Nama: Sitti Alifa Batasalsabilla

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Stratified Squamous Epithelium Definition

Stratified squamous epithelia are tissues formed from multiple layers of cells resting on a
basement membrane, with the superficial layer(s) consisting of squamous cells. Underlying cell
layers can be made of cuboidal or columnar cells as well.

Functions of Stratified Squamous Epithelia

Epithelia consisting of multiple cell layers are generally found in regions where there is
mechanical or chemical abrasion and stress and these tissues protect underlying structures from
harm. Stratified squamous epithelia are found in nearly every organ system where the body
comes into close contact with the outside environment – from the skin to the respiratory,
digestive, excretory and reproductive systems. They also protect the body from desiccation and
water loss.

Types of Stratified Squamous Epithelia

These tissues can be classified as keratinized or non-keratinized based on the cytoskeletal

structures found within the cell.

Keratinized tissues are important where there is physical abrasion as well as the possibility of
desiccation and water loss. Keratinized cells are specially structured to be waterproof and reduce
evaporation from underlying tissues and are therefore an important part of the epidermis or
external skin. They are also found in the oral cavity where eating, speaking and breathing could
lead to significant loss of water. Non-keratinized epithelia usually secrete mucus as an additional
protective and lubricating layer and are seen in the esophagus and in parts of the female
reproductive system.

Some organs, such as the anus, contain both keratinized and non-keratinized stratified squamous
epithelia. Additionally, the amount of keratin deposition can vary depending on the level of
abrasion. For instance, in people with a history of tobacco or alcohol abuse, the respiratory and
digestive epithelia could become excessively keratinized. Even non-keratinized epithelium, such
as the buccal mucosa, can generate calloused tissue as a result of habitual clenching or grinding
of teeth.

The development of keratinized tissue involves the loss of cell viability. The cells closest to
basement membrane undergo mitosis and form the proliferative population. These cells
differentiate, with changes in protein expression, increasing presence of cytoskeletal elements
and extensive cross-linking to the extracellular matrix. During differentiation, these cells also
secrete glycolipids that fill interstitial spaces and isolate themselves. This is followed by nuclear
disintegration and cell death. The external, dead layers of cells are periodically sloughed off and
replaced.

Examples of Stratified Squamous Epithelia

In the digestive system, this tissue type is found on upper surface of the tongue, the hard palate
of the mouth, the esophagus and anus. It is also common in the female reproductive system and
is seen in the vagina, cervix, and labia majora. Additionally, it is a major part of the mammalian
integumentary system, forming the external skin. It is also found in the cornea of the eye and
maintains the integrity of the delicate tissues of the eye. This tissue type is also are present in the
respiratory system, especially in the oropharynx, which is present just behind the mouth and
therefore comes into contact with food. Finally, stratified squamous epithelia are seen at the
urethra, where urine exits the body.