC cell stores chemical (C) strange
energy in the form of gas (D) foreign
(D) the conversion of hydrogen and (E) ordinary
hydrocarbon occurs in the same
manner 14. It can be inferred from the text that ....
(E) the burning of hydrogen is (A) hydrogen fuels emit greenhouse
more efficient than that of gases
hydrocarbon (B) the development of the BPEC cell
required a lot of funds
10. Why does the author mention the (C) hydrogen fuels pollute the
“combustion of hydrocarbon fuels” in environment
paragraph 6? (D) the development of the BPEC cell
(A) to explain the process of involved a large number of
hydrogen combustion experts from different disciplines
(B) to explain the process of (E) hydrocarbon fuel could be
hydrocarbon combustion sustainable energy
(C) to emphasize the nonpolluting
product of hydrogen combustion
(D) to show similarities between
hydrogen and hydrocarbon
combustion
(E) to explain the advantage of
hydrocarbon

11. Where in the text does the author

mention “the product of hydrogen
combustion”?
(A) paragraph 3
(B) paragraph 4
(C) paragraph 5
(D) paragraph 6
(E) paragraph 7

12. What does the phrase “this energy” in

paragraph 5 refer to?
(A) hydrogen gas
(B) solar energy
(C) chemical energy
(D) hydrocarbon fuels
(E) a substitute

5
Answer Key:

Soal Try Out UM UGM

1. C
2. D
3. E
4. B
5. B

6. B

7. E

8. D

9. E

10. C

11. D

12. C

13. B

14. C