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ABSTRACT
Many industry aims to improve quality as well as productivity of manufacturing product. So need to number of
process parameter to must controlled while casting process, so there are no of uncertainty and defects are face
by organizations. In casting process industries are need to technical solution to minimize the uncertainty and
defects. In this review paper to represent various casting defects and root causes for engine parts while casting
process. Also provide preventive action to improve quality as well as productivity an industrial level.
Keywords: Casting defects and their root causes, remedies for casting defects.
conclude that , while production involve various analyze, also found the mold filling and
parameter like pattern making, moulding, core solidification stage in casting parameters also
making, and melting. A various defects like found filling behavior, solidification sequence,
blowhole shrinkage, gas porosity, cold shot, sand thermal stress distribution in casting process for
inclusion etc. are generated while casting process. achieve high quality and productivity.
for improved their casting quality, they use product Alagarsamy are used trial and error
process search analysis, inspection method, design method to solve casting related problem which
of experiment method to found out their remedies helps find the defects and their root causes. Using a
in casting process. powerful technique to mapping defects and finding
C. M. Choudhari, B. E. Narkhede, S. K. questionnaires such as design of experiments
Mahajan, are state that various casting defects can (DOE) for identify the defects and control the
be minimize by simulation software basis, software variables in casting process. They also conclude the
helps to improve quality of casting process and various defects in casting and root cause so also
parameters. Utilization of methodology which they found their remedies to improve quality.
involve four decision (1) orientation and parting Malcolm Blair, Raymond Monroe,
line, (2) core print design, (3) feeder design, and Christoph Beckermann, Rishard Hardin, Kent
(4) gating design. Experiment are perform for Carlson and Charles Monroe state that casting
process by trial basis with help of simulation design are based on experience of designer who
software which optimize faster and better result. It developed the design utilization factor of safety for
helps to minimize the bottleneck and non value casting process. Also, utilizes unquantified factor
added time in casting development as it reduce the such as shrinkage, porosity, also consider in
number of trail for casting required on shop floor. casting. They predict the occurrence and nature of
P. Shailesh, S.Sundarrajan and defects and effect on performance of casting.
M.Komaraiah studied that optimization of process A.P.More, Dr.R.N.Baxi, Dr.S.B.Raju
parameter in casting process for Al-Si alloy by Mechanical Engineering Department, G.H.Raisoni
using Design of Experiments (DOE) method. It College of Engineering, reviewed that casting
helps to improve the mechanical properties of yield defect analyze in initial improvement process to
strength and density. The result is reducing the identify casting defects and their root cause. They
pouring temperature and increasing the speed of die minimize the various casting defects their critical
lead of casted component. They also studied component in casting process to improve quality.
shrinkage characteristics and control the producing Identifying various defects and eliminates those
defects casting. defects by taking appropriate corrective action to
Dr. M. Arasu (Head department of achive higher productivity.
foundry technology, PSG Polytechnic College) Elena Fiorese, Franco bollono and Gaiulio
conclude that every casting process achieve to have Timelli department of management and
cost effectiveness and high quality for customer engineering, stated that various process are
point of view. They meant that cost effectiveness available for production of aluminium alloy, but
means a strategy of utilization of raw material and significant role played by foundry process. they
equipment to improve finish products with good highlight on multilevel classification of structural
quality for defect free casting in casting process. defects and imperfection in aluminium alloy
While in casting process of poorly maintained casting. The frist level of types of defects basis on
equipment used then they affect to die as well as their internal, external and geometric. Second level
casting parameters. So indirectly it fails to maintain distingwish on their metallurgical origin and third
quality, and defect developed on external as well as level refer to the specific types of defects. In high
internal side on casting components. pressure die casting required production rate up to
T.R.Vijayaram, S.Sulaiman, A.M.S. 120 casting / hr. required high filling velocities of
Hamouda, and M.H.M. Ahmad (Metal casting molten alloy up to 40 m/sec. (131 ft/sec)with
industries) they was work on scrap rejection and significant turbulence in the flow. Solidification
rework in manufacturing and state that for avoid takes place in few seconds and die is first contact
the defects by implementation of various modified with a molten metal alloy temperature higher than
technique which helps to eliminate the uncontrolled 700* C, (1292* F) and after 30-40 seconds, spray
scrap and rejections. The modified technique such with a die relies agent at room temperature.
as statistical quality control (SQC) to adopted for Solidification parameter is play main role to cooled
developing metallurgical engineering foundry. the mold in casting so various defects can
Guo-fa MI, Xiand-yu, Kuang-fei WANG, generated while differences in solidification time.
Heng-Zhi FU, are applied numerical value as a M. Avalle, G. Belingardi, M.P. cavatorta,
simulation for casting process. Types of defects R. Deglione Department of mechanical engineering
like shrinkage, gas porosity, cold shut were politechno de Torino Italy, stated that the influence
of casting defects are exist in Gs and shrinkage affected by internal surface and sub surface defects,
pores, as well as cold fill, dross and alumina skin. porosity etc while casting. Aluminium based alloy
They also checked the specimen by experimentally with T-6 heat treatment fined the surface condition
and made observations in form of acceptable and and inspection of micro and macro surface of
non acceptable. High pressure die Casting used metallic alloy. The most common defects found in
toobtaind complex shapes and geometry for high Al-Si casting alloys while solidification by volume
production rate. Their studied shows the temrature concentration, (Shrinkage) non correct feeding
defects as well as effects on mechanical properties system, and gas (hydrogen) development. The
for material EN 46000 UNI EN 1706 which is defects like shrinkage pour inclusion crack initiate
mostly used in automotive field. site, which mostly affect to all mechanical
G. K.Sigworth concluded the concept of properties which indicate the mechanical failure.
quality for improvement in aluminium casting
which combination of strength and elongation IV. CASTING DEFECTS AND
possible in heat treated casting with the help of REMMEDIES
numerical value index. The concentration of A properly designed casting, a properly
casting defects was generating while molten prepared mould and correctly malted metal should
material flow in mold. For getting defects free result in a defect free casting. However, if proper
casting, the solidification rate is considered as control is not exercised in the foundry-sometimes it
important function, because it determine the size is too expensive [1].casting defect can be classified
and amount of micro porosity (brittle phase) of as follows-
component in casting. In solidification time molten 4.1. Filling related defect
material in die freeze quickly and concentrate high 4.2. Shape related defect
content of gas on different thickness which affects 4.3. Thermal related defect
on tensile property.
J.B.Ferguson, Hugo F. Lopez, Kyu 4.1Filling related defect
Cho,and Chang Soo Kim expert of material science 4.1.1.Blowhole
and technology USA, stated that the mechanical During solidifying metal on surface of
property are influence by as thermodynamic metal a rounded or ovel shape hole cavity on
stability of the participate in alloy, the smooth or clean surface which is associated with
concentration of impurity elements that evolve in oxides. It collects into a bubble at the high points of
alloy micro structure. Different heat treatments to a mould cavity ad prevents the liquid metal from
control the quantity, size and composition of inter filling that space. Blowhole is a kind of cavities
metallic form of alloy. The A-319 aluminium alloy defect, which is also divided into pinhole and
material used for engine block for its good subsurface blowhole. Pinhole is very tiny hole.
abressive property as well as mechanical strength. Subsurface blowhole only can be seen after
They also stated the account of temperature effects machining. The defects are nearly always located in
on youngs modulas, true yield stress, true failure the cope part of the mould in poorly vented pockets
stress and strain to failure for participation hardness and undercuts.
alloy. Also shows strength coefficients, ductility
parameter and strain hardening exponent for T-7
heat treatment condition.
J. Kajorncchairyakal, R. Sirichaivejakul,
N moonrin, National metal and material technology
center Bangkok are studied that the experimental
finding concerning the effect of sulfur on A-356
aluminium alloy. It is better understanding
regarding the influence of sulfur while
solidification as well as mechanical property on
alloy. They conduct experiment with of addition of Blow hole
sulfur and show the thermal analysis eutectic Possible causes
reaction of sulfuric alloy interval is quite longer. It poor venting core of mould
is not more affect to tensile strength as well as bulk Excessive release of gas permissibility
hardness between sulferise and normal alloy, which Excessive moisture absorption by the cores
give greater ductility and lower yield strength with Low pouring temperature while casting
comparison with normal alloy. Remedies
Ildiko peter, Mario Rosso, Material Improve venting core of mould,
science and chemical engineering department Italy, provide venting channels,
studied that mechanical performance hardly
Remedies:
Adjust proper pouring temperature
Modify design
Modify gating system
present in the cavity before the shot. It can easily Possible causes
be trapped as the metal starts to fill the cavity. The A mismatch is caused by the cope and drag
air is then compressed as more and more metal parts of the mould not remaining in their
streams into the cavity and the pressure rises. When proper position. • This is caused by loose box
the cavity is full it becomes dispersed as small pins, inaccurate pattern dowel pins or
spheres of high pressure air. The swirling flow can carelessness in placing the cope on the drag.
cause them to become elongated.
Remedies
Check pattern mounting on match plate and
Rectify, correct dowels. • Use proper molding
box and closing pins.
Possible Causes
Metal pouring temperature too low.
Insufficient metal fluidity
Pouring too slow.
Slag on the metal surface.
Interruption to pouring during filling of the
mould. Distortion or warp
Metal section too thin.
Possible causes
Remedies Distortion due to warp age can occur over time
in a casting that partially or completely
Increase metal pouring temperature.
liberates residual stresses.
Modify metal composition to improve fluidity.
Pour metal as rapidly as possible without Remedies
interruption. Improve mould filling by
Common practice in iron casting is
modification to running and gating system. •
normalizing heat treatment to remove residual
Remove slag from metal surface.
stress. In aluminum casting, a straightening
Reduce gas pressure in the mould by between quench and aging might be required.
appropriate adjustment to moulding material
propertie4s and ensuring. 4.3 Thermal defects
4.3.1. Cracks or tears
4.2 Shape defects Cracks can appear in die castings from a number of
4.2.1. Mismatch defect causes. Some cracks are very obvious and can
Mismatch in mold defect is because of the shifting easily be seen with the naked eye. Other cracks are
molding flashes. It will cause the dislocation at the very difficult to see without magnification.
parting line.
Cracks or tears
Mismatch defect Possible causes
Shrinkage of the casting within the die
Undercuts or damage in die cavities
Uneven, or excessive, ejection forces
Thermal imbalance in the die when the casting is solidifying inside a die
Insufficient draft in sections of the die casting die. At the centre of thick sections of a
Excessive porosity in critical regions of the casting, this shrinkage can end up as many
Part small voids known as ‗shrinkage porosity‘. If
Product design not matched to the process the shrinkage porosity is small in diameter and
Inadequate die design confined to the very centre of thick sections it
will usually cause no problems. However, if it
Remedies is larger in size, or joined together, it can
Reduce dry strength, add saw dust/ coal dust severely weaken a casting. It is also a
particular problem for castings which need to
Reduce pouring temperature
be gas tight or water tight‘.
Avoid superheating of metal
Use chills • Provide feeders
Remedies
Avoid early knockout. Give sufficient cooling
The general technique for eliminating
time.
shrinkage porosity is to ensure that liquid
Correct composition metal under pressure continues to flow into the
Reduce sharp corners voids as they form.
4.3.2. Shrinkage V. CONCLUSION
Shrinkage defects occur when feed metal is In the present paper, a new classification
not available to compensate for shrinkage as the of defects and imperfections or Al alloy castings
metal solidifies. Shrinkage defects can be split into has been presented. three categories of casting
two different types: open shrinkage defects and defect have been identified: filling-related defects,
closed shrinkage defects. Open shrinkage defects shrinkage defects, shape related defects, thermal-
are open to the atmosphere, therefore as the related defects, Briefly, Filling- related defects
shrinkage cavity forms air compensates. There are ,thermal-related defects result from the interaction
two types of open air defects: pipes and caved between melt flows at different temperature, while
surfaces. Pipes form at the surface of the casting undesired phases are non-metallic phases, such as
and burrow into the casting, while caved surfaces oxides, pieces of refractory and dross, which come
are shallow cavities that form across the surface of from the interaction between melt and
the casting. environment. Finally, thermal contraction defects
Closed shrinkage defects, also known as are cracks due to the casting contraction
shrinkage porosity, are defects that form within the constrained by the die or already solidified
casting. Isolated pools of liquid form inside material. In this research work different casting
solidified metal, which are called hot spots. The defects are studied. By referring different research
shrinkage defect usually forms at the top of the hot papers causes and their remedies are listed. These
spots. They require a nucleation point, so will help to improve the quality in industries for
impurities and dissolved gas can induce closed analysis of casting defect. This study will definitely
shrinkage defects. The defects are broken up into be helpful in improving the productivity.
macroporosity and microporosity (or Rejections of the casting should be as minimized
microshrinkage), where macroporosity can be seen and get higher quality.
by the naked eye and microporosity cannot.
REFERANCES
[1]. Defects, Causes and Their Remedies in
Casting Process: A Review Rajesh
Rajkolhe1, J. G. Khan2 Asst Professor1, 2,
Mechanical Engineering Department1, 2,
Shri Sant Gajanan Maharaj College of
Engineering,
[2]. ―Review of Casting Defect Analysis to
Initiate the Improvement Process‖A.P.More,
Shrinkage Porosity. Dr.R.N.Baxi, Dr.S.B.Jaju Mechanical
Possible causes Engineering Department, G.H.Raisoni
The density of a die casting alloy in the molten College of Engineering, Nagpur. 440016
state is less than its density in the solid state. (India)
Therefore, when an alloy changes phase from [3]. Defect formation in cast iron Lennart
the molten state to the solidstate, it always Elmquist School of Engineering Jönköping
shrinks in size. This shrinkage takes place