Doesn’t reply to emails reason for its existence and for being

what it is (includes cause and effect)

+ 4. Principle of the Excluded Middle -
Knows what he teaches. between contradictories there is no
Applies life lessons. middle ground
a. Ex: Between black and white, the
- contrdictory of black is non-black
Bullies students 5. Principle of Efficient Causality - every
Can be insensitive effect must have an efficient cause
Dismisses late (maker/doer)
6. Principle of Finality or Order - Every
75% passing agent moves towards an end
Quiz 1: 92/100
Quiz 2: 70/100 God - uncaused first cause of all things caused
Quiz 3: 85/100 Happiness
Average of quizzes: 82.33% Enjoyable
Written Exam: 93% Everlasting
Oral Exam: 75%
Aug. 16, 2018
Aug. 9, 2018 Metaphysics - transcends physicality of things
Ontology - study of the nature of things. What
Philosophy - the science which by the natural are things ultimately made of, essence
light of reasons studies the first causes and highest Ethics - science of the morality of human action
principles of all things (Jacques Maritain) Good - fulfills your nature

Science - organized body of proved truths. 3 Presupposition

Comes by way of cause and effect
Natural light of reason - Uses disciplined and
organized reason
First causes
- Internal cause: material and formal causes
- external cause: instrumental (instruments
used. Ex: light), exemplary, efficient
(maker/doer), and final causes
6 Basic Principles in Philosophy (INSEEF)
1. Principle of Identity - a thing is what it
is
2. Principle of Noncontradiction - a thing
can be and not be at the same time and in
the same respect
3. Principle of Sufficient Reason -
whatever exists must have a sufficient
1. God exists
a. Proven in natural theology
b. God's existence himself. That’s
his essence and nature.
2. The will of man is free
a. Proven in Philo Anthro
b. What is ours is how we make use
of our freewill.
3. The soul of man is immortal
a. Proven in metaphysics
b. Soul means intrinsic source
(found within) or principal of life.
God is extrinsic (he keeps us in
existence)
c. Soul enables you to enjoy
Aug. 20, 2018
There is a standard for us to judge things.
Norm means standard

Norms of Morality
1st Norm - Natural Moral law
You can disobey. We are free. But we ought to
obey.
Human positive Law - Man-made laws have to
be compatible with the natural moral law.
Eternal Law - plan of divine wisdom existing in
the mind of God from all eternity and directing all
things to their proper end.
Natural Law - reflection in creatures
Duty before right.
Natural physical law can’t be disobeyed.
Aug. 23, 2018
2nd Norm - Personal nature and dignity of
Man
Reading
- We all move towards the end which is the
ultimate good
- We can’t tolerate error. But we can still
tolerate the person.
- Openness to possibilities. How we
respond is different.
- Structural relatedness. A person is a
structure in the sense that we are whole.
- Man can’t live/stand alone
- How we respond to the truth and good is
the issue
- Integrity = wholeness
- We express ourselves through our bodies
- Conscious: you’re aware that you are
aware. You have the responsibility
- We have to help each other achieve our
goals since we have a common end.
3rd Norm - Conscience
➔ Ignorance
➔ Error
● The practical judgement of reason on the
moral rightness or moral wrongness of an
act, to be done if right, to be avoided if
wrong, by the particular person (us) in the
particular set of circumstances in which
he is placed.
● Happens before, during, after
● How you realize synderesis
● Can either be rightful or erroneous
(happens by way of chiefly ignorance, you
don’t know any better.)
Ignorance can either be surmountable/vincible
or insurmountable/invincible.
Ignorance can be negative or privative
- Can be an error. Ex: you could think
stealing is not a big deal
- Negative - absence of knowledge
- Privative - absence of knowledge where
knowledge should be present
Synderesis - natural habit of knowing what is
good and what is bad. Something innate. First
practical principle
Do good. Avoid evil
Nature and Object of the act
● There are acts which are intrinsically bad
in itself.
● Ex: lying because the natural object of the
mind is truth. It upsets the mind.
● Ex: Helping other people but wanting
something in return is wrong.
Sept. 3, 2018
Ignorance
Callous - you’re so used to something bad that it
doesn’t bother you anymore
Scrupulous - you see error where there should be
no error
Ignorance addressed
- Get instruction
- Gain knowledge which should be tested
Feelings can be erroneous and feelings can’t
change the facts.
Determinants of Morality (INOCF)
1. Intention
a. Will --> good
b. You can judge the action but not
necessarily the intention.
c. It’s not ethical to judge a person
right away until you have more
information.
d. Ex: Giving someone food is
good. But if you’re intention is to
bribe, it’s bad.
2. Nature and Object of the Act
a. Man is a goal in himself. Work in
progress. Man is not a means
toward a goal.
b. Dignity is intrinsic worth. Found
within a person.
c. Nature - intrinsic principle of
operation of a thing
3. Circumstances
a. things/events that surround you
b. increases /decreases gravity of
the action
c. Can change moral quality of an
action
d. Ex: sleep is good. But sleeping in
class will change the moral
quality of an action.
4. Foreseeable Consequences
a. We are liable for this
b. Can have a ripple effect
For an act to be truly good, it has to be
wholly/integrally good. A violation of one of the 4
makes the action immoral.
Principle of Discerning and Choosing the
Lesser Evil
By choosing the lesser evil, you’re still willing the
good.
Sept. 10, 2018
Principle of Double Effect
By St. Thomas Aquinas
1. The action must be morally good or at
least morally indifferent (neither good or
bad)
2. The bad effect must not be intended.
3. The good effect must not be directly
caused by the bad effect.
4. The good effect must be proportionately
greater (or equal) to the bad effect.
If the good effect results from the bad effect, then
it resulted from bad means. If the bad means
defeat the end, it is wrong.
How do you instruct the will to do good?
Practice. Say NO to yourself. If you say no to
good things, it’s easier to say no to bad things
Good habits - virtue
Bad habits - vice
Virtue leads to happiness
Moral / cardinal virtues = ethics focus on this
Intellectual virtues
Speculative virtues
- Wisdom: knowledge of things through
their first causes
- Science: knowledge of things through
their secondary causes
- Understanding
Practical virtues
- art of making things
- prudence: habit of choosing the means
the most act. Ex: When you have P20,
buy skyflakes instead of cigarettes.
Theological virtues
Sept. 17, 2018 *Perseverance, endurance

Willing before thinking Justice

Moral / Cardinal How is justice is not equality?
- Prudence - Some deserve / need more than others.
- Justice - Involves proportion: for optimal
- Fortitude / courage performance, certain people focus on
- Temperance: mingle in right amounts what they are good at
Intellectual Virtues - If you hate someone but you know it’s
bad, your will can tell your appetite (??)
What stops the will from absolute good? “no”. Emotion can follow your will.
- Attachment to what the heart is most
close to - Regulates our relationship with others
- Filial Piety
Temperance is the difficulty in which our heart is - Social virtues
most attach to or closest to - Friendliness
A. Preservation of human life - Amiability: approachable, open
a. Ex: Food and drinks - Wit
b. Excess: gluttony, drunkenness Prudence
c. Virtue: abstinence, sobriety - must result in action.
d. Deficiency: malnutrition - Happens in the mind
B. Perpetuation of the Species - But it MUST be carried out.
a. Ex: Sex
b. Excess: Lust Sept. 20, 2018
c. Virtue: Chastity
d. Deficiency: Frigid Justice
C. Making human life comfortable 1.Religion
a. Excess: Vanity also in things 2.Piety (Filial)
b. Virtue: humility. You can’t be 3.Gratitude
modest without humility 4.Truth
c. Deficiency: pusillanimity 5.Social Virtues: Friendliness, Amiability,
Wit
Theological Virtues
Faith
Courage is obstructed by difficulty in doing what ● Necessary
reason says ● Faith in God
- Courage is always in the presence of fear. Hope
You’re afraid but you get to do what you ● Longing for something
have to do. ● Stretches your will way pass the breaking
- Rushness is not courage because you’re point. But it did not break.
not thinking. Love
- Excess: rushness ● Goal and means to achieve the goal
- Virtue: courage ● You can’t hate without love.
- Deficiency: cowardice
- Ex: Study even if your prof says you’ll fail Sept. 24, 2018
Iminent?? ● Through nature of the mind. Unburdened
- Action that’s done by you and stays with by knowledge or experiences.
you ● Yin and yang emerged from Taoism
Hinduism ● Whatever happens, just let things happen
Believe in Brahman, creator of everything ● Anthro-maphism
- No beginning or end ● Deities
Samsara ● Reduce selfishness, have few desires, etc
- Cycle of birth and rebirth: helping others ● Life of non purposive action
to help yourself escape cycle of rebirth ● Don’t use intellect, sageliness/wiseman.
(suffering) Keep things simple. But there’s not
- Supposed to bring you to the highest level innovation
of existence. ● Generated by impersonal force
Believe in reincarnation. ● A cause must always be greater than the
Dharma - fulfill it well = good karma effect.
Buddhism ● An impersonal force can’t create
- When you attach yourself, you desire. In ● Ultimate reality is personal
order not to suffer, you must extinguish ● Impersonal force is incapable of deep
desire love
● No need for forgiveness since Taoism
Sept. 27, 2018 doesn’t believe in sinning. An impersonal
force is incapable of forgiveness.
Autodidact - self-taught person
People sometimes need help from above =
endowment

Do not do unto others what you do not want

others to do unto you. (From fear)
Do unto others what you you want others to do
unto you. (More ethical) Oct. 4, 2018
Shinto
Oct. 1, 2018 ● From Japan
● No concept of sin
Confucianism ● Kami
● Believed that they were descended from
Gods
Taoism ● Shinto - way of the Gods. Not able to
● Spontaneity answer life after death.
● Focuses on longevity, mortality, ● Pray for protection, abundance, and
transformation, omnipotentiality needs to the kamis
● The Chinese were into nature worship ● Political - part of japanese identity.
● Everything is transforming all the time ● Harmony
● Don’t alter spontaneity in any way. Don’t ● Have rituals to appease the spirits, ask for
interfere with nature. favors
● Ex: An ecosystem works well without ● Influenced by confucianism. Innate moral
manmade changes. sense. Can be motivated by shame
 ● If you are to do good, what’s your ● No golden rule
motivation? ● Rule of abrogation
● Unethical - don’t value life. Escapism. Why is Islam found hard to understand by some?
Paganism ● Islam is dualistic
● All religions except christianity and
judaism Western Civilization
● Motivation is fear ● Golden rule
● Satanism - acknowledge chaos ● Critical thought
● Guilty of injustice ● freedom/democracy
Masonry Islamic Thought
● There is a God that created the universe. ● Dualism
But God left the world for man to ● Slavery
manage it. ● submission/
Demons can only tell you a lie and scare you.
Oct. 15, 2018
Oct. 8, 2018
Consequentialism
Islam ● If the consequence or effect is good for
Allah you, do it.
The perfect man, the best that mankind can offer,
that all his actions are worth imitating Utilitarianism
● If it’s useful for you, do it.
Muhammad is the perfect man. Followed the will
INC Pragmatism
Hermeneutical Logic ● Practicality of things. If it serves your
- If the “good” muslim that you know isn’t purpose
imitating muhammad, he is just a good Hedonism
person but not a good Muslim ● Maximization of pleasure. Minimization
- To know what it is INC of pain.
● Happiness = Pleasure
Islam Similarity of the 4
- Ethical and theological ● For the self

Oct. 11, 2018 Sin of omission

● Not doing the good that you’re supposed
Semblance can deceive to do
Theological side of Islam
● Muhammad claims to be a prophet Christianity
● Scriptures: quran, Sunna, ahadith
● Claims to be monotheistic Oct. 25, 2018
● Claims to have moral teachings
● Nature of the apparition or revelation to Euthanasia
Muhammad Abortion
● Shahada Death Penalty
● Not symmetrical Right to Self defense
Same sex marriage a. Example the knowledge of God’s
Contraception existence is universal
Surrogacy - selfish because it’s only for the 2. Personal Nature and Dignity of Man
happiness of the mother a. Personal nature - you are a goal
in itself. You’re not a means.
People have self-worth.
Animals don’t have rights but we must not be 3. Conscience - practical judgement of
cruel to them. They provide us food. reason. (SHOULD APPEAR IN
PAPER)
God owns everything in the world a. Rightful conscience
We are stewards b. Erroneous conscience
i. Ignorance: negative and
It’s ethical to have children adopted. privative.
Surmountable/vincible
Unjust laws and
insurmountable/invincib
Oct. 29, 2018 le
ii. Callous - vice (bad
Intergenerational justice habit). Can change
● You owe the generations before us through good
certain things habits/virtues
● We have to be grateful and have to do Under erroneous
something about it Determinants of Morality
● Don’t be a bystander 1. Intention
● It’s ok to be afraid but surmount it. 2. Nature and object of the act
3. Circumstance
Nov. 12, 2018 4. Foreseeable consequences
Principle of Discerning and Choosing the Lesser
Honesty is not always the best policy. Evil
Mental reservation - don’t have to tell the truth. Principle of Double Effect
Hold back the truth. Might not be the right person
to know. Nov. 29, 2018

Nov. 26, 2018 Duty before right.

Man is an end in himself.
Synthesis Paper Review Theological virtues - faith, hope, love
Moral/Cardinal - temperance, courage/fortitude,
Ethics - science of the morality of human action justice, prudence
3 Presuppositions in the Study of Ethics Intellectual
1. God exists ● speculative - wisdom, science,
2. Will of man is free understanding
3. Soul of man is immortal ● Practical (happens in the mind) - art,
Norms/Standards of Morality prudence
1. Natural Moral Law