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EXPERIMENT 5 LAB REPORT

PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

OBJECTIVES:
- To be able to prepare some common acids, bases and salts
- To be able to observe some properties those acids, bases and salts exhibit.

OBSERVATIONS:
REACTIONS OBSERVATIONS
Cu + HNO3 This resulted in a formation golden or brownish smoke with the copper
dissolved afterwards.
NO2 + H2O This forms nitric acid – therefore, blue litmus paper turned into red and the
copper
Also, this had formation of bubbles
BaCO3 (decomposition) After being heated intensely, the pH is neutral and it turned dirty white –
slight brownish colour
CO2 + H2O There were bubbles visible in the water – result of pH is that it is neutral
CaO + H2O It releases bubbles and the color changes into a milky, cloudy white. Upon
contact, the red litmus paper turned into blue, indicating that its basic
BaO + H2O The particles have settled down
HCl + NaOH (products of Color changes to pink
evaporation) It took 23 drops of HCl to dilute and neutralize 1mL NaOH
When evaporated, the products were powderized with a rough texture
Zn + H2SO4 (products of Occurrence of larger bubbles, after evaporation the residue of zinc becomes
evaporation) thin

REACTIONS WHAT HAPPENS AFTER FILTRATION


BaO + H2O The filtrate became neutral and clear
Zn + H2SO4 Filtrate is slightly yellow-ish clear
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

 ACIDS
These are chemical species that donate protons or hydrogen ions
The higher the concentration of hydrogen ions produced by an acid, the higher the acidity is and the
lower the pH of the solution.
 BASE
These are substances that can release hydroxide ions (-OH) and can accept protons from any proton
donor as long as it’s in an aqueous form.
 SALT
This is an ionic compound that can be formed by the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base.
They are composed of related number of cations and anions so that the product is electrically neutral.

EQUATIONS

3CU + 8HNO3  3CU(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O


Copper reacts with a concentrated solution of nitric acid producing copper nitrate, nitrogen monoxide and
water

2NO2 + H2O  HNO3 +HNO2


When reacted it produce nitric acid and nitrous acid

BaCO3  BaO + CO2


BaCO3 is used widely in ceramics industry as an ingredient in glazes. It also acts as a crystallising agent too

6CO2 + 6H2O  C6 H12O6 + 6O2


This is a photosynthesis reaction called the Calvin cycle where C 6 H12 O6 (fructose) is one of the products

CaO + H2O  Ca(OH)2


Forms calcium hydroxide (part of the limestone cycle)

BaO + H2O  Ba (OH)2


Barium hydroxide is used for analytical chemistry (titration of weak (organic) acid)

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O


This is a neutralization reaction due to water forming after an acid and a base reacts together. It may also be
classified as a redox equation

2Zn + 4H2SO4  2Zn(SO4) + 4H2


The reaction type is a single replacement because an element reacts with a compound and took the place of
that element.

Differentiating through senses:

REACTION TO LITMUS TASTE FEEL BETWEEN FINGERS


PAPER
ACIDS Blue filter paper to red Acidic substances such Most acids are liquids so
Red filter paper stays red as lemons taste sour they have a consistency
(any acids with a pH of liquids
lower than a 2.5 is
considered potentially
dangerous)
BASES Blue filter paper stays Bases taste bitter Weak bases are like soap
blue However, stronger bases (so slippery) but
Red filter paper turns cannot be tasted stronger bases cannot
blue be touched
SALTS Blue filter stays blue Depending on what salt Some may feel like
Red filter stays red is being tasted, some powder and some may
can be sweet, bitter, be liquids.
sour or savory (but most
can lead to poisoning or
stomach upsets when
ingested)

CONCLUSION:
When the nitrogen dioxide reacts with water, mono-nitrogen oxides eventually form nitric acid when dissolved
in atmospheric moisture, forming a component of acid rain. When the solution of NO 2 +H2O mixed with the
blue litmus paper, it has turned red. This indicates the presence of H+ ions signifying that it’s an acid. For the
base experiment we have concluded that when Cao and H2O is reacted together, it forms Ca(OH)2 also known
as slaked lime when in solid state which is white in color or when its aqueous, it is called lime water (colorless).
Ca(OH)2 is basic because based on the experiment, when the red litmus paper came into contact with the
solution, it turned blue. For the final experiment with NaOH and HCl, we have concluded that this reaction is a
neutralization reaction as it is between an acid and a base. The products of this reaction will always be a salt
and water. As a result, our salt has a pH of 7 (or near close to it) as any reaction from these types of reactants
will always produce a neutral solution. Water is also a neutral state of pH.
EXPERIMENT 4 LAB REPORT
DISPERSED SYSTEMS

OBJECTIVES: To be able to differentiate solutions, colloidal dispersions, and suspensions based on some of their
physical properties.

OBSERVATION:

MIXTURES EVIDENCE OF TURBIDITY HOMOGENEIT FILTERABILITY TYNDALL EFFECT


SUSPENDED Y
PARTICLES
CuSO4 + H2O None, all crystals Low Turbidity = no Homogenous No particles left after No Tyndall effect =
have dissolved, fogginess, just being filtered through particles do not
making a water turning into paper due to it being a interfere with the
solution. clear blue solution homogenous mixture passage of light
NaCl + H2O None, all particles Low Turbidity = Homogenous Solution has passed No Tyndall Effect =
have dissolved. solution clear and through the filter paper particles do not
colorless leaving no residue interfere with light
Albumin + H2O Some white Not a lot of Heterogenous Difficult to filter because Shows a tiny bit of
particles are Turbidity = due to albumin has too big Tyndall Effect
suspended in the the particles particles to pass
water; floating floating around; through filter
around. suspended. membrane.
Mud + H2O Both stayed High Turbidity = Heterogenous After filtering, filtrate Tyndall Effect is
separately; mud solution because collected were much present due to the
did not dissolve. cloudy from the clearer (pale cream) fact that this is a
Color of solution mud in the same water and no presence suspension
overall is brown situation. of mud.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

What are solutions, colloids and suspensions?


 Solutions
This is a fancy term for homogenous mixtures. This is when one material is completely dissolved in
another. For example, contact lenses solution or orange juice.
 Colloids
This is a heterogynous system that is made out of a dispersed phase and dispersed medium. One
substance is dispersed as very fine particles in another substance called dispersion medium. Examples
include foam or emulsions.
i) Dispersed phase – phase that is composed of particles that are distributed through another phase
ii) Dispersion medium – continuous medium in which the dispersed phase is distributed throughout.
 Suspension
This is the state in which particles of a substance are mixed with the fluid but are undissolved.
i) Colloidal suspension is a system consisting of small particles kept dispersing by the molecular
motion in the surrounding medium.

These are the tests we have done to differentiate the dispersed systems above:
 Turbidity  The cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by large numbers of individual particles that
are generally invisible to the naked eye. To test this, you have to look at water quality.
 Homogeneity  This is when a mixture has the same composition throughout, of uniform makeup.
For example, solutions.
 Filterability Ability of one mixture to be filtered through filtering paper; if there are any residue left
or not and how easy or difficult it is to filter one mixture.
 Tyndall Effect  A way to determine if one is a colloid or not. This is when a beam of light is being
seen pass through the bottle. This is caused by the reflection of light by very small particles in the
medium.

MIXTURE SOLUTION COLLOIDAL SUSPENSION


CuS04 + H2O YES
NaCl + H2O YES
Albumin + H2O YES
Mud + H2O YES

What other tests can we use to differentiate the dispersed systems from each other?
 Decanting  In a suspension, when left alone all of the particles will sink to the bottom due to gravity.
Water can then be decanted off at the top, leaving the residue at the end of the test tube.
 Visibility  In homogenous mixtures, the compounds mixed in usually cannot be seen with the naked
eye, whilst with heterogynous mixtures, it can be.
 Appearance  homogenous mixtures tend to be transparent, heterogenous mixtures tend to be
translucent.

Differentiate the dispersed systems from each other using your observation.
CuS04 + H2O and NaCl + H2O both have quite similar properties in relation to how they are as solutions.
The only difference is the end result based on color. Since CuS0 4 were blue crystals, this resulted in the
final solution being blue. On the other hand, NaCl stayed clear and colorless due to the crystals being
a colorless color. In comparison, mud and water are what would classify as temporary suspension in
which the residue has settled at the bottom and did not mix with the water. With albumin and water,
they did not completely mix but it is in the middle of being a suspension and a solution.

CONCLUSION:
There are many ways of distinguishing solutions, colloids and suspensions – especially when looking at their
physical state. We found out, because of homogenous mixtures such as CuS0 4 + H2O and NaCl + H2O, that since
the reactants can completely dissolve in water, it’s a solution. As a result, when filtered, the filtrate comes out
the exact same composition as the solution being filtered primarily. There were no change and no residue
were left in the filter paper after inspection. There were also low to no turbidity due to no cloudiness of the
solutions but instead they have formed clear colored substances. There were also no tyndall effect due to the
fact that the particles do not interfere with the passage of light. With the albumin and water mixture, we
believe it has created an emulsion which is under the colloidal dispersion section. It was difficult to filter out
the mixture because the particles of albumin cannot pass through the semi permeable membrane of the filter
paper. As mentioned earlier, it created an emulsion-like form which means that this is a heterogenous mixture.
Lastly, suspensions. In order to differentiate suspensions from the rest, this is when the substances are mixed
together but they don’t dissolve. Mud and water mixture is an example of a suspension as the residue of the
mud and sand had settled at the very bottom of the test tube after being left alone. This also means that when
being filtered, there were residue left on the filter paper and the filtrate ended up being a quite cloudy solution
of water where the dirt has changed its color whilst being mixed in the test tube. Tests such as tyndall effect,
filterability, turbidity and homogeneity do tend to help a lot when trying to differentiate solutions, colloids and
suspensions.

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